Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 August 2011
Transformations this century in communal irrigation in the Chiang Mai Valley, northern Thailand, are examined under the impact of political and economic changes such as state centralization, the intensification of capitalist agriculture, and urbanization. An anthropological political economy perspective is applied in placing anthropological subjects (irrigation weir communities and their leaders) at the intersection of local, national and global processes which allows scope for the agency of these subjects within the structural constraints imposed by political economy changes.
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32 Vanpen, The Historical Development of Irrigation Systems, p. 202.
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34 Ibid., p. 204
35 The cost and scale of the two northern projects was low relative to national expenditures on irrigation, particularly those in the Central Plain, Ingram, Economic Change in Thailand 1850-1970, p. 84.
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48 Ibid., p. 89.
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52 The Mae Ngat and Mae Kuang reservoirs also have the capacity to generate electricity.
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54 Traditionally, wood and bamboo for the weir repairs were obtained from nearby dry dipterocarp forests called paa phae, an elevated hilly zone between the alluvial plains and the mountains. This was also an area for the collection of free, subsistence resources such as fuel and edible plants. Since the 1920s, when population pressure began to limit the extension of wet-rice cultivation, this zone has been increasingly used for the cultivation of swidden crops such as sugar, soyabeans, chilli, tobacco and dry rice. After the student uprising of October 1973 and student and peasant agitation for land reform a number of land reform settlements were established in this zone by government agencies (e.g. Agricultural Land Reform Office) to allocate land to poor, landless villagers. Outside these settlements large areas of this zone have been used, since the 1970s, for orchards (longan, mandarins). Often they have been established by absentee, urban investors who have had the capital to build small dams and sink artesian bores.
55 Vanpen, Historical Development of Irrigation Systems, p. 284.
56 Ibid., p. 108.
57 Ibid., pp. 231-78.
58 Ibid., pp. 240, 241.
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62 The Nation, 7 Sep. 1996.
63 This paper deals with developments/economic changes up until 1996 and does not attempt to examine the economic repercussions of the recent currency crisis in Thailand.
64 Somsak Tambunlertchai, “Economic Prospects”, p. 89.
65 Far Eastern Economic Review, 19 Oct. 1995, p. 19.
66 The Nation, 7 Sep. 1996.
67 Kosit (1981) cited in Suwan, Manat, Kerdpibule, Udom and Leesuwan, Chukiat, Impacts of Industrialization Upon Villagers' Life in Northern Thailand (Chiang Mai: Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, 1992), p. 5Google Scholar.
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77 Ibid., pp. 23-25. Export figures for 1996 were not available. However, the 1996 harvest was expected to show an increase of over 65 per cent in excess of that for 1995 which produced a low yield throughout the North due to untimely rains during flowering (p. 1).
78 Ibid., pp. 1-2. These 1996 projections reflect a marked increase in longan in dried form which has been prompted by a very large harvest and facilitated by the granting of subsidized loans for the purchase of longan drying ovens. Low-interest loans of 50,000 baht repayable of five years have been financed by the Department of Trade and Commerce and administered through agricultural cooperatives and local farmers associations.
79 Confirmed through personal communication with the technical officer for the Agricultural Extension Office within the Lamphun Provincial Office.
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91 This solution to the labour shortage is tenuous. The constituency development budgets were expected to be halved by the government newly constituted in 1995.
92 This term is used by Tanabe in his study of early northern Thai peasant resistance to the Siamese state and influenced theoretically by writers such as Antonio Gramsci and James Scott. See Tanabe, Shigeharu, “Ideological Practice in Peasant Rebellions: Siam at the Turn of the Century”, in History and Pesant Consciousness in Southeast Asia, ed. Turton, Andrew and Tanabe, Shigeharu, Senri Ethnological Studies No. 13 (Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1984), p. 79Google Scholar.
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