Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-m9pkr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-08T16:34:30.694Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A study of laryngeal gestures in Mandarin citation tones using simultaneous laryngoscopy and laryngeal ultrasound (SLLUS)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 March 2014

Scott R. Moisik ,
Hua Lin  and
John H. Esling
Scott R. Moisik
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, Canadasrmoisik@uvic.ca
Hua Lin
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, Canadaluahin@uvic.ca
John H. Esling
Affiliation:
Department of Linguistics, University of Victoria, Canadaesling@uvic.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In this work, Mandarin tone production is examined using simultaneous laryngoscopy and laryngeal ultrasound (SLLUS). Laryngoscopy is used to obtain information about laryngeal state, and laryngeal ultrasound is used to quantify changes in larynx height. With this methodology, several observations are made concerning the production of Mandarin tone in citation form. Two production strategies are attested for low tone production: (i) larynx lowering and (ii) larynx raising with laryngeal constriction. Another finding is that the larynx rises continually during level tone production, which is interpreted as a means to compensate for declining subglottal pressure. In general, we argue that larynx height plays a supportive role in facilitating f0 change under circumstances where intrinsic mechanisms for f0 control are insufficient to reach tonal targets due to vocal fold inertia. Activation of the laryngeal constrictor can be used to achieve low tone targets through mechanical adjustment to vocal fold dynamics. We conclude that extra-glottal laryngeal mechanisms play important roles in facilitating the production of tone targets and should be integrated into the contemporary articulatory model of tone production.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the International Phonetic Association , Volume 44 , Issue 1 , April 2014 , pp. 21 - 58
Copyright
Copyright © International Phonetic Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, Elizabeth L. & Hollien, Harry. 1973. Vocal fold thickness in the pulse (vocal fry) register. Folia Phoniatrica 25, 241–250.Google Scholar
Barbosa, Adriano V., Yehia, Hani C. & Vatikiotis-Bateson, Eric. 2008. Temporal characterization of auditory–visual coupling in speech. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics 1, 1–14.Google Scholar
Belotel-Grenié, Agnès & Grenié, Michel. 1994. Phonation types analysis in Standard Chinese. International Conference on Spoken Language Processing 1994, Yokohama, Japan, 343–346.Google Scholar
Belotel-Grenié, Agnès & Grenié, Michel. 1995. Consonants and vowels influence on phonation types in isolated words in Standard Chinese. 13th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XIII), Stockholm, Sweden, 400–403.Google Scholar
Belotel-Grenié, Agnès & Grenié, Michel. 2004. The creaky voice phonation and the organisation of Chinese discourse. International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages: With Emphasis on Tone Languages, Beijing, China, March 2004, 28–31.Google Scholar
Bresch, Erik, Kim, Yoon-Chul, Nayak, Krishna, Byrd, Dani & Narayanan, Shrikanth. 2008. Seeing speech: Capturing vocal tract shaping using real-time magnetic resonance imaging. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25 (3), 123–132.Google Scholar
Brunelle, Marc, Duong Nguyễn, Duy & Nguyễn, Khac Hùng. 2010. A laryngographic and laryngoscopic study of Northern Vietnamese tones. Phonetica 67 (3), 147–169.Google Scholar
Brunner, Jana & Żygis, Marzena. 2011. Why do glottal stops and low vowels like each other? 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, 376–379.Google Scholar
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Collier, René. 1975. Physiological correlates of intonation patterns. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 58 (1), 249–255.Google Scholar
Danilouchkine, Mikhail G., Mastik, Frits & van der Steen, Anton F. W.. 2009. A study of coronary artery rotational motion with dense scale-space optical flow in intravascular ultrasound. Physics in Medicine and Biology 54, 1397–1418.Google Scholar
Davidson, Lisa. 2006. Comparing tongue shapes from ultrasound imaging using smoothing spline analysis of variance. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120 (1), 407–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, Deborah S. 1991. An acoustic study of so-called creaky voice in Tianjin Mandarin. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 78, 50–57.Google Scholar
Edmondson, Jerold A. & Esling, John H.. 2006. The valves of the throat and their functioning in tone, vocal register, and stress: Laryngoscopic case studies. Phonology 23, 157–191.Google Scholar
Erickson, Donna. 1993. Laryngeal muscle activity in connection with Thai tones. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (University of Tokyo) 27, 135–149.Google Scholar
Erickson, Donna. 2011. Thai tones revisited. Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan 15 (2), 74–82.Google Scholar
Esling, John H. 1996. Pharyngeal consonants and the aryepiglottic sphincter. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 26, 65–88.Google Scholar
Esling, John H. 1999. The IPA categories ‘pharyngeal’ and ‘epiglottal’: Laryngoscopic observations of pharyngeal articulations and larynx height. Language and Speech 42 (4), 349–372.Google Scholar
Esling, John H. 2005. There are no back vowels: The laryngeal articulator model. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 50, 13–44.Google Scholar
Esling, John H. & Harris, Jimmy G.. 2005. States of the glottis: An articulatory phonetic model based on laryngoscopic observations. In William, J. Hardcastle & Beck, Janet M. (eds.), A figure of speech: A Festschrift for John Laver, 347–383. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Esling, John H. & Moisik, Scott R.. 2012. Laryngeal aperture in relation to larynx height change: An analysis using simultaneous laryngoscopy and laryngeal ultrasound. In Gibbon, Dafydd, Hirst, Daniel & Campbell, Nick (eds.), Rhythm, melody and harmony in speech: Studies in honour of Wiktor Jassem (Speech and Language Technology 14/15), 117–128. Poznań: Polskie Towarzystwo Fonetyczne.Google Scholar
Esling, John H., Zeroual, Chakir & Crevier-Buchman, Lise. 2007. A study of muscular synergies at the glottal, ventricular and aryepiglottic levels. 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI), Saarbrücken, 585–588.Google Scholar
Estill, Jo & Colton, Raymond H.. 1979. The identification of some voice qualities. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 65 (S1), S115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ewan, William G. & Krones, Robert. 1974. Measuring larynx movement using the thyroumbrometer. Journal of Phonetics 2, 327–335.Google Scholar
Faaborg-Anderson, Knud & Sonninen, Ahti. 1960. The function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles at different pitch. Acta Otolaryngologica 51, 89–93.Google Scholar
Fink, B. Raymond. 1974. Folding mechanism of the human larynx. Acta Oto-laryngologica 78 (1–6), 124–128.Google Scholar
Fink, B. Raymond. 1975. The human larynx: A functional study. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Hallé, Pierre A. 1994. Evidence for tone-specific activity of the sternohyoid muscle in Modern Standard Chinese. Language and Speech 37 (2), 103–124.Google Scholar
Harries, Meredydd, Hawkins, Sarah, Hacking, Jeremy & Hughes, Ieuan. 1998. Changes in male voice at puberty: Vocal fold length and its relationship to the fundamental frequency of the voice. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 112, 451–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertz, Carl Hellmuth, Lindström, Kjell & Sonesson, Björn. 1970. Ultrasonic recording of the vibrating vocal folds. Acta Oto-laryngologica 69, 223–230.Google Scholar
Hirano, Minoru & Sato, Kiminori M. D.. 1993. Histological color atlas of the human larynx. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Hirose, Hajime, Simada, Zyun'ici & Fujimura, Osamu. 1970. An electromyographic study of the activity of the laryngeal muscles during speech utterances. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (University of Tokyo) 4, 9–25.Google Scholar
Hollien, Harry. 1974. On vocal registers. Journal of Phonetics 2, 125–143.Google Scholar
Hollien, Harry & Allen, Elizabeth L.. 1972. Laminagraphic investigation of pulse register (vocal fry) phonation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52 (1A), 124.Google Scholar
Holmer, Nils-Gunnar, Kitzing, Peter & Lindström, Kjell. 1973. Echo glottography. Acta oto-laryngologica 75, 454–463.Google Scholar
Honda, Kiyoshi. 1995. Laryngeal and extra-laryngeal mechanisms of f0 control. In Bell-Berti, Fredericka & Raphael, Lawrence J. (eds.), Producing speech: Contemporary issues – for Katherine Safford Harris, 215–245. New York: AIP Press.Google Scholar
Honda, Kiyoshi. 2004. Physiological factors causing tonal characteristics of speech: From global to local prosody. Presented at Speech Prosody, Nara, Japan.Google Scholar
Honda, Kiyoshi, Hirai, Hiroyuki, Masaki, Shinobu & Shimada, Yasuhiro. 1999. Role of vertical larynx movement and cervical lordosis in f0 control. Language and Speech 42, 401–411.Google Scholar
Horn, Berthold K. P. & Schunck, Brian G.. 1981. Determining optical flow. Artificial Intelligence 17, 185–203.Google Scholar
Howie, John M. 1976. Acoustical studies of Mandarin vowels and tones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Iwata, Ray, Sawashima, Masayuki, Hirose, Hajime & Niimi, Seiji. 1979. Laryngeal adjustment of Fukienese stops: Initial plosives and final applosives. Annual Bulletin Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 13, 61–81.Google Scholar
Jadcherla, Sudarshan R., Gupta, Alankar, Stoner, Erin, Coley, Brian D., Wiet, Gregory J. & Shaker, Reza. 2006. Correlation of glottal closure using concurrent ultrasonography and nasolaryngoscopy in children: A novel approach to evaluate glottal status. Dysphagia 21, 75–81.Google Scholar
Kagaya, Ryohei. 1974. A fiberscopic and acoustic study of the Korean stops, affricates, and fricatives. Journal of Phonetics 2, 161–180.Google Scholar
Kawahara, Hideki, de Cheveigné, Alain & Patterson, Roy D.. 1998. An instantaneous-frequency-based pitch extraction method for high quality speech transformation: Revised TEMPO in the STRAIGHT-suite. Presented at the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing 1998, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Keating, Patricia & Esposito, Christina. 2006. Linguistic voice quality. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 105, 85–91.Google Scholar
Lammert, Adam C., Proctor, Michael I. & Narayanan, Shrikanth S.. 2010. Data-driven analysis of realtime vocal tract MRI using correlated image regions. Interspeech 2010, Makuhari, Chiba, Japan, 1572–1575.Google Scholar
Laver, John. 1975. Individual features in voice quality. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Laver, John. 1980. The phonetic description of voice quality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Min, Kambhamettu, Chandra & Stone, Maureen. 2005. Automatic contour tracking in ultrasound images. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 19, 545–554.Google Scholar
Lin, Hua. 1992. On the nature of Mandarin tone and tone sandhi. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Victoria, Canada.Google Scholar
Lin, Hua. 1996. Mandarin tonology. Taipei: Pyramid Press.Google Scholar
Lin, Hua. 1998. Diaosu lun ji putonghua liandu biandiao [Theory of ‘toneme’ and tone sandhi in Putonghua]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Chinese Language] 1, 31–39.Google Scholar
Lin, Hua. 2001. A grammar of Mandarin Chinese. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Lin, Hua. 2007. Yinxi he yufa de jingzheng – Qiantan shangsheng biandiao de linghuoxing [Competition between phonology and syntax: A probe into the variability of the third tone sandhi]. In Xu, Jie & Zhong, Qi (eds.), Hanyu cihui, jufa, yuyin de xianghu guanlian [Interface in Chinese: Morphology, syntax and phonetics], 280–293. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn. 2009. Laryngeal mechanisms in speech: The contributions of Jan Gauffin. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 34 (4), 149–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindqvist-Gauffin, Jan. 1969. Laryngeal mechanisms in speech. Quarterly Progress and Status Report, Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology 2–3, 26–31.Google Scholar
Lindqvist-Gauffin, Jan. 1972. A descriptive model of laryngeal articulation in speech. Quarterly Progress and Status Report, Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology 13 (2–3), 1–9.Google Scholar
Loveday, Eric J. 2003. Ultrasound of the larynx. Imaging: An International Journal of Clinico-Radiological Practice 15, 109–114.Google Scholar
McCormick, Sabrina J., Frisch, Stefan A. & Wodzinski, Sylvie M.. 2008. Semiautomatic measures of velar stop closure location using the EdgeTrak software. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 124 (4), 2581–2581.Google Scholar
Mémin, Etienne & Pérez, Patrick. 1998. Dense estimation and object-based segmentation of the optical flow with robust techniques. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 7 (5), 703–719.Google Scholar
Mensch, B. 1964. Analyse par exploration ultrasonique du mouvement des cordes vocales isolées. Comptes Rendus Biologies 12, 2295.Google Scholar
Moisik, Scott R., Esling, John H., Bird, Sonya & Lin, Hua. 2011. Evaluating laryngeal ultrasound to study larynx state and height. 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, 136–139.Google Scholar
Moisik, Scott R., Esling, John H. & Crevier-Buchman, Lise. 2010. A high-speed laryngoscopic investigation of aryepiglottic trilling. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127 (3), 1548–1558.Google Scholar
Montler, Timothy. 2004. Vowel retraction before glottal stop in Klallam. In Gerdts, Donna & Matthewson, Lisa (eds.), Occasional Papers in Linguistics 17: Studies in Salish linguistics in honour of M. Dale Kinkade, 300–310. Missoula, MT: Department of Linguistics, University of Montana.Google Scholar
Narayanan, Shrikanth, Bresch, Erik, Ghosh, Prasanta, Goldstein, Louis, Katsamanis, Athanasios, Kim, Yoon, Lammert, Adam, Proctor, Michael, Ramanarayanan, Vikram & Zhu, Yinghua. 2011. A multimodal real-time MRI articulatory corpus for speech research. Interspeech 2011, Florence, Italy, 837–840.Google Scholar
Negus, Victor E. 1949. The comparative anatomy and physiology of the larynx. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd. [Reprinted 1962.]Google Scholar
Nissenbaum, Jon, Kirsch, John E., Halle, Morris, Kobler, James B., Curtin, Hugh D. & Hillman, Robert E.. 2002. High-speed MRI: A new means for assessing hypotheses concerning the phonetic control of voice and f0. Presented at the North East Linguistic Society 33, MIT, 11 November 2002.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1972. How is pitch lowered? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 52, 124.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. & Hirose, Hajime. 1970. The function of the sternohyoid muscle in speech. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 4, 41–44.Google Scholar
Painter, Colin. 1986. The laryngeal vestibule and voice quality. Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 243, 329–337.Google Scholar
Painter, Colin. 1991. The laryngeal vestibule, voice quality and paralinguistic markers. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 248, 452–458.Google Scholar
Rose, Phil. 1989. Phonetics and phonology of yang tone phonation types in Zhenhai. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 18, 229–245.Google Scholar
Rubin, John S., Lee, Stuart, McGuinness, John, Hore, Ian, Hill, David & Berger, Leslie. 2004. The potential role of ultrasound in differentiating solid and cystic swellings of the true vocal fold. Journal of Voice 18 (2), 231–235.Google Scholar
Sagart, Laurent, Hallé, Pierre, de Boysson-Bardies, Bénédicte & Arabia-Guidet, Catherine. 1986. Tone production in Modern Standard Chinese: An electromygraphic investigation. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 15, 205–221.Google Scholar
Sawashima, Masayuki, Kakita, Yuki & Hiki, Shizuo. 1973. Activity of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles in relation to Japanese word accent. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 7, 19–25.Google Scholar
Shau, Yio-Wha, Wang, Chung-Li, Hsieh, Fon-Jou & Hsiao, Tzu-Yu. 2001. Noninvasive assessment of vocal fold mucosal wave velocity using color Doppler imaging. Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology 27 (11), 1451–1460.Google Scholar
Shen, Xiaonan. 1990a. Tonal co-articulation in Mandarin. Journal of Phonetics 18, 281–295.Google Scholar
Shen, Xiaonan. 1990b. The prosody of Mandarin Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shin, T., Hirano, M., Maeyama, T., Nozoe, I. & Ohkubo, H.. 1981. The function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles. In Stevens, Kenneth N. & Hirano, Minoru (eds.), Vocal fold physiology, 171–180. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar
Silverman, Daniel, Blankenship, Barbara, Kirk, Paul & Ladefoged, Peter. 1995. Phonetic structures in Jalapa Mazatec. Anthropological Linguistics 37 (1), 70–88.Google Scholar
Simada, Zyun'ici & Hirose, Hajime. 1970. The function of the laryngeal muscles in respect to the word accent distinction. Annual Bulletin of the Research Institute of Logopedics and Phoniatrics 4, 27–40.Google Scholar
Sonies, Barbara C., Chi-Fishman, Gloria & Miller, Jeri L.. 2002. Ultrasound imaging and swallowing. In Bronwyn, Jones (ed.), Normal and abnormal swallowing: Imaging in diagnosis and therapy, 119–138. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Sprouse, Ronald L., Solé, Maria-Josep & Ohala, John J.. 2010. Tracking laryngeal height and its impact on voicing. Presented at the 12th Conference on Laboratory Phonology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 8–10 July 2010.Google Scholar
Stone, Maureen. 2005. A guide to analysing tongue motion from ultrasound images. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 19 (6–7), 455–502.Google Scholar
Titze, Ingo R. 1989a. On the relationship between subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency in phonation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85 (2), 901–906.Google Scholar
Titze, Ingo R. 1989b. Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 85 (4), 1699–1707.Google Scholar
Titze, Ingo R., Luschei, Erich S. & Hirano, Minoru. 1989. Role of the thyroarytenoid muscle in regulation of fundamental frequency. Journal of Voice 3, 213–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traill, Anthony. 1986. The laryngeal sphincter as a phonatory mechanism in !Xóõ (Bushman). In Singer, Ronald & Lundy, John K. (eds.), Variation, culture and evolution in African populations: Papers in honour of Dr. Hertha De Villiers, 123–131. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.Google Scholar
Tsai, Chen-Gia, Shau, Yio-Wha & Hsiao, Tzu-Yu. 2004. False vocal fold surface waves during Sygyt singing: A hypothesis. Presented at the International Conference on Voice Physiology and Biomechanics (ICVPB) 2004, Marseille, France.Google Scholar
Vilkman, Erkki, Sonninen, Aatto, Hurme, Perti & Körkkö, Pentti. 1996. External laryngeal frame function in voice production revisited: A review. Journal of Voice 10, 78–92.Google Scholar
Wang, Jing & Wang, Lijia. 1993. Putonghua duoyinjieci yinjie shichang fenbu moshi [The distribution patterns of syllable duration in the polysyllabic words in Mandarin]. Zhongguo Yuwen [Chinese Language] 2, 112–116.Google Scholar
Whalen, Doug H. 2004. Measurements and modeling in speech production research. From Sound to Sense: 50+ Years of Discoveries in Speech Communication, MIT, 107–117.Google Scholar
Whalen, Doug H., Bryan Gick, Masanobu Kumada & Kiyoshi Honda. 1998. Cricothyroid activity in high and low vowels: Exploring the automaticity of intrinsic f0. Journal of Phonetics 27, 125–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Yi. 2002. Articulatory constraints and tonal alignment. Speech Prosody 2002, Aix-en-Provence, France, 91–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Yi & Sun, Xuejing. 2002. Maximum speed of pitch change and how it may relate to speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 111, 1399–1413.Google Scholar
Yanagisawa, Eiji, Estill, Jo, Kmucha, Steven T. & Leder, Steven. 1989. The contribution of aryepiglottic constriction to ‘ringing’ voice quality – a videolaryngoscopic study with acoustic analysis. Journal of Voice 3 (4), 342–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zemlin, Willard R. 1998. Speech and hearing science: Anatomy and physiology, 4th edn. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar