Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T05:03:15.171Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Design and implementation of two surveys targeted at describing fouling communities and identifying non-native species within active ports

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2020

Samuel Holmes Open the ORCID record for Samuel Holmes [Opens in a new window]  and
Ruth Callaway
Samuel Holmes*
Affiliation:
College of Science, Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
Ruth Callaway
Affiliation:
College of Science, Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SwanseaSA2 8PP, Wales, UK
*
Author for correspondence: Samuel Holmes, E-mail: sam.j.holmes1@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Ports have long been considered ‘high-risk’ areas for the introduction of non-native species (NNS) and should therefore be a focus of NNS monitoring. The industrial nature of active ports can, however, provide various problems when attempting to carry out monitoring programmes. Current methodologies designed to identify NNS and to describe fouling communities have not been developed specifically for use in active ports and can encounter a number of issues when used in these environments. Here, two surveys were developed and trialled within an active port in South Wales, UK, designed to describe fouling communities, identify NNS and overcome some of the major limitations to conducting surveys within ports. Over a 6-month period, fouling communities dominated by solitary ascidians developed in each survey. Seven NNS were identified, mostly species already recorded in the 1950s, including the Mediterranean crab Brachynotus sexdentatus, and the more recently introduced Japanese skeleton shrimp Caprella mutica. Each survey was evaluated independently with respect to key factors, including the ability to detect NNS and practical aspects of using these survey methods in an applied context. We conclude that whilst each survey can function independently, the use of both survey types in conjunction offers the most robust solution to identifying NNS and describing wider fouling communities within active ports. This research has implications for the future monitoring and management of NNS within UK ports.

Keywords

Benthic macrofaunaecological surveysfouling communitiesmaritime tradenon-native speciesports
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 100 , Issue 8 , December 2020 , pp. 1191 - 1204
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aikins, S and Kikuchi, E (2001) Studies on habitat selection by amphipods using artificial substrates within an estuarine environment. Hydrobiologia 457, 77–86.Google Scholar
Anderson, LWJ (2007) Control of invasive seaweeds. Botanica Marina 50, 418–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M, Gorley, R and Clarke, K (2008) PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER. Guide to Software and Statistical Methods. Plymouth: PRIMER-E.Google Scholar
Arenas, F, Bishop, JDD, Carlton, JT, Dyrynda, PJ, Farnham, WF, Gonzalez, DJ, Jacobs, MW, Lambert, C, Lambert, G, Nielsen, SE, Pederson, JA, Porter, JS, Ward, S and Wood, CA (2006) Alien species and other notable records from a rapid assessment survey of marinas on the south coast of England. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, 1329–1337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashton, GV, Willis, KJ, Burrows, MT and Cook, EJ (2007 a) Environmental tolerance of Caprella mutica: implications for its distribution as a marine non-native species. Marine Environmental Research 64, 305–312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashton, GV, Willis, KJ, Cook, EJ and Burrows, M (2007 b) Distribution of the introduced amphipod, Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 (Amphipoda: Caprellida: Caprellidae) on the west coast of Scotland and a review of its global distribution. Hydrobiologia 590, 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aubet, ME (2001) The Phoenicians and the West : Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Azmi, F, Primo, C, Hewitt, CL and Campbell, ML (2015) Assessing marine biosecurity risks when data are limited: bioregion pathway and species-based exposure analyses. ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, 1078–1091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, SA (2015) An overview of thirty years of research on ballast water as a vector for aquatic invasive species to freshwater and marine environments. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 18, 261–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bangor University (2015) Wales Marine Non-native Species Inshore Monitoring Network.Google Scholar
Bax, N, Williamson, A, Aguero, M, Gonzalez, E and Geeves, W (2003) Marine invasive alien species: a threat to global biodiversity. Marine Policy 27, 313–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, KJ, Mielke, PW and Mielke, HW (2002) The Fisher–Pitman permutation test: an attractive alternative to the F test. Psychological Reports 90, 495–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishop, JDD, Wood, CA, Yunnie, ALE and Griffiths, CA (2015) Unheralded arrivals: non-native sessile invertebrates in marinas on the English coast. Aquatic Invasions 10, 249–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blockley, DJ and Chapman, MG (2006) Recruitment determines differences between assemblages on shaded or unshaded seawalls. Marine Ecology Progress Series 327, 27–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bo, M, Bava, S, Canese, S, Angiolillo, M, Cattaneo-Vietti, R and Bavestrello, G (2014) Fishing impact on deep Mediterranean rocky habitats as revealed by ROV investigation. Biological Conservation 171, 167–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borrell, YJ, Miralles, L, Do Huu, H, Mohammed-Geba, K and Garcia-Vazquez, E (2017) DNA in a bottle - rapid metabarcoding survey for early alerts of invasive species in ports. PLoS ONE 12, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bracewell, SA, Spencer, M, Marrs, RH, Iles, M and Robinson, LA (2012) Cleft, crevice, or the inner thigh: ‘another place’ for the establishment of the invasive barnacle Austrominius modestus (Darwin, 1854). PLoS ONE 7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buscher, E, Mathews, DL, Bryce, C, Bryce, K, Joseph, D and Ban, NC (2020) Applying a low cost, mini Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) to assess an ecological baseline of an indigenous seascape in Canada. Frontiers in Marine Science 7, 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, ML (2011) Assessing biosecurity risk associated with the importation of non-indigenous microalgae. Environmental Research 111, 989–998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Canning-Clode, J, Fofonoff, P, McCann, L, Carlton, JT and Ruiz, G (2013) Marine invasions on a subtropical island: fouling studies and new records in a recent marina on Madeira island (Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Aquatic Invasions 8, 261–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cánovas-Molina, A, Montefalcone, M, Bavestrello, G, Cau, A, Bianchi, CN, Morri, C, Canese, S and Bo, M (2016) A new ecological index for the status of mesophotic megabenthic assemblages in the Mediterranean based on ROV photography and video footage. Continental Shelf Research 121, 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlton, JT and Hodder, J (1995) Biogeography and dispersal of coastal marine organisms: experimental studies on a replica of a 16th-century sailing vessel. Marine Biology 121, 721–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, AN, Harris, LH, Bingham, BL, Carlton, JT, Chapman, JW, Lambert, CC, Lambert, G, Ljubenkov, JC, Murray, SN, Rao, LC, Reardon, K and Schwindt, E (2005) Rapid assessment survey for exotic organisms in southern California bays and harbors, and abundance in port and non-port areas. Biological Invasions 7, 995–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, EJ, Beveridge, C, Twigg, G and Macleod, A (2015) Assessing the effectiveness of early warning systems for the detection of marine invasive non-native species in Scottish waters. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 874 (8).Google Scholar
Crooks, JA, Chang, AL and Ruiz, GM (2011) Aquatic pollution increases the relative success of invasive species. Biological Invasions 13, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuesta, JA, Schubart, CD and Rodriguez, A (2000) Larval development of Brachynotus sexdentatus (Risso, 1827) (Decapoda, Brachyura) reared under laboratory conditions, with notes on larval characters of the Varunidae. Invertebrate Reproduction & Development 38, 207–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlstrom, A, Hewitt, CL and Campbell, ML (2011) A review of international, regional and national biosecurity risk assessment frameworks. Marine Policy 35, 208–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobretsov, SV, Qian, PY and Wahl, M (2005) Effect of solar ultraviolet radiation on the formation of shallow, early successional biofouling communities in Hong Kong. Marine Ecology Progress Series 290, 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eno, NC, Robin, AC and Sanderson, WG (1997) Non-Native Marine species in British Waters: A Review and Directory. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee, JNCC.Google Scholar
Floerl, O, Inglis, GJ, Dey, K and Smith, A (2009) The importance of transport hubs in stepping-stone invasions. Journal of Applied Ecology 46, 37–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floerl, O, Inglis, GJ,Peacock, L and Plew, D (2012) The Efficacy of Settlement Plate Arrays for Marine Surveillance. MPI Technical Paper No. 2012/16. Available at https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/4041/direct.Google Scholar
Foster, V, Giesler, RJ, Wilson, AMW, Nall, CR and Cook, EJ (2016) Identifying the physical features of marina infrastructure associated with the presence of non-native species in the UK. Marine Biology 163, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasby, TM (1999) Effects of shading on subtidal epibiotic assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 234, 275–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasby, TM (2000) Surface composition and orientation interact to affect subtidal epibiota. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 248, 177–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glasby, TM and Connell, SD (2001) Orientation and position of substrata have large effects on epibiotic assemblages. Marine Ecology Progress Series 214, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerra-García, JM, Ros, M and Baeza-Rojano, E (2015) Seasonal fluctuations and dietary analysis of fouling caprellids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from marinas of southern Spain. Marine Biology Research 11, 703–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gündoğdu, S, Çevik, C and Karaca, S (2017) Fouling assemblage of benthic plastic debris collected from Mersin Bay, NE Levantine coast of Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin 124, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, LG and Irons, KP (1982) Substrate angle and predation as determinants in fouling community succession. In Cairns, J (ed.), Artificial Substrates. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, pp. 243–248.Google Scholar
Hayward, PJ and Ryland, JS (eds) (2017) Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Head, RM, Davenport, J and Thomason, JC (2004) The effect of depth on the accrual of marine biofilms on glass substrata deployed in the Clyde Sea, Scotland. Biofouling 20, 177–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HELCOM (2013) Joint HELCOM/OSPAR Guidelines on the granting of exemptions under the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, Regulation A-4.Google Scholar
Henderson, PA, Plenty, SJ, Newton, LC and Bird, DJ (2012) Evidence for a population collapse of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in the Bristol Channel. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 92, 843–851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holman, LE, de Bruyn, M, Creer, S, Carvalho, G, Robidart, J and Rius, M (2019) Detection of introduced and resident marine species using environmental DNA metabarcoding of sediment and water. Scientific Reports 9, art. 11559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulme, PE (2009) Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. Journal of Applied Ecology 46, 10–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurlbut, C (1991) The effects of larval abundance, settlement and juvenile mortality on the depth distribution of a colonial ascidian. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 150, 183–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurst, H (2016) Monitoring invasive non-native species in marinas of North West. Report to Natural England. Available at https://www.livingseasnw.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-04/NW%20INNS%20report%20HH%202016%20FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar
Katsanevakis, S, Zenetos, A, Belchior, C and Cardoso, AC (2013) Invading European seas: assessing pathways of introduction of marine aliens. Ocean and Coastal Management 76, 64–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katsanevakis, S, Wallentinus, I, Zenetos, A, Leppäkoski, E, Çinar, ME, Oztürk, B, Grabowski, M, Golani, D and Cardoso, AC (2014) Impacts of invasive alien marine species on ecosystem services and biodiversity: a pan-European review. Aquatic Invasions 9, 391–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazmi, SSUH, Xuexi, T, Guangjian, X, Sikder, MNA and Xu, H (2020) Vertical variability in taxonomic breadth of biofilm-dwelling ciliates in marine bioassessment surveys. Regional Studies in Marine Science 38, 101366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keough, MJ (1983) Patterns of recruitment of sessile invertebrates in two subtidal habitats. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 66, 213–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keough, MJ and Downes, BJ (1982) Recruitment of marine invertebrates: the role of active larval choices and early mortality. Oecologia 54, 348–352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keough, MJ and Chernoff, H (1987) Dispersal and population variation in the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Ecology 68, 199–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehtiniemi, M, Ojaveer, H, David, M, Galil, B, Gollasch, S, McKenzie, C, Minchin, D, Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A, Olenin, S and Pederson, J (2015) Dose of truth – monitoring marine non-indigenous species to serve legislative requirements. Marine Policy 54, 26–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lezzi, M and Giangrande, A (2018) Seasonal and bathymetric effects on macrofouling invertebrates’ primary succession in a Mediterranean non-indigenous species hotspot area. Mediterranean Marine Science 19, 572–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, HX, Orihuela, B, Zhu, M and Rittschof, D (2016) Recyclable plastics as substrata for settlement and growth of bryozoans Bugula neritina and barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite. Environmental Pollution 218, 973–980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lincoln, RJ (1979) British Marine Amphipoda: Gammaridea. London: British Museum Natural History.Google Scholar
Lovell, SJ and Stone, SF (2005) The Economic Impacts of Aquatic Invasive Species: A Review of the Literature. National Center for Environmental Economics.Google Scholar
Ma, KCK (2020) Rare species detection and benthic recruitment across multiple scales of space and time with implications for early detection of marine invasive species. PhD thesis, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.Google Scholar
Maceda-Veiga, A, Escribano-Alacid, J, de Sostoa, A and García-Berthou, E (2013) The aquarium trade as a potential source of fish introductions in southwestern Europe. Biological Invasions 15, 2707–2716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marraffini, ML, Ashton, GV, Brown, CW, Chang, AL and Ruiz, GM (2017) Settlement plates as monitoring devices for non-indigenous species in marine fouling communities. Management of Biological Invasions 8, 559–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Laiz, G, Ulman, A, Ros, M and Marchini, A (2019) Is recreational boating a potential vector for non-indigenous peracarid crustaceans in the Mediterranean Sea? A combined biological and social approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 140, 403–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marty, F, Gueune, H, Malard, E, Sanchez-Amaya, JM, Sjogren, L, Abbas, B, Quillet, L, van Loosdrecht, MCM and Muyzer, G (2014) Identification of key factors in accelerated low water corrosion through experimental simulation of tidal conditions: influence of stimulated indigenous microbiota. Biofouling 30, 281–297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGeoch, MA, Butchart, SHM, Spear, D, Marais, E, Kleynhans, EJ, Symes, A, Chanson, J and Hoffmann, M (2010) Global indicators of biological invasion: species numbers, biodiversity impact and policy responses. Diversity and Distributions 16, 95–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, HK, Roberts, EM, Mienis, F and Rapp, HT (2020) Drivers of megabenthic community structure in one of the world's deepest silled-fjords, Sognefjord (Western Norway). Frontiers in Marine Science 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineur, F, Cook, E, Minchin, D, Bohn, K, MacLeod, A and Maggs, C (2012) Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial structures. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 50, 189–234.Google Scholar
Miralles, L, Gomez-Agenjo, M, Rayon-Viña, F, Gyraitė, G and Garcia-Vazquez, E (2018) Alert calling in port areas: marine litter as possible secondary dispersal vector for hitchhiking invasive species. Journal for Nature Conservation 42, 12–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molnar, JL, Gamboa, RL, Revenga, C and Spalding, MD (2008) Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6, 485–492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naylor, E (1957) Brachynotus sexdentatus (Risso), a grapsoid crab new to Britain. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10, 521–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NBN Atlas (2019) National Biodiversity Network (NBN) atlas. Available at https://nbnatlas.org/ (Accessed 18 December 2019).Google Scholar
Nydam, M and Stachowicz, JJ (2007) Predator effects on fouling community development. Marine Ecology Progress Series 337, 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osman, RW (1977) The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community. Ecological Monographs 47, 37–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostroumov, SA (2005) Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders. Hydrobiologia 542, 275–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persson, J, Brett, MT, Vrede, T and Ravet, JL (2007) Food quantity and quality regulation of trophic transfer between primary producers and a keystone grazer (Daphnia) in pelagic freshwater food webs. Oikos 116, 1152–1163.Google Scholar
Pimentel, D, McNair, S, Janecka, J, Wightman, J, Simmonds, C, O'Connell, C, Wong, E, Russel, L, Zern, J, Aquino, T and Tsomondo, T (2001) Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puth, LM and Post, DM (2005) Studying invasion: have we missed the boat? Ecology Letters 8, 715–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyšek, P and Richardson, DM (2010) Invasive species, environmental change and management, and health. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 35, 25–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qian, PY, Lau, SCK, Dahms, HU, Dobretsov, S and Harder, T (2007) Marine biofilms as mediators of colonization by marine macroorganisms: implications for antifouling and aquaculture. Marine Biotechnology 9, 399–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
R Core Team (2017) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available at https://www.r-project.org/.Google Scholar
Rius, M, Bourne, S, Hornsby, HG and Chapman, MA (2015) Applications of next-generation sequencing to the study of biological invasions. Current Zoology 61, 488–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohde, S, Schupp, PJ, Markert, A and Wehrmann, A (2017) Only half of the truth: managing invasive alien species by rapid assessment. Ocean and Coastal Management 146, 26–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ronowicz, M, Kukliński, P, Lock, K, Newman, PB, Burton, M and Jones, J (2014) Temporal and spatial variability of zoobenthos recruitment in a north-east Atlantic marine reserve. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, 1367–1376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz, GM, Carlton, JT, Grosholz, ED and Hines, AH (1997) Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. American Zoologist 37, 621–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryland, JS (1960) The British species of Bugula (Polyzoa). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 134, 65–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sala, OE, Chapin, FS, Armesto, JJ, Berlow, E, Bloomfield, J, Dirzo, R, Huber-Sanwald, E, Huenneke, LF, Jackson, RB, Kinzig, A, Leemans, R, Lodge, DM, Mooney, HA, Oesterheld, M, Poff, NLR, Sykes, MT, Walker, BH, Walker, M and Wall, DH (2000) Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770–1774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sánchez, MI, Paredes, I, Lebouvier, M and Green, AJ (2016) Functional role of native and invasive filter-feeders, and the effect of parasites: learning from hypersaline ecosystems. PLoS ONE 11, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sardain, A, Sardain, E and Leung, B (2019) Global forecasts of shipping traffic and biological invasions to 2050. Nature Sustainability 2, 274–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schevchenko, OG, Orlova, TY and Maslennikov, SI (2004) Seasonal dynamics of the diatoms of the genus Chaetoceros Ehrenberg in Amursky Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 30, 11–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shenkar, N, Shmuel, Y and Huchon, D (2018) The invasive ascidian Ciona robusta recorded from a Red Sea marina. Marine Biodiversity 48, 2211–2214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shucksmith, R, Cook, EJ, Hughes, DJ and Burrows, MT (2009) Competition between the non-native amphipod Caprella mutica and two native species of caprellids Pseudoprotella phasma and Caprella linearis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, 1125–1132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, M, Bardiau, M, Brennan, R, Burgess, H, Caplin, J, Ray, S and Urios, T (2019) Accelerated low water corrosion: the microbial sulfur cycle in microcosm. npj Materials Degradation 3, 37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41529-019-0099-9.Google Scholar
Stein, RA, De Vries, DR and Dettmers, JM (1995) Food-web regulation by a planktivore: exploring the generality of the trophic cascade hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, 2518–2526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Streftaris, N, Zenetos, A and Papathanassiou, E (2005) Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. Oceanography and Marine Biology 43, 419–453.Google Scholar
Sutherland, JP and Karlson, RH (1977) Development and stability of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina. Ecological Monographs 47, 425–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyrrell, MC and Byers, JE (2007) Do artificial substrates favor nonindigenous fouling species over native species? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 342, 54–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, SL, Davidson, IC, Pasari, JR, Ashton, GV, Carlton, JT, Crafton, RE, Fontana, RE, Grosholz, ED, Miller, AW, Ruiz, GM and Zabin, CJ (2013) Managing multiple vectors for marine invasions in an increasingly connected world. BioScience 63, 952–966.Google Scholar
Willis, KJ, Cook, EJ, Lozano-Fernandez, M and Takeuchi, I (2004) First record of the alien caprellid amphipod, Caprella mutica, for the UK. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, 1027–1028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Holmes and Callaway supplementary material

Tables S1 and S2

Download Holmes and Callaway supplementary material(File)
File 34.7 KB