Hostname: page-component-594f858ff7-x2rdm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2023-06-07T02:52:22.259Z Has data issue: false Feature Flags: { "corePageComponentGetUserInfoFromSharedSession": false, "coreDisableEcommerce": false, "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, "coreDisableSocialShare": false, "useRatesEcommerce": true } hasContentIssue false
  • English

Standardising Dementia Diagnosis Across Linguistic and Educational Diversity: Study Design of the Indian Council of Medical Research-Neurocognitive Tool Box (ICMR-NCTB)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 December 2019

Gowri K. Iyer ,
Avanthi Paplikar ,
Suvarna Alladi Open the ORCID record for Suvarna Alladi[Opens in a new window] ,
Aparna Dutt ,
Meenakshi Sharma ,
Shailaja Mekala ,
Subhash Kaul ,
Aralikatte Onkarappa Saroja ,
Gollahalli Divyaraj  and
Ratnavalli Ellajosyula
...Show all authors
Gowri K. Iyer
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad 500033, India
Avanthi Paplikar
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
Suvarna Alladi*
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
Aparna Dutt
Affiliation:
Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Cognitive Neurology Unit, Kolkata 700097, India Duttanagar Mental Health Centre, Neuropsychology & Clinical Psychology Unit, Duttanagar, Kolkata 700077, India
Meenakshi Sharma
Affiliation:
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
Shailaja Mekala
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
Subhash Kaul
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India Department of Neurology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India
Aralikatte Onkarappa Saroja
Affiliation:
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belgaum 590010, India
Gollahalli Divyaraj
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India
Ratnavalli Ellajosyula
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospitals, Bengaluru 560071, India
Amitabha Ghosh
Affiliation:
Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Cognitive Neurology Unit, Kolkata 700097, India
Roopa Hooda
Affiliation:
Neurosciences Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110023, India
Sunita Justus
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
Rajmohan Kandukuri
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad 500082, India
Arfa Banu Khan
Affiliation:
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belgaum 590010, India
Robert Mathew
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Government Medical College, Alleppey 688005, India
P.S. Mathuranath
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
Ramsekhar Menon
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
Ranita Nandi
Affiliation:
Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Cognitive Neurology Unit, Kolkata 700097, India
Jwala Narayanan
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospitals, Bengaluru 560071, India
Ashima Nehra
Affiliation:
Neurosciences Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110023, India
M.V Padma
Affiliation:
Neurosciences Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110023, India
Apoorva Pauranik
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, G.M. Medical College, Indore 452001, India
Subasree Ramakrishnan
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
Prerana Sabnis
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Manipal Hospitals, Bengaluru 560071, India Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, Rovereto 38068, Italy
Lekha Sarath
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
Urvashi Shah
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai 400012, India
Manjari Tripathi
Affiliation:
Neurosciences Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110023, India
P.N. Sylaja
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
Ravi Prasad Varma
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India
Mansi Verma
Affiliation:
Neurosciences Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi 110023, India
Feba Varghese
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru 560029, India
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Suvarna Alladi, Professor, Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Lakkasandra, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560029, India. E-mail: alladisuvarna@hotmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions[Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives:

While the burden of dementia is increasing in low- and middle-income countries, there is a low rate of diagnosis and paucity of research in these regions. A major challenge to study dementia is the limited availability of standardised diagnostic tools for use in populations with linguistic and educational diversity. The objectives of the study were to develop a standardised and comprehensive neurocognitive test battery to diagnose dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to varied etiologies, across different languages and educational levels in India, to facilitate research efforts in diverse settings.

Methods:

A multidisciplinary expert group formed by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) collaborated towards adapting and validating a neurocognitive test battery, that is, the ICMR Neurocognitive Tool Box (ICMR-NCTB) in five Indian languages (Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam), for illiterates and literates, to standardise diagnosis of dementia and MCI in India.

Results:

Following a review of existing international and national efforts at standardising dementia diagnosis, the ICMR-NCTB was developed and adapted to the Indian setting of sociolinguistic diversity. The battery consisted of tests of cognition, behaviour, and functional activities. A uniform protocol for diagnosis of normal cognition, MCI, and dementia due to neurodegenerative diseases and stroke was followed in six centres. A systematic plan for validating the ICMR-NCTB and establishing cut-off values in a diverse multicentric cohort was developed.

Conclusions:

A key outcome was the development of a comprehensive diagnostic tool for diagnosis of dementia and MCI due to varied etiologies, in the diverse socio-demographic setting of India.

Keywords

Neuropsychological assessmentCognitionCross cultural validationStandardisationStrokeIndia
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 26 , Issue 2 , February 2020 , pp. 172 - 186
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Albert, M.S., DeKosky, S.T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H.H., Fox, N.C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D.M., Jagust, W.J., Petersen, R.C., Snyder, P.J., Carrillo, M.C., Thies, B., & Petersen, R.C. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7, 270–279. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albert, M.S., Heller, H.S., & Milberg, W. (1988). Changes in naming ability with age. Psychology and Aging, 3, 173–178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alladi, S. & Hachinski, V. (2018). World dementia: One approach does not fit all. Neurology, 91, 264–270. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000005941 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alladi, S., Mekala, S., Chadalawada, S.K., Jala, S., Mridula, R., & Kaul, S. (2011). Subtypes of dementia: A study from a memory clinic in India. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 32, 32–38. doi: 10.1159/000329862 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alladi, S., Shailaja, M., Mridula, K.R., Haritha, C.A., Kavitha, N., Khan, S.A., Divyaraj, G. & Kaul, S. (2014). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical and imaging profile in a memory clinic setting in India. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 37, 113–124. doi: 10.1159/000354955 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alzheimer’s & Related Disorders Society of India. (2010). The Dementia India Report: Prevalence, impact, costs and services for Dementia: Executive summary, In Shaji, K.S., Jotheeswaran, A.T., Girish, N., Bharath, S., Dias, A., Pattabiraman, M., & Varghese, M. (Eds.). New Delhi, India: ARDSI.Google Scholar
Ardila, A. (1995). Directions of research in cross-cultural neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 143–150. doi: 10.1080/13803399508406589 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardila, A. & Rosselli, M. (2002). Illiterates and cognition: The impact of education, In Uzzel, B., Pontón, M., & Ardila, A. (Eds.), International handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology (pp. 182–198). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Ardila, A., Rosselli, M., & Ostrosky-Solis, F. (1992). Sociocultural Factors in Neuropsychological Assessment. Handbook of Neuropsychological Assessment (pp. 181–192). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Baiyewu, O., Unverzagt, F.W., Lane, K.A., Gureje, O., Ogunniyi, A., Musick, B., Gao, S., Hall, K.S. & Hendrie, H.C. (2005). The Stick Design test: A new measure of visuoconstructional ability. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 598–605. doi: 10.1017/S135561770505071X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaton, D.E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F. & Ferraz, M.B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25, 3186–3191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besser, L., Kukull, W., Knopman, D.S., Chui, H., Galasko, D., Weintraub, S., Jicha, G., Carlsson, C., Burns, J., Quinn, J., Sweet, R.A., Rascovsky, K., Teylan, M., Beekly, D., Thomas, G., Bollenbeck, M., Monsell, S., Mock, C., Zhou, X.H., Thomas, N., Robichaud, E., Dean, M., Hubbard, J., Jacka, M., Schwabe-Fry, K., Wu, J., Phelps, C., & Morris, J.C. (2018). Version 3 of the National Alzheimer’s coordinating center’s uniform data set. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 32, 351–358. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000279 Google ScholarPubMed
Bialystok, E. (2010). Global-local and trail-making tasks by monolingual and bilingual children: Beyond inhibition. Developmental Psychology, 46, 93–105. doi: 10.1037/a0015466 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bialystok, E., Craik, F.I., & Ryan, J. (2006). Executive control in a modified antisaccade task: Effects of aging and bilingualism. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 1341–1354. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.32.6.1341 Google Scholar
Brott, T., Adams, H.P. Jr., Olinger, C.P., Marler, J.R., Barsan, W.G., Biller, J., Spilker, J., Holleran, R., Eberle, R., Hertzberg, V., Rorick, M., Moomaw, C.J., & Walker, M. (1989). Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: A clinical examination scale. Stroke, 20, 864–870. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.20.7.864 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castro-Caldas, A., Petersson, K.M., Reis, A., Stone-Elander, S., & Ingvar, M. (1998). The illiterate brain. Learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organization of the adult brain. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 121, 1053–1063. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.6.1053 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Census of India. (2011). Language: India, States and Union territories. New Delhi, India: Office of the Registrar General.Google Scholar
Cummings, J.L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D.A., & Gornbein, J. (1994). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44, 2308–2314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dansilio, S. & Charamelo, A. (2005). Constructional functions and figure copying in illiterates or low-schooled Hispanics. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 1105–1112. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2005.06.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, S., Banerjee, T., Mukherjee, C., Bose, P., Biswas, A., Hazra, A., Dutt, A., Chaudhuri, A., Raut, D.K., & Roy, T. (2006). An urban community-based study of cognitive function among non-demented elderly population in India. Neurology Asia, 11, 37–48.Google Scholar
Davis, D.H., Creavin, S.T., Yip, J.L., Noel-Storr, A.H., Brayne, C., & Cullum, S. (2015). Montreal cognitive assessment for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10, Cd010775. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010775 Google Scholar
Dessi, F., Maillet, D., Metivet, E., Michault, A., Le Clésiau, H., Ergis, A.-M., & Belin, C. (2009). Assessment of episodic memory in illiterate elderly. Psychologie & NeuroPsychiatrie du vieillissement, 7, 287–296. doi: 10.1684/pnv.2009.0184 Google ScholarPubMed
Enderby, P.M., Wood, V.A., Wade, D.T., & Hewer, R.L. (1986). The Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test: A short, simple test for aphasia appropriate for non-specialists. International Rehabilitation Medicine, 8, 166–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fillenbaum, G.G., van Belle, G., Morris, J.C., Mohs, R.C., Mirra, S.S., Davis, P.C.,. Tariot, P.N., Silverman, J.M., Clark, C.M., Welsh-Bohmer, K.A., & Heyman, A.,. (2008). Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD): The first twenty years. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 4, 96–109. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.08.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Folia, V. & Kosmidis, M.H. (2003). Assessment of memory skills in illiterates: Strategy differences or test artifact?. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(2), 143–152. doi: 10.1076/clin.17.2.143.16505 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganguli, M., Chandra, V., Gilby, J.E., Ratcliff, G., Sharma, S.D., Pandav, R., Seaberg, E.C., & Belle, S. (1996). Cognitive test performance in a community-based nondemented elderly sample in rural India: The Indo-US Cross-National Dementia Epidemiology Study. International Psychogeriatrics, 8, 507–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganguli, M., Dube, S., Johnston, J.M., Pandav, R., Chandra, V., & Dodge, H.H. (1999). Depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment and functional impairment in a rural elderly population in India: A Hindi version of the geriatric depression scale (GDS‐H). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 807–820.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganguli, M., Ratcliff, G., Chandra, V., Sharma, S., Gilby, J., Pandav, R., Belle, S., Ryan, C., Baker, C., Seaberg, E., & Dekosky, S. (1995). A Hindi version of the MMSE: The development of a cognitive screening instrument for a largely illiterate rural elderly population in India. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10, 367–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganguli, M., Ratcliff, G., Huff, J., Belle, S., Kancel, M.J., Fischer, L., Seaberg, E., & Kuller, L.H. (1991). Effects of age, gender, and education on cognitive tests in a rural elderly community sample: Norms from the Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey. Neuroepidemiology, 10, 42–52. doi: 10.1159/000110246 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, A. & Mathuranath, P. (2007). Community-based naming agreement, familiarity, image agreement and visual complexity ratings among adult Indians. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 10, 92.Google Scholar
Gollan, T.H., Montoya, R.I., Fennema-Notestine, C., & Morris, S.K. (2005). Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Memory and Cognition, 33, 1120–1234. doi: 10.3758/BF03193224 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guillemin, F., Bombardier, C., & Beaton, D. (1993). Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: Literature review and proposed guidelines. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46, 1417–1432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habib, N. & Stott, J. (2017). Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of the non-English versions of Addenbrooke's cognitive examination – revised and III. Aging & Mental Health, 23, 297–304. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1411882 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hachinski, V., Iadecola, C., Petersen, R.C., Breteler, M.M., Nyenhuis, D.L., Black, S.E., Powers, W.J., DeCarli, C., Merino, J.G., Kalaria, R.N., Vinters, H.V., Holtzman, D.M., Rosenberg, G.A., Wallin, A., Dichgans, M., Marler, J.R., & Leblanc, G.G. (2006). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke – Canadian stroke network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke, 37, 2220–2241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heilman, K.M. & Valenstein, E. (1979). Mechanisms underlying hemispatial neglect. Annals of Neurology, 5, 166–170. doi: 10.1002/ana.410050210 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoops, S., Nazem, S., Siderowf, A., Duda, J., Xie, S., Stern, M., & Weintraub, D. (2009). Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 73, 1738–1745. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e7948a CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubley, A. (1999). The modified Taylor complex figure: A comparable measure to the Rey-Osterrieth figure. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8, 734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubley, A. & Jassal, S. (2006). Comparability of the Rey-Osterrieth and Modified Taylor Complex Figures using total scores, completion times, and construct validation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1482–1497. doi: 10.1080/13803390500434441 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Je Cho, M., Kyu Kim, J., & Suh, G.-H. (2003). Community study of dementia in the older Korean rural population. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 606–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorm, A. & Korten, A. (1988). Assessment of cognitive decline in the elderly by informant interview. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 209–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kester, E.S. & Peña, E.D. (2002). Language ability assessment of Spanish-English bilinguals: Future directions. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8(4).Google Scholar
Kim, H.J., Baek, M.J., & Kim, S. (2014). Alternative type of the trail making test in nonnative English-speakers: The trail making test-black & white. PLoS ONE, 9, e89078. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089078 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lezak, M.D. (1995). Neuropsychological Assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mathuranath, P., Cherian, J., Mathew, R., George, A., Alexander, A., & Sarma, S.P. (2007). Mini mental state examination and the Addenbrooke's cognitive examination: Effect of education and norms for a multicultural population. Neurology India, 55, 106–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathuranath, P., George, A., Cherian, P.J., Mathew, R., & Sarma, P.S. (2005). Instrumental activities of daily living scale for dementia screening in elderly people. International Psychogeriatrics, 17, 461–474. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002250 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathuranath, P., Hodges, J.R., Mathew, R., Cherian, P.J., George, A., & Bak, T.H. (2004). Adaptation of the ACE for a Malayalam speaking population in southern India. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 1188–1194. doi: 10.1002/gps.1239 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeith, I.G., Dickson, D., Lowe, J., Emre, M., O’Brien, J., Feldman, H., Cummings, J., Duda, J.E., Lippa, C., Perry, E.K., Aarsland, D., Arai, H., Ballard, C.G., Boeve, B., Burn, D.J., Costa, D., Del Ser, T., Dubois, B., Galasko, D., Gauthier, S., Goetz, C.G., Gomez-Tortosa, E., Halliday, G., Hansen, L.A., Hardy, J., Iwatsubo, T., Kalaria, R.N., Kaufer, D., Kenny, R.A., Korczyn, A., Kosaka, K., Lee, V.M., Lees, A., Litvan, I., Londos, E., Lopez, O.L., Minoshima, S., Mizuno, Y., Molina, J.A., Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B., Pasquier, F., Perry, R.H., Schulz, J.B., Trojanowski, J.Q., & Yamada, M. (2005). Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies third report of the DLB consortium. Neurology, 65, 1863–1872. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKhann, G.M., Knopman, D.S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B.T., Jack, C.R., Kawas, C.H., Klunk, W.E., Koroshetz, W.J., Manly, J.J., Mayeux, R., Mohs, R.C., Morris, J.C., Rossor, M.N., Scheltens, P., Carrillo, M.C., Thies, B., Weintraub, S., & Phelps, C.H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 7, 263–269. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mekala, S., Alladi, S., Mridula, K.R., & Kaul, S. (2008). Dementia diagnosis in illiterates: Adaptation and usefulness of a global cognitive screening test-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R). Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 11:S175–S175.Google Scholar
Mungas, D., Reed, B.R., Crane, P.K., Haan, M.N., & González, H. (2004). Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS): Further development and psychometric characteristics. Psychological Assessment, 16, 347–359. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.16.4.347 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mungas, D., Reed, B.R., Marshall, S.C., & González, H.M. (2000). Development of psychometrically matched English and Spanish language neuropsychological tests for older persons. Neuropsychology, 14, 209–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nandi, S.P., Biswas, A., Pal, S., Basu, S., Senapati, A.K., & Das, S.K. (2008). Clinical profile of young-onset dementia: A study from Eastern India. Neurology Asia, 13, 103–108.Google Scholar
Nasreddine, Z.S., Phillips, N.A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J.L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 695–699. doi: 10.1177/2325957414557270 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, T.R. & Jørgensen, K. (2013). Visuoconstructional abilities in cognitively healthy illiterate Turkish immigrants: A quantitative and qualitative investigation. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27, 681–692. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2013.767379 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oosterman, J.M., Vogels, R.L., van Harten, B., Gouw, A.A., Poggesi, A., Scheltens, P., Kessels, R.P., & Scherder, E.J. (2010). Assessing mental flexibility: Neuroanatomical and neuropsychological correlates of the Trail Making Test in elderly people. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 203–219. doi: 10.1080/13854040903482848 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandav, R., Fillenbaum, G., Ratcliff, G., Dodge, H., & Ganguli, M. (2002). Sensitivity and specificity of cognitive and functional screening instruments for dementia: The Indo‐US Dementia Epidemiology Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50, 554–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pershad, D. & Verma, S.K. (1990). Hand-Book of PGI Battery of Brain Dysfunction (PGI-BBD). Agra, India: National Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Petersen, R.C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prince, M., Acosta, D., Acosta, I., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jotheeswaran, A., Jimenez-Velazquez, I.Z., Liu, Z., Llibre Rodriguez, J.J., Salas, A., Sosa, A.L., Williams, J.D., & Prince, M (2016). Cohort profile: The 10/66 study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46, 406–406i. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyw056 Google Scholar
Prince, M., Acosta, D., Chiu, H., Scazufca, M., Varghese, M., & Dementia Research, G. (2003). Dementia diagnosis in developing countries: A cross-cultural validation study. Lancet, 361, 909–917. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12772-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prince, M., Comas-Herrera, A., Knapp, M., Guerchet, M., & Karagiannidou, M. (2016). World Alzheimer Report 2016: Improving Healthcare for People Living with Dementia: Coverage, Quality and Costs Now and in the Future. London, UK: Alzheimer’s Disease International.Google Scholar
Rao, S.L., Subbakrishna, D., & Gopukumar, K. (2004). NIMHANS Neuropsychology Battery-2004, Manual. Bangalore, India: National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences.Google Scholar
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J.R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M.F., Kramer, J.H., Neuhaus, J., van Swieten, J.C., Seelaar, H., Dopper, E.G., Onyike, C.U., Hillis, A.E., Josephs, K.A., Boeve, B.F., Kertesz, A., Seeley, W.W., Rankin, K.P., Johnson, J.K., Gorno-Tempini, M.L., Rosen, H., Prioleau-Latham, C.E., Lee, A., Kipps, C.M., Lillo, P., Piguet, O., Rohrer, J.D., Rossor, M.N., Warren, J.D., Fox, N.C., Galasko, D., Salmon, D.P., Black, S.E., Mesulam, M., Weintraub, S., Dickerson, B.C., Diehl-Schmid, J., Pasquier, F., Deramecourt, V., Lebert, F., Pijnenburg, Y., Chow, T.W., Manes, F., Grafman, J., Cappa, S.F., Freedman, M., Grossman, M., Miller, B.L. (2011). Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain, 134, 2456–2477. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr179 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reis, A., Faísca, L., Ingvar, M., & Petersson, K.M. (2006). Color makes a difference: Two-dimensional object naming in literate and illiterate subjects. Brain and Cognition, 60, 49–54. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.09.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Román, G.C., Tatemichi, T.K., Erkinjuntti, T., Cummings, J., Masdeu, J., Garcia, J., Amaducci, L., Orgogozo, J.-M., Brun, A., Hofman, A., Moody, D.M., O'Brien, M.D., Yamaguchi, T., Grafman, J., Drayer, B.P., Bennett, D.A., Fisher, M., Ogata, J., Kokmen, E., Bermejo, F., Wolf, P.A., Gorelick, P.B., Bick, K.L., Pajeau, A.K., Bell, M.A., DeCarli, C., Culebras, A., Korczyn, A.D., Bogousslavsky, J., Hartmann, A., & Scheinberg, P. (1993). Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria for research studies: Report of the NINDS‐AIREN International Workshop. Neurology, 43, 250–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosli, R., Tan, M.P., Gray, W.K., Subramanian, P., & Chin, A.-V. (2016). Cognitive assessment tools in Asia: A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 28, 189–210. doi: 10.1017/S1041610215001635 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., Araujo, K., Weekes, V.A., Caracciolo, V., Padilla, M., & Ostrosky-Solis, F. (2000). Verbal fluency and repetition skills in healthy older Spanish-English bilinguals. Applied Neuropsychology, 7, 17–24. doi: 10.1207/S15324826AN0701_3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sachdev, P., Kalaria, R., O’Brien, J., Skoog, I., Alladi, S., Black, S.E., Blacker, D., Blazer, D.G, Chen, C., Chui, H., Ganguli, M., Jellinger, K., Jeste, D.V., Pasquier, F., Paulsen, J., Prins, N., Rockwood, K., Roman, G., & Scheltens, P. (2014). Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: A VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders, 28, 206–218. doi: 10.1097/WAD.0000000000000034 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, N. & Mishra, R.K. (2013). Second language proficiency modulates conflict-monitoring in an oculomotor Stroop task: Evidence from Hindi-English bilinguals. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 322. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00322 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sosa, A.L., Albanese, E., Stephan, B.C., Dewey, M., Acosta, D., Ferri, C.P., Guerra, M., Huang, Y., Jacob, K.S., Jiménez-Velázquez, I.Z., Rodriguez, J.J., Salas, A., Williams, J., Acosta, I., González-Viruet, M., Hernandez, M.A., Shuran, L., Prince, M.J., & Stewart, R. (2012). Prevalence, distribution, and impact of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America, China, and India: A 10/66 population-based study. PLoS Medicine, 9, e1001170. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001170 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steis, M.R. & Schrauf, R.W. (2009). A review of translations and adaptations of the Mini-Mental State Examination in languages other than English and Spanish. Research in Gerontological Nursing, 2, 214–224. doi: 10.3928/19404921-20090421-06 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanzer, N.K., In Hambleton, R. K., Merenda, P. F., & Spielberger, C. D. (2004). Developing tests for use in multiple languages and cultures: A plea for simultaneous development (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Tripathi, R., Kumar, J.K., Bharath, S., Marimuthu, P., & Varghese, M. (2013). Clinical validity of NIMHANS neuropsychological battery for elderly: A preliminary report. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 279–282. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.117149 Google ScholarPubMed
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2017). International Migration Report 2017: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/404). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division.Google Scholar
Venneri, A., McGeown, W.J., Hietanen, H.M., Guerrini, C., Ellis, A.W., & Shanks, M.F. (2008). The anatomical bases of semantic retrieval deficits in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 46, 497–510. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.08.026 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J., Snow, K., Kosinski, M., & Gendek, B. (1993). RAND 36-Item Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide. Boston, MA: The Health Institute, The New England Medical Center.Google Scholar
Yesavage, J.A., Brink, T.L., Rose, T.L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V.O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Z.-X., Zahner, G.E., Román, G.C., Liu, X.-H., Wu, C.-B., Hong, Z., Hong, X., Tang, M.N., Zhou, B., Qu, Q.M., Zhang, X.J., & Li, H. (2006). Socio-demographic variation of dementia subtypes in china: Methodology and results of a prevalence study in Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai, and Xian. Neuroepidemiology, 27, 177–187. doi: 10.1159/000096131 CrossRefGoogle Scholar