Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T22:50:18.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Event-based prospective memory performance during subacute recovery following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in children: Effects of monetary incentives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 January 2010

STEPHEN R. McCAULEY*
Affiliation:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Alliance of Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology–Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
CLAUDIA PEDROZA
Affiliation:
Center for Clinical Research and Evidence-Based Medicine at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
SANDRA B. CHAPMAN
Affiliation:
Center for Brain Health, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
LORI G. COOK
Affiliation:
Center for Brain Health, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
GILLIAN HOTZ
Affiliation:
University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
ANA C. VÁSQUEZ
Affiliation:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Alliance of Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
HARVEY S. LEVIN
Affiliation:
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Alliance of Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Texas–Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Stephen R. McCauley, Ph.D., Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, 1709 Dryden Road, Suite 1200, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: mccauley@bcm.edu

Abstract

There are very few studies investigating remediation of event-based prospective memory (EB-PM) impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI). To address this, we used 2 levels of motivational enhancement (dollars vs. pennies) to improve EB-PM in children with moderate to severe TBI in the subacute recovery phase. Children with orthopedic injuries (OI; n = 61), moderate (n = 28), or severe (n = 30) TBI were compared. Significant effects included Group × Motivation Condition (F(2, 115) = 3.73, p < .03). The OI (p < .002) and moderate TBI (p < .03) groups performed significantly better under the high- versus low-incentive condition; however, the severe TBI group failed to demonstrate improvement (p = .38). EB-PM performance was better in adolescents compared to younger children (p < .02). These results suggest that EB-PM can be significantly improved in the subacute phase with this level of monetary incentives in children with moderate, but not severe, TBI. Other strategies to improve EB-PM in these children at a similar point in recovery remain to be identified and evaluated. (JINS, 2010, 16, 335–341.)

Type
Research Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Baddeley, A.D. (1990). Human memory. Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar
Best, D.L. (1992). The role of social interaction in memory improvement. In Herrmann, D.J., Searleman, H., Searleman, A., & McEvoy, C. (Eds.), Memory improvement: Implications for memory theory (pp. 122149). New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandimonte, M.A., & Passolunghi, M.C. (1994). The effect of cue-familiarity, cue-distinctiveness, and retention interval on prospective remembering. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Section A, 47, 565587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cockburn, J. (1995). Task interruption in prospective memory: A frontal lobe function? Cortex, 31, 8797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Committee on Injury Scaling (1990). Abbreviated Injury Scale. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.Google Scholar
Driscoll, I., McDaniel, M.A., & Guynn, M.J. (2005). Apolipoprotein E and prospective memory in normally aging adults. Neuropsychology, 19, 2834.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Einstein, G.O., & McDaniel, M.A. (1990). Normal aging and prospective memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 16, 717726.Google ScholarPubMed
Einstein, G.O., & McDaniel, M.A. (1996). Retrieval processes in prospective memory: Theoretical approaches and some new empirical findings. In Brandimonte, M.A., Einstein, G.O., & McDaniel, M.A. (Eds.), Prospective memory: Theory and applications (pp. 115142). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Fortin, S., Godbout, L., & Braun, C. (2002). Strategic sequence planning and prospective memory impairments in frontally lesioned head trauma patients performing activities of daily living. Brain & Cognition, 48, 361365.Google ScholarPubMed
Fortin, S., Godbout, L., & Braun, C.M. (2003). Cognitive structure of executive deficits in frontally lesioned head trauma patients performing activities of daily living. Cortex, 39, 273291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furst, C. (1986). The memory derby: Evaluating and remediating intention memory. Cognitive Rehabilitation, 4, 2426.Google Scholar
