Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T03:31:49.280Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rights as a Divide-and-Rule Mechanism: Lessons from the Case of Palestinians in Israeli Custody

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Critics have highlighted the complicity of human rights law in mass disempowerment and domination—a criticism equally applicable to child law. This article investigates this issue, as evidenced by three recent developments that Israel has justified by invoking these legal frameworks: an increased separation of Palestinian adults and children in Israeli custody; the Israeli legal system's growing preoccupation with “rehabilitating” the now-segregated Palestinian children; and the Israeli authorities' ever-diminishing interest in such rehabilitation for adult Palestinian prisoners. By canvassing the legal architecture, judicial rationalizations, adverse effects, and sociopolitical context of these developments, this article foregrounds their divide-and-rule logic and structure of driving a generational wedge between Palestinians and potentially weakening their political ties, solidarity, and resistance.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abu-Saad, Ismael. 2008. Present Absentees: The Arab School Curriculum in Israel as a Tool for De-Educating Indigenous Palestinians. Holy Land Studies 7 (1): 1743.Google Scholar
Adalah. 2001. Supreme Court Upheld Administrative Detention of Palestinian Citizen of Israel. http://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/6098 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Adalah. 2013a. Adalah and DCI Demand Teaching Curriculum for Palestinian Minors Held in Israeli Prisons. http://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/7936 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Adalah. 2013b. Statistics on Detainees and Prisoners in Israeli Prisons. http://www.adalah.org/Public/files/English/Newsletter/103-April2013/PalestianPoliticalPrisoners-Statistics-April-2013.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Addameer. 2010. The Right of Child Prisoners to Education, October. http://www.addameer.org/files/Reports/addameer-report-the-right-of-child-prisoners-to-education-october-2010-en.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Addameer. 2011. Violations Against Palestinian Prisoners and Detainees in Israeli Prisons and Detention Centers—Annual Report 2010. http://www.addameer.org/files/Reports/EN%20Addameer%202010%20Violations%20Report.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Addameer. 2014. Courageous Voices, Fragile Freedoms: Israel's Arrest and Detention of Palestinian Human Rights Defenders Against the Annexation Wall. http://www.addameer.org/files/Wall%20Report%20-%20Final.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Addameer. 2016. Imprisonment of Children, February. http://www.addameer.org/the_prisoners/children (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Ainsworth, Janet. 1995. Youth Justice in a Unified Court: Response to Critics of Juvenile Court Abolition. Boston College Law Review 36:927–51.Google Scholar
Allen, Lori. 2013. The Rise and Fall of Human Rights: Cynicism and Politics in Occupied Palestine. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ambert, Anne-Marie. 1995. Toward a Theory of Peer Abuse. Sociological Studies of Children 7:177205.Google Scholar
Ashkenazi, Eli. 2013. Israel Prison Service Begins Rehabilitating Security Prisoners, But Only Jews. Haaretz, February 11, http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/israel-prison-service-begins-rehabilitating-security-prisoners-but-only-jews-1.502829 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI). 2014. Two Legal Systems: Israel's Regime of Laws in the West Bank. http://www.acri.org.il/en/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Two-Systems-of-Law-English-FINAL.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI). 2016a. Arrested Childhood: The Ramifications of Israel's New Strict Policy Toward Minors Suspected of Involvement in Stone Throwing, Security Offenses, and Disturbances. http://www.acri.org.il/en/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Arrested-Childhood0216-en.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI). 2016b. Interrogations and Indictments of Palestinian Minors in the Occupied Territories: Facts and Figures for 2014. http://www.acri.org.il/en/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/arrests-minors-OPT2014-ENG.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Ben-Ari, Sigi, and Barsella, Anat. 2011. Family Visits to Palestinian Prisoners Held Inside Israel. In Threat: Palestinian Political Prisoners in Israel, ed. Baker, Abeer and Matar, Anat, 201–11. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Bornstein, Avram. 2008. Military Occupation as Carceral Society: Prisons, Checkpoints, and Walls in the Israeli-Palestinian Struggle. In An Anthropology of War: Views from the Frontline, ed. Waterston, Alisse, 106–30. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
Brown, John. 2015. Next Head of “Civil Administration” Said Palestinians Are Sub-Human. +972 Magazine, May 8. http://972mag.com/next-head-of-civil-administration-said-palestinians-are-sub-human/106533/ (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Bruhn, Christa. 2006. Higher Education as Empowerment: The Case of Palestinian Universities. American Behavioral Scientist 49 (8): 1125–42.Google Scholar
B'Tselem. 2008. Testimony: 12-Year-Old Beaten and Imprisoned with Adults, September. http://www.btselem.org/english/testimonies/20080911_muhammad_khawajah_age_12_detained_by_idf.asp (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
B'Tselem. 2010. Caution: Children Ahead—The Illegal Behavior of the Police Toward Minors in Silwan Suspected of Stone Throwing. http://www.btselem.org/Download/201012_Caution_Children_Ahead_Eng.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
B'Tselem. 2011. No Minor Matter: Violation of the Rights of Palestinian Minors Arrested by Israel on Suspicion of Stone-Throwing. http://www.btselem.org/download/201107_no_minor_matter_eng.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
B'Tselem. 2014. Video: Police Detained Four Palestinian Girls After a Settler Accused Them of Picking Cherries from His Grove. http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140528_police_detain_girls_for_eating_fruit (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
B'Tselem. n.d.a. Statistics on Palestinian Minors in the Custody of the Israeli Security Forces. http://www.btselem.org/statistics/minors_in_custody (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
B'Tselem. n.d.b. Statistics on Palestinians in the Custody of the Israeli Security Forces. http://www.btselem.org/statistics/detainees_and_prisoners (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
B'Tselem, HaMoked, and 2010. Kept in the Dark: Treatment of Palestinian Detainees in the Petah Tikva Interrogation Facility of the Israeli Security Agency. http://www.btselem.org/download/201010_kept_in_the_dark_eng.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Buckingham, David. 2000. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Burman, Erica. 1994. Innocents Abroad: Western Fantasies of Childhood and the Iconography of Emergencies. Disasters 18 (3): 238–53.Google Scholar
Carpenter, Charli R. 2006. Innocent Women and Children: Gender, Norms and the Protection of Civilians. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Collins, John. 2004. Occupied by Memory: The Intifada Generation and the Palestinian State of Emergency. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Catherine, Hanieh, Adam, and Kay, Adah. 2004. Stolen Youth: The Politics of Israel's Detention of Palestinian Children. London: Pluto Press (in association with DCI—Palestine).Google Scholar
Craig, Alan. 2013. International Legitimacy and the Politics of Security: The Strategic Deployment of Lawyers in the Israeli Military. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Curiel, Ilana. 2014. Teen Assaulted in Prison, Ignored by Prison Guards. Ynet News, August 12 (Hebrew). http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4557778,00.html (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Daka, Walid. 2011. Consciousness Molded or the Re-Identification of Torture. In Threat: Palestinian Political Prisoners in Israel, ed. Baker, Abeer and Matar, Anat, 234–54. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Defence for Children International (DCI). 2007. From Legislation to Action?: Trends in Juvenile Justice Systems Across 15 Countries. http://www.defenceforchildren.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/DCI-JJ-Report-2007-FINAL-VERSION-with-cover.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP). 2003. Children of the Second Intifada: An Analysis of Human Rights Violations Against Palestinian Children in 2003. http://www.dci-pal.org/english/publ/research/2003/VAIALAT2.PDF (link no longer functioning).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP). 2010. Israeli Juvenile Military Court—Four Months On, February 16. http://right2edu.birzeit.edu/israeli-juvenile-military-court-four-months/ (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP). 2011. In Their Own Words: A Report on the Situation Facing Palestinian Children Detained in the Israeli Military Court System. http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/sites/default/files/documents/4705.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP). 2012a. Bound, Blindfolded and Convicted: Children Held in Military Detention. http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/sites/default/files/documents/5899.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP). 2012b. Recruitment and Use of Palestinian Children in Armed Conflict. http://www.dci-palestine.org/sites/default/files/recruitment_report_-_final.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP). 2016. No Way to Treat a Child: Palestinian Children in the Israeli Military Detention System. https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/dcipalestine/pages/1527/attachments/original/1460665378/DCIP_NWTTAC_Report_Final_April_2016.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP), Madaa Silwan Creative Center, YMCA East Jerusalem, and War Child Holland. 2014. Israel's Compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights—Shadow Report to the Fourth Periodic Report of Israel, 112th Session of the Human Rights Committee, October. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/ISR/INT_CCPR_CSS_ISR_18219_E.docx (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Defence for Children International—Palestine (DCIP), and Save the Children—Sweden. 2009. Child Rights—Situation Analysis: Right to Protection in the Occupied Palestinian Territory—2008. http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/sites/default/files/documents/3321.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Douzinas, Costas. 2007. Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism. Abingdon, UK: Routledge-Cavendish.Google Scholar
Douzinas, Costas. 2012. The Poverty of (Rights) Jurisprudence. In The Cambridge Companion to Human Rights Law, ed. Gearty, Conor and Douzinas, Costas, 5678. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Feld, Barry C. 1999. Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1989. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Gisha. 2014. The Separation Policy: List of References Prepared by Gisha. http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/separation_policy_2014.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Gisha. 2015. A Costly Divide: Economic Repercussions of Separating Gaza and the West Bank. http://gisha.org/UserFiles/File/publications/a_costly_divide/a_costly_divide_en-web.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Gordon, Neve. 2008. Israel's Occupation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gross, Aeyal M. 2007. Human Proportions: Are Human Rights the Emperor's New Clothes of the International Law of Occupation? European Journal of International Law 18 (1): 135.Google Scholar
Hajjar, Lisa. 2005. Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Handel, Ariel. 2009. Where, Where to, and When in the Occupied Territories: An Introduction to Geography of Disaster. In The Power of Inclusive Exclusion: Anatomy of Israeli Rule in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, ed. Ophir, Adi, Givoni, Michal, and Hanafi, Sari, 179222. New York: Zone Books.Google Scholar
Hovel, Revital. 2014. Supreme Court Repeats Call for Rehabilitation of Security Prisoners. Haaretz, April 22 (Hebrew). http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/law/1.2301528 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Spokesperson. 2007. Response to the Yesh Din Report Draft: “Backyard Proceedings,” November 12 (Hebrew). http://www.yesh-din.org/site/images/BPIDFResHeb.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS). 2007. Security Prisoners Incarcerated in the Israel Prison Service (Hebrew). http://ips.gov.il/Items/05637/bitchonim_heb_2007.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS). 2012. A Recruit's Guide (Hebrew). http://ips.gov.il/Items/04381/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS). 2013. Nafha Prison—The Vault, January 20 (Hebrew). http://ips.gov.il/Web/He/News/Articles2/2857.aspx (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS). 2015. Statistical Figures—Prisoners (Hebrew). http://www.ips.gov.il/Web/He/Research/Statistics/Prisoners/Default.aspx (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS). n.d.a. About the Organization. http://ips.gov.il/Web/En/Joining/IPSID/6771.aspx (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS). n.d.b. Ofek (Hebrew). http://ips.gov.il/Web/He/Prisons/Districts/Central/Ofek/Default.aspx (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
James, Allison. 2007. Giving Voice to Children's Voices: Practices and Problems, Pitfalls and Potentials. American Anthropologist 109 (2): 261–72.Google Scholar
Jaraisy, Raghad, and Feldman, Tamar. 2013. Protesting for Human Rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory: Assessing the Challenges and Revisiting the Human Rights Defender Framework. Journal of Human Rights Practice 5 (3): 421–34.Google Scholar
Journal of Palestine Studies. 2014a. Interview with Ahmad Saadat: Leading from Prison, Ending Negotiations, and Rebuilding the Resistance. Journal of Palestine Studies 43 (4): 4956.Google Scholar
Journal of Palestine Studies. 2014b. Interview with Marwan Barghouti: Life and Politics in Prison, National Unity, and the Resistance. Journal of Palestine Studies 43 (4): 5766.Google Scholar
Kelly, Peter. 2012. The Brain in the Jar: A Critique of Discourses of Adolescent Brain Development. Journal of Youth Studies 15 (7): 944–59.Google Scholar
Kelly, Tobias. 2010. In a Treacherous State: The Fear of Collaboration Among West Bank Palestinians. In Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building, ed. Thiranagama, Sharika and Kelly, Tobias, 169–87. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, David. 2004. The Dark Sides of Virtue: Reassessing International Humanitarianism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, David. 2006. The Well of Being: Childhood, Subjectivity, and Education. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Khalili, Laleh. 2013. Time in the Shadows: Confinement in Counterinsurgencies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Khoury, Jack. 2016. Prison Service Limiting MP Visits to Security Prisoners. Haaretz, August 4 (Hebrew). http://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium-1.3028664 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Kilty, Keith M., and de Haymes, Maria. 2000. Racism, Nativism, and Exclusion: Public Policy, Immigration, and the Latino Experience in the United States. Journal of Poverty 4 (1): 125.Google Scholar
Kline, Marlee. 1992. Child Welfare Law, “Best Interests of the Child” Ideology, and First Nations. Osgoode Hall Law Journal 30 (2): 375425.Google Scholar
Knesset Research and Information Center. 2015. Children in Israel: Select Issues Concerning Rights, Needs, and Services. http://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Info/MMMSummaries19/Children.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Korn, Alina. 2008. The Ghettoization of the Palestinians. In Thinking Palestine, ed. Lentin, Ronit, 116–30. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Legal Advisor to the IDF. 2009. The Establishment of a Military Juvenile Court in Judea and Samaria, August 26 (Hebrew). http://www.law.idf.il/163-3161-he/patzar.aspx?pos=1 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Levinson, Chaim. 2011. The Military Court in the West Bank: Only a Third of the Appeals by the Defense Succeed. Haaretz, November 29 (Hebrew). http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/law/1.1578247 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Levinson, Chaim. 2014. Military Advocate General Denies Detained Palestinian Minors Access to Rehabilitation. Haaretz, May 23 (Hebrew). http://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/.premium-1.2329559 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Liel, Dafna. 2016. New Bill: Revoke Benefits and Extra Rights of Security Prisoners. Channel 2 News, July 6 (Hebrew). http://www.mako.co.il/news-military/politics-q3_2016/Article-2046498b111c551004.htm (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Lis, Jonathan. 2014. Knesset Passes Bill Distinguishing Between Muslim and Christian Arabs. Haaretz, February 25. http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.576247 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Madaa Creative Center. 2012. The Impact of Child Arrest and Detention. http://www.roomno4.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2012-Madaa-Report-on-Child-arrest-and-Detention-in-Silwan.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Matar, Haggai. 2016. Israel Bans Palestinian Prisoners from Bringing in Books. +972 Magazine, January 27. http://972mag.com/israel-bans-palestinian-prisoners-from-bringing-in-books/116350/ (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General. 2011. Annual Activity Report—2010 (Hebrew). http://www.mag.idf.il/sip_storage/FILES/7/967.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Military Court Watch. 2014. Children in Military Custody: Progress Report, September 1. http://www.militarycourtwatch.org/files/server/CHILDREN%20IN%20MILITARY%20CUSTODY%20-%202%20YEARS%20ON%20%281%29.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Military Court Watch. 2015. Do Official Israeli Prison Service Figures Present the Full Picture? January 19. http://www.militarycourtwatch.org/page.php?id=oEyh8RquEDa472647AWMGeF6xVP4 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Military Court Watch. 2016. Newsletter—December 2015, January. http://www.militarycourtwatch.org/page.php?id=I2MKZUiCJBa715152AvCMzjdt1H2 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Military Courts Unit. 2013. The Military Courts Unit (Judea and Samaria), April. http://www.militarycourtwatch.org/files/server/IDF%20Military%20Court%20Briefing%20Paper.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Military Courts Unit. 2015. The Legal Treatment of Malak Al-Khatib's Case, February 11 (Hebrew). http://www.law.idf.il/163-7111-he/Patzar.aspx?pos=3 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Modirzadeh, Naz K. 2010. The Dark Sides of Convergence: A Pro-Civilian Critique of the Extraterritorial Application of Human Rights Law in Armed Conflict. US Naval War College International Law Studies 86:349410.Google Scholar
Monk, Daniel. 2009. Childhood and the Law: In Whose “Best Interests”? In An Introduction to Childhood Studies, 2nd ed. Kehily, Mary Jane. Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Moss, John R. 1996. Growing Critical: Alternatives to Developmental Psychology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nashif, Esmail. 2008. Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and Community. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
No Legal Frontiers. 2011. All Guilty! Observations in the Military Juvenile Court. http://nolegalfrontiers.org/images/stories/report_2011/report_en.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Perugini, Nicola, and Gordon, Neve. 2015. The Human Right to Dominate. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Peteet, Julie. 2000. Male Gender and Rituals of Resistance in the Palestinian Intifada—A Cultural Politics of Violence. In Imagined Masculinities: Male Identity and Culture in the Middle East, ed. Ghoussoub, Mai and Sinclair-Webb, Emma, 103–26. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Peteet, Julie. 2009. Cosmopolitanism and the Subversive Space of Protests. Jerusalem Quarterly 37:8697.Google Scholar
Physicians for Human Rights—Israel. 2008. Holding Health to Ransom: GSS Interrogation and Extortion of Palestinian Patients at Erez Crossing. http://www.phr.org.il/uploaded/HoldingHealthToRandsom_4.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Physicians for Human Rights—Israel. 2015. #Denied: Harassment of Palestinian Patients Applying for Exit Permits. http://www.phr.org.il/uploaded/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%2011.6.15.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Playfair, Emma. 1992. Playing on Principle? Israel's Justification for its Administrative Acts in the Occupied West Bank. In International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories, ed. Playfair, Emma, 205–38. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Posner, Eric A., Spier, Kathryn E., and Vermeule, Adrian. 2010. Divide and Conquer. Journal of Legal Analysis 2 (2): 417–71.Google Scholar
Prosmushkin, Michael. 2012. Sodomy and Violence: This Is How Teens Live in Prison. Ynet News, November 12 (Hebrew). http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4302785,00.html (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Public Committee Against Torture in Israel. 2008. No Defense: Soldier Violence Against Palestinian Detainees. http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/No_Defense_Eng.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Public Committee Against Torture in Israel, and Palestinian Prisoner Society (Nadi al-Asir). 2010. When the Exception Becomes the Rule: Incommunicado Detention of Palestinian Security Detainees. http://www.stoptorture.org.il/files/When%20the%20Exception%20Becomes%20the%20Rule.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Public Defense. 2015. Detention and Imprisonment Conditions in Prison Service Facilities in 2013–2014 (Hebrew). http://index.justice.gov.il/Units/SanegoriaZiborit/DohotRishmi/Documents/prisonreport20132014.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Public Petitions Committee. 2013. 19th Knesset, Transcript 35, December 31 (Hebrew). http://www.knesset.gov.il/protocols/data/rtf/zibur/2013-12-31.rtf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Quota, Samir, Punamäki, Raija-Leena, and El Sarraj, Eyad. 1997. Prison Experience and Coping Styles Among Palestinian Men. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 3 (1): 1936.Google Scholar
Rogers, Joel. 1990. Divide and Conquer: Further “Reflections on the Distinctive Character of American Labor Laws.” Wisconsin Law Review 1990 (1): 1147.Google Scholar
Ron, James. 2000. Savage Restraint: Israel, Palestine and the Dialectics of Legal Repression. Social Problems 47 (4): 445–72.Google Scholar
Rose, Nikolas. 2007. Governing the Soul: The Shaping of the Private Self, 2nd ed. London: Free Association Books.Google Scholar
Rosen, David M. 2007. Child Soldiers, International Humanitarian Law, and the Globalization of Childhood. American Anthropologist 109 (2): 296306.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Maya. 2004. Confronting the Occupation: Work, Education, and Political Activism of Palestinian Families in a Refugee Camp. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, Maya. 2014. The Movement of Palestinian Political Prisoners and the Struggle Against the Israeli Occupation: A Historical Perspective. Paper presented at the Middle East Studies Association Annual Meeting, November 25, Washington, DC (in author's possession).Google Scholar
Rudoren, Jodi. 2014. Veterans of Elite Israeli Unit Refuse Reserve Duty, Citing Treatment of Palestinians. New York Times, September 12. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/13/world/middleeast/elite-israeli-officers-decry-treatment-of-palestinians.html (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Rudoren, Jodi, and Aker, Khaled Abu. 2013. Palestinians Dispute Israel's Findings on a Prisoner's Death. New York Times, February 24. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/world/middleeast/palestinians-demand-inquiry-into-detainees-death-in-israel.html (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Sa'di, Ahmad H. 2005. The Politics of “Collaboration”: Israel's Control of a National Minority and Indigenous Resistance. Holy Land Studies 4 (2): 726.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart. 2004. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change, 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Shaked, Ronny. 2008. Security Prisoners in Israeli Prisons. Seeing Shabas—Journal of the IPS 23:2629 (Hebrew). http://ips.gov.il/Items/04423/23.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Shaked, Ronny. 2009. 100 Palestinian Prisoners Complete Academic Studies in Jail. Ynet News, April 8. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3756751,00.html (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Sharon, Assaf. 2014. Failure in Gaza. New York Review of Books, September 25. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/sep/25/failure-gaza (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Shavit, Ari. 2004. Top PM Aide: Gaza Plan Aims to Freeze the Peace Process. Haaretz, October 6. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/top-pm-aide-gaza-plan-aims-to-freeze-the-peace-process-1.136686 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Smith, Ron. 2013. “A Danger to the Region”: Subaltern Geopolitics of Palestinians Detained in Israeli Prisons. Arab World Geographer 16 (1): 75100.Google Scholar
Spain, Alexandra C. 2013. Bullying Among Young Offenders: Findings from a Qualitative Study. In Bullying Among Prisoners: Innovations in Theory and Research, ed. Ireland, Jane L., 6283. Hove, UK: Willan.Google Scholar
Spyrou, Sypros. 2011. The Limits of Children's Voices: From Authenticity to Critical, Reflexive Representation. Childhood 18 (2): 151–65.Google Scholar
State Comptroller. 2014. Annual Report (Hebrew). http://www.mevaker.gov.il/he/Reports/Report_248/5b90367e-f0b3-403e-955a-f7bfd02fa46a/211-ver-4.docx (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
State Comptroller. 2015. Annual Report (Hebrew). http://www.mevaker.gov.il/he/Reports/Report_290/d3f96279-8933-4fdb-b1ec-a03e9692d40a/65C-204-ver-3.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Supreme Court of Israel. n.d.a. Justice Elyakim Rubinstein: Curriculum Vitae. Judicial Authority. http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/judges/doc/CvRubinstein.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Supreme Court of Israel. n.d.b. Justice Uri Shoham—Curriculum Vitae. Judicial Authority. http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/judges/doc/CvShoham.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Taraki, Lisa. 1990. The Development of Political Consciousness Among Palestinians in the Occupied Territories, 1967–1987. In Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads, ed. Nassar, Jamal R. and Heacock, Roger, 5371. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Telem, Na'ama. 2012. Ofer's Open Eye. Seeing Shabas—Journal of the IPS 32:12 (Hebrew). http://ips.gov.il/Items/04431/32.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2013a. Children in Israeli Military Detention: Observations and Recommendations, February. http://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_oPt_Children_in_Israeli_Military_Detention_Observations_and_Recommendations_-_6_March_2013.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2013b. Children in Israeli Military Detention: Observations and Recommendations—Bulletin No. 1, October. http://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_oPt_Children_in_Military_Detention_Bulletin_No_1_October_2013.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). 2015. Children in Israeli Military Detention: Observations and Recommendations—Bulletin No. 2, February. http://www.unicef.org/oPt/Children_in_Israeli_Military_Detention_-_Observations_and_Recommendations_-_Bulletin_No._2_-_February_2015.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Committee Against Torture. 2009. Summary Record of the 881st Meeting—Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 19 of the Convention (CAT/C/SR.881), May 6. http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsmoIqL9rS46HZROnmdQS5bPuncRLibGp0bpglCm2TkrosMxGBjjA1jzZ9yGrlRADP07VMkwdFxhXFz5FCSycA1dbwVOuRg%2bZlTc%2fYeVDfhQF (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. 2010. Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict—Concluding Observations: Israel. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/CRC-C-OPAC-ISR-CO-1.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. 2013. Concluding Observations on the Second to Fourth Periodic Reports of Israel (CRC/C/ISR/CO/2-4). http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/co/CRC-C-ISR-CO-2-4.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN General Assembly. 1985. Thirty-Ninth Session—Agenda Item 71, UN Doc. A/39/591, July 17. http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/B7A72309FFEA6F1485256A68004F0024 (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). 2016. Fragmented Lives: Humanitarian Overview 2015, June. https://www.ochaopt.org/sites/default/files/annual-humanitarian-overview_10_06_2016_english.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). 2010. West Bank & Gaza Strip: Population Census of 2007. http://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/2010012035949.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories Occupied Since 1967—John Dugard. 2008. Human Rights Situation in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories, January 21 (A/HRC/7/17). http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F71BE9FAE0ABBE1C852573EC006DDE2E (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Valverde, Mariana. 2003. Law's Dream of a Common Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Veerman, Philip, and Waldman, Adir. 1996. When Can Children and Adolescents Be Detained Separately from Adults?: The Case of Palestinian Children Deprived of Their Liberty in Israeli Military Jails and Prisons. International Journal of Children's Rights 4 (2): 147–60.Google Scholar
Viterbo, Hedi. 2012. The Age of Conflict: Rethinking Childhood, Law, and Age Through the Israeli-Palestinian Case. In Law and Childhood Studies, ed. Freeman, Michael, 133–55. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Viterbo, Hedi. 2014. Seeing Torture Anew: A Transnational Reconceptualization of State Torture and Visual Evidence. Stanford Journal of International Law 50 (2): 281317.Google Scholar
Viterbo, Hedi. Forthcoming. Ties of Separation: Analogy and Generational Segregation in North America, Australia, and Israel/Palestine. Brooklyn Journal of International Law 42 (2).Google Scholar
Weizman, Eyal. 2011. The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza. London: Verso.Google Scholar
White, Ben. 1994. Children, Work and “Child Labour”: Changing Responses to the Employment of Children. Development and Change 25 (4): 849–78.Google Scholar
Din, Yesh. 2007. Backyard Proceedings: The Implementation of Due Process Rights in the Military Courts in the Occupied Territories. http://www.yesh-din.org/site/images/BackyardProceedingsENG.pdf (accessed September 10, 2016).Google Scholar
Zagor, Matthew. 2010. “I Am the Law”!—Perspectives of Legality and Illegality in the Israeli Army. Israel Law Review 43:551–89.Google Scholar
Zelkovitz, Ido. 2014. Education, Revolution and Evolution: The Palestinian Universities as Initiators of National Struggle 1972–1995. History of Education 43 (3): 387407.Google Scholar
Zertal, Idith, and Eldar, Akiva. 2007. Lords of the Land: The War Over Israel's Settlements in the Occupied Territories, 1967–2007. New York: Nation Books.Google Scholar
Bakhirat v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 3528/14 (2014).Google Scholar
Barakan v. Military Prosecution, Mil. Ct. App. 1307/10 (2010).Google Scholar
Dirbas v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 4102/08 (2009).Google Scholar
E-Nasirat v. Military Advocate General, Mil. Ct. App. 358/03 (2003).Google Scholar
Jasser v. Military Advocate General, Mil. Ct. App. 67/96 (1996).Google Scholar
John Doe v. Military Prosecution, Mil. Ct. App. 1782/14 (2014).Google Scholar
John Doe v. Parole Board, Sup. Ct. 4612/16 (2016).Google Scholar
John Doe v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 10118/06 (2007a).Google Scholar
John Doe v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct 1456/07 (2007b).Google Scholar
John Doe v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 3702/14 (2014).Google Scholar
Kawasme v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 2337/13 (2013).Google Scholar
Kharuve v. Prison Service, Sup. Ct. 3770/14 (2014).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Alami, Mil. Ct. App. 1488/12 (2012).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. El-Farukh, Judea Mil. Ct. 1261/09 (2009).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. E-Nasirat, Judea Mil. Ct. 3900/03 (2003).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Makhlouf, Judea Mil. Ct. 4779/08 (2009).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Qadare, Mil. Ct. App. 2616/11 (2011).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Sha'alan, Mil. Ct. App. 372/03 (2004).Google Scholar
Ra'ee v. Prison Service, Sup. Ct. 4644/15 (2016).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Israel Police, Nazareth Dist. Ct. 27387-09-11 (2012).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Prison Service, Sup. Ct. 2459/12 (2012).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Prison Service, HCJ 204/13 (2013).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Prison Service, HCJ 204/13 (2015).Google Scholar
State of Israel v. Gurin, Sup. Ct. 7515/08 (2009).Google Scholar
Sultany v. Prison Service, Nazareth Dist. Ct. 16209-09-11 (2011).Google Scholar
Taritari v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 8639/13 (2014).Google Scholar
Yesh Din v. IDF Commander in the West Bank, HCJ 2690/09 (2010).Google Scholar
Beijing Rules (UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice), adopted November 29, 1985, G.A. Res. 40/33, annex, 40 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 53) at 207, UN Doc. A/40/53 (1985).Google Scholar
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), adopted November 20, 1989, G.A. Res. 44/25, annex, 44 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, UN Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into force September 2, 1990.Google Scholar
Havana Rules (UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty), adopted December 14, 1990, G.A. Res. 45/113, annex, 45 UN GAPR Supp. (no. 49A) at 205, UN Doc. A/45/49 (1990).Google Scholar
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted December 16, 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 UNT.S. 171, entered into force March 23, 1976.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 03.02.00: Guidelines Regarding Security Prisoners (March 15, 2002; last amended July 10, 2014). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/89.pdf; December 26, 2011 version available at http://www.hamoked.org.il/files/2012/114391.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.05.00: The Definition of Security Prisoner (May 1, 2001; last amended February 16, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.08.00 Concerning the Detention/Imprisonment of Minors (December 27, 2009). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/103.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.16.00: Prisoners' Hunger Strike (May 1, 2001; last amended January 19, 2005). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/352.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.34.00: Provision of Legal Counsel for Prisoners and Detainees (May 1, 2002; last amended March 10, 2016). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/152.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.54.02: Rehabilitation Frameworks for Prisoners (October 20, 2004; last amended August 8, 2010). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/161.pdf.Google Scholar
Mandela Rules (UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners), annex, UN Doc. A/RES/70/175 (2015).Google Scholar
Order 132 Concerning the Adjudication of Juvenile Delinquents (1967).Google Scholar
Order 1644 Concerning Security Provisions (Temporary Order) (Amendment 109) (2009).Google Scholar
Order 1651 Concerning Security Provisions (Integrated Version) (Judea and Samaria) (2009). http://www.mag.idf.il/SIP_STORAGE/files/7/1677.pdf.Google Scholar
Temporary IPS Order—Acquisition of Newspapers and Magazines for Criminal/Security Prisoners (December 31, 2013). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/367.pdf.Google Scholar
Youth Law (Adjudication, Punishment, and Modes of Treatment) (1971, 14th amendment 2008).Google Scholar
Youth Ordinances (Adjudication, Punishment, and Modes of Treatment) (Detention or Imprisonment Conditions for Minors) (2012). http://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-7191.pdf.Google Scholar
Bakhirat v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 3528/14 (2014).Google Scholar
Barakan v. Military Prosecution, Mil. Ct. App. 1307/10 (2010).Google Scholar
Dirbas v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 4102/08 (2009).Google Scholar
E-Nasirat v. Military Advocate General, Mil. Ct. App. 358/03 (2003).Google Scholar
Jasser v. Military Advocate General, Mil. Ct. App. 67/96 (1996).Google Scholar
John Doe v. Military Prosecution, Mil. Ct. App. 1782/14 (2014).Google Scholar
John Doe v. Parole Board, Sup. Ct. 4612/16 (2016).Google Scholar
John Doe v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 10118/06 (2007a).Google Scholar
John Doe v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct 1456/07 (2007b).Google Scholar
John Doe v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 3702/14 (2014).Google Scholar
Kawasme v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 2337/13 (2013).Google Scholar
Kharuve v. Prison Service, Sup. Ct. 3770/14 (2014).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Alami, Mil. Ct. App. 1488/12 (2012).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. El-Farukh, Judea Mil. Ct. 1261/09 (2009).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. E-Nasirat, Judea Mil. Ct. 3900/03 (2003).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Makhlouf, Judea Mil. Ct. 4779/08 (2009).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Qadare, Mil. Ct. App. 2616/11 (2011).Google Scholar
Military Advocate General v. Sha'alan, Mil. Ct. App. 372/03 (2004).Google Scholar
Ra'ee v. Prison Service, Sup. Ct. 4644/15 (2016).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Israel Police, Nazareth Dist. Ct. 27387-09-11 (2012).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Prison Service, Sup. Ct. 2459/12 (2012).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Prison Service, HCJ 204/13 (2013).Google Scholar
Sallah v. Prison Service, HCJ 204/13 (2015).Google Scholar
State of Israel v. Gurin, Sup. Ct. 7515/08 (2009).Google Scholar
Sultany v. Prison Service, Nazareth Dist. Ct. 16209-09-11 (2011).Google Scholar
Taritari v. State of Israel, Sup. Ct. 8639/13 (2014).Google Scholar
Yesh Din v. IDF Commander in the West Bank, HCJ 2690/09 (2010).Google Scholar
Beijing Rules (UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice), adopted November 29, 1985, G.A. Res. 40/33, annex, 40 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 53) at 207, UN Doc. A/40/53 (1985).Google Scholar
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), adopted November 20, 1989, G.A. Res. 44/25, annex, 44 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 167, UN Doc. A/44/49 (1989), entered into force September 2, 1990.Google Scholar
Havana Rules (UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty), adopted December 14, 1990, G.A. Res. 45/113, annex, 45 UN GAPR Supp. (no. 49A) at 205, UN Doc. A/45/49 (1990).Google Scholar
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted December 16, 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 21 UN GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, UN Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 UNT.S. 171, entered into force March 23, 1976.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 03.02.00: Guidelines Regarding Security Prisoners (March 15, 2002; last amended July 10, 2014). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/89.pdf; December 26, 2011 version available at http://www.hamoked.org.il/files/2012/114391.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.05.00: The Definition of Security Prisoner (May 1, 2001; last amended February 16, 2016).Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.08.00 Concerning the Detention/Imprisonment of Minors (December 27, 2009). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/103.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.16.00: Prisoners' Hunger Strike (May 1, 2001; last amended January 19, 2005). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/352.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.34.00: Provision of Legal Counsel for Prisoners and Detainees (May 1, 2002; last amended March 10, 2016). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/152.pdf.Google Scholar
Israel Prison Service (IPS) Commission Ordinance 04.54.02: Rehabilitation Frameworks for Prisoners (October 20, 2004; last amended August 8, 2010). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/161.pdf.Google Scholar
Mandela Rules (UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners), annex, UN Doc. A/RES/70/175 (2015).Google Scholar
Order 132 Concerning the Adjudication of Juvenile Delinquents (1967).Google Scholar
Order 1644 Concerning Security Provisions (Temporary Order) (Amendment 109) (2009).Google Scholar
Order 1651 Concerning Security Provisions (Integrated Version) (Judea and Samaria) (2009). http://www.mag.idf.il/SIP_STORAGE/files/7/1677.pdf.Google Scholar
Temporary IPS Order—Acquisition of Newspapers and Magazines for Criminal/Security Prisoners (December 31, 2013). http://www.ips.gov.il/Uploads/Commands/PDF/367.pdf.Google Scholar
Youth Law (Adjudication, Punishment, and Modes of Treatment) (1971, 14th amendment 2008).Google Scholar
Youth Ordinances (Adjudication, Punishment, and Modes of Treatment) (Detention or Imprisonment Conditions for Minors) (2012). http://www.nevo.co.il/law_word/law06/tak-7191.pdf.Google Scholar