Gentry, M., & Herrmann, D.J. (1990). Memory contrivances in everyday life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 241253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groot, Y.C., Wilson, B.A., Evans, J., & Watson, P. (2002). Prospective memory functioning in people with and without brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 645654.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guajardo, N.R., & Best, D.L. (2000). Do preschoolers remember what to do? Incentive and external cues in prospective memory. Cognitive Development, 15, 7597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannon, R., Adams, P., Harrington, S., Fries-Dias, C., & Gipson, M.T. (1995). Effects of brain injury and age on prospective memory self-rating and performance. Rehabilitation Psychology, 40, 289298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J.E. (1984). Remembering to do things: A forgotten topic. In Gruneberg, M.M., Morris, P.E. & Sykes, R.N. (Eds.), Everyday memory: Actions and absent-mindedness (pp. 7192). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hauser, R.M., & Warren, J.R. (1997). Socioeconomic indexes for occupations: A review, update, and critique. In Raftery, A. (Ed.), Sociological Methodology (Vol. 27, pp. 177298). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.Google Scholar
Henry, J.D., Phillips, L.H., Crawford, J.R., Kliegel, M., Theodorou, G., & Summers, F. (2007). Traumatic brain injury and prospective memory: Influence of task complexity. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 457466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herrmann, D., Brubaker, B., Yoder, C., Sheets, V., & Tio, A. (1999). Devices that remind. In Durso, F.T. (Ed.), Handbook of applied cognition (pp. 377407). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Huppert, F.A., & Beardsall, L. (1993). Prospective memory impairment as an early indicator of dementia. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 805821.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerns, K.A. (2000). The CyberCruiser: An investigation of development of prospective memory in children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6, 6270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerns, K.A., & Price, K.J. (2001). An investigation of prospective memory in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 7, 162171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kidder, D.P., Park, D.C., Hertzog, C., & Morrell, R.W. (1997). Prospective memory and aging: The effects of working memory and prospective memory task load. Aging Neuropsychology & Cognition, 4, 93112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinsella, G., Murtagh, D., Landry, A., Homfray, K., Hammond, M., O’Beirne, L., et al. . (1996). Everyday memory following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 10, 499507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kliegel, M., Eschen, A., & Thöne-Otto, A.I. (2004). Planning and realization of complex intentions in traumatic brain injury and normal aging. Brain & Cognition, 56, 4354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, R.G., Harnett, M., & Titov, N. (2005). The effects of traumatic brain injury on the predicted and actual performance of a test of prospective remembering. Brain Injury, 19, 2738.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, R.G., Titov, N., & Crawford, M. (2006). The effects of distraction on prospective remembering following traumatic brain injury assessed in a simulated naturalistic environment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvavilashvili, L. (1987). Remembering intention as a distinct form of memory. British Journal of Psychology, 78, 507518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvavilashvili, L. (1992). Remembering intentions: A critical review of existing experimental paradigms. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6, 507524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvavilashvili, L., Messer, D.J., & Ebdon, P. (2001). Prospective memory in children: The effects of age and task interruption. Developmental Psychology, 37, 418430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, M.J., Kelly, K.G., Stigge-Kaufman, D.A., Schmalfuss, I.M., & Perlstein, W.M. (2007). Reward context sensitivity impairment following severe TBI: An event-related potential investigation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 615625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Louda, J., Loseva, D., & Mielke, R. (2007). Prospective memory in patients with traumatic brain injury: An overview. Zeitschrift fur Neuropsychologie, 18, 9199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathias, J.L., & Mansfield, K.M. (2005). Prospective and declarative memory problems following moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 19, 271282.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maujean, A., Shum, D., & McQueen, R. (2003). The effect of cognitive demand on prospective memory in individuals with traumatic brain injury. Brain Impairment, 4, 135145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maylor, E.A. (1990). Age and prospective memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 42, 471493.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCauley, S.R., & Levin, H.S. (2004). Prospective memory in pediatric traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25, 520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCauley, S.R., McDaniel, M.A., Pedroza, C., Chapman, S.B., & Levin, H.S. (2009). Incentive effects on event-based prospective memory performance in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 23, 201209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCauley, S.R., & Pedroza, C. (in press). Event-based prospective memory in children with sickle cell disease: Effect of cue distinctiveness. Child Neuropsychology.Google Scholar
McDaniel, M.A., & Einstein, G.O. (1993). The importance of cue familiarity and cue distinctiveness in prospective memory. Memory, 1, 2341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meacham, J.A., & Dumitru, J. (1976). Prospective remembering and external-retrieval cues (No. MS 1284). Washington, DC: Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology.Google Scholar
Meacham, J.A., & Leiman, B. (1982). Remembering to perform future actions. In Neisser, U. (Ed.), Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts (pp. 327336). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Roche, N.L., Fleming, J.M., & Shum, D.H. (2002). Self-awareness of prospective memory failure in adults with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 16, 931945.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roche, N.L., Moody, A., Szabo, K., Fleming, J.M., & Shum, D.H.K. (2007). Prospective memory in adults with traumatic brain injury: An analysis of perceived reasons for remembering and forgetting. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 17, 314334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruther, N.M., & Best, D.L. (1993). Development of prospective memory in preschoolers. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA, March.Google Scholar
Salthouse, T.A., Berish, D.E., & Siedlech, K.L. (2004). Construct validity and age sensitivity of prospective memory. Memory & Cognition, 32, 11331148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shum, D., Valentine, M., & Cutmore, T. (1999). Performance of individuals with severe long-term traumatic brain injury on time-, event-, and activity-based prospective memory tasks. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 4958.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, H.G. (2004). Research on outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury: Current advances and future directions. Developmental Neuropsychology, 25, 199225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, H.G., Yeates, K.O., Wade, S.L., Drotar, D., Klein, S.K., & Stancin, T. (1999). Influences on first-year recovery from traumatic brain injury in children. Neuropsychology, 13, 7689.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, H.G., Yeates, K.O., Wade, S.L., Drotar, D., Stancin, T., & Minich, N. (2002). A prospective study of short- and long-term outcomes after traumatic brain injury in children: Behavior and achievement. Neuropsychology, 16, 1527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet, 2, 8184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thöne-Otto, A.I., & Walther, K. (2003). How to design an electronic memory aid for brain-injured patients: Considerations on the basis of a model of prospective memory. International Journal of Psychology, 38, 236244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, H., Shum, D., Dick, B., McKinlay, L., & Baker-Tweney, S. (2004). Interview study of the effects of paediatric traumatic brain injury on memory. Brain Injury, 18, 471495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, H., Shum, D., McKinlay, L., Baker, S., & Wallace, G. (2007). Prospective memory and pediatric traumatic brain injury: Effects of cognitive demand. Child Neuropsychology, 13, 219239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, A., & Baddeley, A.D. (1978). Remembering to recall in everyday life: An approach to absent-mindedness. In Gruneberg, M.M., Morris, P.E., & Sykes, R.N. (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Williams, D.H., Levin, H.S., & Eisenberg, H.M. (1990). Mild head injury classification. Neurosurgery, 27, 422428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, B. (1987). The rehabilitation of memory. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Winograd, E. (1988). Some observations on prospective remembering. In Gruneberg, M.M., Morris, P.E., & Sykes, R.N. (Eds.), Practical Aspects of Memory: Current Research and Issues (Vol. 1: Memory in everyday life, pp. 348353). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Woods, S.P., Iudicello, J.E., Moran, L.M., Carey, C.L., Dawson, M.S., & Grant, I. (2008a). HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning. Neuropsychology, 22, 110117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, S.P., Moran, L.M., Carey, C.L., Dawson, M.S., Iudicello, J.E., Gibson, S., et al. . (2008b). Prospective memory in HIV infection: Is “remembering to remember” a unique predictor of self-reported medication management? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23, 257270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeates, K.O., Taylor, H.G., Drotar, D., Wade, S.L., Klein, S., Stancin, T., & Schatschneider, C. (1997). Preinjury family environment as a determinant of recovery from traumatic brain injuries in school-age children. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 3, 617630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed