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Roman Inscriptions 1986–90

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 September 2012

Richard Gordon
Affiliation:
Kiel
Mary Beard
Affiliation:
Newnham College, Cambridge
Joyce Reynolds
Affiliation:
Newnham College, Cambridge
Charlotte Roueché
Affiliation:
King's CollegeLondon

Extract

This survey does not aim at completeness. It is a personal selection, on the one hand, of recent epigraphic work which is of significance and interest to an ancient historian, and, on the other hand, of those epigraphic ‘tools of the trade’ which are important for anyone trying to interpret an inscription. But we start with some more narrowly epigraphic topics.

If the death of Louis Robert and concern for the future of the Bulletin épigraphique overshadowed the last review, it is fitting that this should begin with the good news of the rebirth of the Bulletin, produced since 1987 by an international, although largely French, team of specialists and edited by Ph. Gauthier. The archicubal verve may be missing, but the coverage of the new version is good and adds usefully to that of the old.

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Survey Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Richard Gordon, Mary Beard, Joyce Reynolds and Charlotte Roueché 1993. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 Production of this survey has been assisted by a generous grant from the British Academy. Abbreviations are as in L'Année philologique. Except in the case of ZPE, reviews and the substance of general sessions at the Xth Epigraphic Congress at Nîmes (1992), material dated after 1990 has in general been excluded. We have also made few references to articles that have appeared in this Journal.

2 e.g. the separate listing of irregular alphabets and scripts, and new or rare words (L. Dubois); onomastics (O. Masson); links with archaeology (M. Sève); numismatics (P. Gauthier); and the section on late antique texts (D. Feissel). But it can be hard to find any particular publication.

3 Enlarged second edition (1988), and a further supplement (1990).

4 The addresses are published in CRAI (1988), fasc. 3; the proceedings of the conference by Dondin-Payre, M., Un siècle d'épigraphie classique (1990)Google Scholar.

5 cf. Salmeri, G. in L'Archeologia italiana nel Mediterraneo (1986), 203–29Google Scholar.

6 One volume of the Sofia Acta has appeared (in Acta Centri Historiae Terra Antiqua Balcanica II (1987)), but it is not readily accessible and none of us have seen it; whether more will appear is doubtful, see Bull. Ep. 1990 #2. Only a small number of the papers read at the Nîmes Congress in 1992 will appear in its Acta. Of the Acta of the Athens Congress (1982), two volumes have appeared, one is still outstanding.

7 Versions of most of the papers given have appeared in MEFR.

8 The first fascicle of the Supplement Inscriptiones Sacrae is reported to be in press. Meanwhile see Tituli 3: Avetta, L., Roma: Via Imperiale (1985); 6Google Scholar: Panciera, S., La Collezione epigrafica dei Musei Capitolini (1987); 7Google Scholar: Iscrizioni latine del Foro Romano e del Palatino (forthcoming). But while some British librarians treat Tituli as a series, others catalogue and shelve under authors — so that the volumes may be hard to find. For Italy six volumes have appeared so far, and more are planned.

9 J. Linderski, JRA 3 (1900), 314.

10 CIL 12, II fasc. 4.

11 Some amendments in Panciera, S., Epigraphica 49 (1987), 203–18Google Scholar. Note also a fundamental revision of Republican Roman Laws, in Crawford, M. H. (ed.), Roman Statutes (forthcoming)Google Scholar. The only other primary volume of CIL to have appeared is G. Walser's XVII. 2 (1986), the milestones of the Gallic and German provinces: cf. D. van Berchem, MH 4 (1987), 42.

12 Hainzmann, M. and Schubert, P., Index zu den Steininschriften aus der Provinz Noricum (ILLPRON) (19861987)Google Scholar, which is effectively the basis of a new edition of the relevant section of CIL III, since it contains the data from all finds up to 1984.

13 cf. Kepartová, J., Eirene 26 (1989), 75Google Scholar; Denooz, J. and Purnelle, G., Revue informatique et statistique dans les sciences humaines 23 (1987), 4156Google Scholar.

14 The ILLPRON project took ten years to prepare and almost three years to print.

15 Fraser, P. M. and Matthews, E. (eds), The Aegean Islands, Cyprus, Cyrenaica (1987)Google Scholar, cf. Masson, O., Gnomon 62 (1990), 97Google Scholar.

16 They include many names not recorded by Schulze and not in Kajanto's Cognomina, together with a reverse index.

17 Ducrey, P. et al. (eds), Actes du colloque ‘Epigraphie et Informatique’ (1989)Google Scholar.

18 Indices can breed indices: Lehmann, U., Quibus locis inveniantur additamenta titulorum voluminis VI CIL (1986)Google Scholar is based on the earlier Jory-Moore indices; but note also the work of R. Günther (n. 334) and H. S. Nielsen (n. 338); ILLPRON for names/status; Hainzmann, M., Tyche 2 (1987), 2939Google Scholar; PETRAE for diplomata; Absil, A., Annales Soc. Arch. Namur 65 (1988), 353–71Google Scholar.

19 E. J. Jory, CIL VI.7.7 (1990); cf. R. Röhle, ZRG 104 (1987), 454ff. on the writing of fractions and ‘mixed numbers’.

20 cf. Hoepfner, W., ‘Die archäologische Schnecke’, MDAI 18 (1987), 9f.Google Scholar = EA 10 (1987), 146f.

21 See Bull. Ep. 1988, #1 (P. Gauthier, G. Rougement); C. Habicht, G. W. Bowersock and C. P. Jones, AJP 108 (1987), 699. There Jones took the opportunity to raise a still more intractable problem, official obstruction of publication on legalistic grounds.

22 cf. H. W. Pleket, EA 12 (1988), 25f. Perhaps the remedy lies in the production of new specialist journals. Recently apart from Kodai (1990), the Japanese journal of ancient history, the only general periodical to have appeared is Tyche (1986), which can be described as an Austrian cross between Chiron and ZPE. But three new journals or series concerned with Asia Minor supplement Epigraphica Anatolica: Asia Minor Studien (Münster, 1990); Anatolica Antiqua (Institut français d'études anatoliennes, Istanbul, 1989); Österreiches Archäologisches Institut: Berichte und Materialien (Vienna, 1991)Google Scholar. Two other journals are mainly archaeological: Rivista di Studi Pompeiani (Naples, 1987)Google Scholar; Damaszener Mitteilungen (DAI, Damascus, 1986)Google Scholar. Ancient sport: Nikephoros (1988).

23 Knoepfler, D., AnnUnivNeuchâtel (1985/1986) [1987], 427Google Scholar. A ninth decree has been published: SEG XXXV.999.

24 Gauthier, Ph., Nouvelles inscriptions de Sardes II (1989)Google Scholar, #1, 3 = R. Merkelbach, EA 7 (1986), 74; many of the details are familiar from references by L. Robert. There is also an important letter from Queen Laodice.

25 H. Malay, EA 10 (1987), 7–17.

26 R. M. Errington, EA 8 (1986), 1–7. The text provides evidence of Zeuxis' correct title, 6 cf. Robert, J. and L., Fouilles d'Amyzone en Carie 1 (1982), 176–87Google Scholar.

27 Wörrle, M., Chiron 18 (1988), 421–70Google Scholar. W. Ameling, EA 10 (1987), 19–40 depends upon the unreliable text published by Ṣahin.

28 Errington, R. M., Chiron 17 (1987), 97118Google Scholar on the oath of Plarasa/Aphrodisias, Cibyra and Tabai (Reynolds, J., Aphrodisias and Rome (1982), #1)Google Scholar, tentatively dated to the period after Aristonicus by Reynolds.

29 The earliest secure date for the existence of Plarasa/Aphrodisias is 88 B.C.

30 SEG XXXV.823; see also J. Stern, BCH III (1987), 501–9 on ll. 1–10. Gruen's date was part of a systematic down-dating of Roman treaties: The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome (1984) II, 738–40.

31 Philhellénisme et impérialisme (1988); note esp. pp. 112–17 on Sherk #33 (cf. D. Armstrong and J. J. Walsh, CP 81 (1986), 32); 151–5 on the new text from Herakleia by Latmos; 171ff. on Sherk #40; 186–99 on Syll. 3 684.

32 Polis und römische Herrschaft (1985). A more traditional view in Green, P., Alexander to Actium (1990), 525ff., 647ff.Google Scholar

33 Errington, R. M., Festschrift K. Christ (1988), 140–57Google Scholar.

34 Robert, J. and L., Claros I, Décrets hellénistiques, fasc. 1 (1989)Google Scholar. The texts are full of unusual detail, but perhaps particularly important on the war with Aristonicus (29–34); note also the existence of a place name Doulon Polis in the territory of Colophon interpreted as most probably the site of a settlement by slaves who had joined Aristonicus (36–8). For another memorial of the war, see the dedication by three rich men from Kassope in Epirus who went to help ‘Maarkos’ (Perperna) against Aristonicus in their chariots, see SPG XXXVI. 555.

35 The Smyrnaean version of the SC de agro Pergameno (Sherk #12), from the same transition period, has been re-edited by Petzl, G., IvSmyrna, 11.1 (1986)Google Scholar #589. Further on Scaevola (IPerg. #268), K. J. Rigsby, TAPA 118 (1988), 123–53.

36 Text and edition, by H. Engelmann and D. Knibbe, occupy the whole of EA 14 (1989). The stone is very hard to read at many points; improvements in the text may be expected as a result of widespread discussions and consequent re-examination of the stone and of a plaster cast now in Vienna, which the authors have welcomed. Some minor comments by D. Knibbe, JÖAI 58 (1988), 129; H. Wankel, ZPE 85 (1991), 40; H. Solin, ZPE 86 (1991), 183; O. Salomies, ibid., 184.

37 Cicero, Ad fam. XIII. 65. 1; cf. Badian, E., Publicans and Sinners (1972), 76ff.; 106f.Google Scholar It has been argued that Ephesus had by the 90s replaced Pergamum as the provincial capital: Rigsby, op. cit. (n. 35), 137–41, but see p. 144 below.

38 A corrected list of the various dates of amendment up to A.D. 37, which for a time seem to coincide with the quinquennial sale of the contract: W. Eck, EA 15 (1990), 139–45.

39 C. Nicolet, CRAI (1990), xx. It is possible that the Neronian inscription (IEphesus 1a, #20) recording the building of a customs-house for fishery products at Ephesus is to be related to this revision: Horsley, G. H. R., New Documents 5 (1989) [1990], 114Google Scholar #595 (important commentary).

40 The inscribed text begins with the right of the agents of the portorium to control trade across the Bosporus, between Byzantium and Chalcedon (§2, ll. 8–11; cf. ll. 131f., 18, 23).

41 The customs districts, which are listed in §39, ll. 88–92 [17 B.C.], also served as the basis of the conventus iuridici in Asia: W. Ameling, EA 12 (1988), 9–24. On relevant non-Roman customs laws in Asia Minor, see now H. Brandt, EA 10 (1987), 91–4, following up H. Engelmann, ZPE 59 (1985), 119, for the Lycian law found at Myra, and also discussing the documents from Xanthos, in Balland, A., Fouilles de Xanthos VII (1981), 260fGoogle Scholar. and from Kaunos in Bean, G. E., JHS 74 (1954), 97fGoogle Scholar.

42 Herrmann, P., Chiron 19 (1989), 127–64Google Scholar.

43 The closest parallels are MAMA VIII.6 and Reynolds, J., Aphrodisias and Rome (1982)Google Scholar, #35 of which carries several verbal echoes of the new text.

44 Richardson, J. S., Hispaniae (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, cf. JRS 78 (1988), 212; CR 38 (1988), 318. But note that F. M. Ausbüttel has argued against Harris' view of Roman expansion, which Richardson largely accepts, in the context of northern Italy: Prometheus 15 (1989), 165–88.

45 Richardson, op. cit. (n. 44), 199–201; Edmondson, J. C. in Blagg, T. and Millett, M. (eds), The Early Roman Empire in the West (1990), 160Google Scholar; cf. Nörr, D., Aspekte des römischen Völkerrechts, ABAW 101 (1989)Google Scholar; on dediticii, cf. Román, C. González in Esclavos y semilibres en la Antiguëdad clasica (1990), 187206Google Scholar.

46 cf. Diáz, M., Emigración, colonización y municipalización en la Hispania Republicana (1988)Google Scholar.

47 Churchin, L. A., The Local Magistrates of Roman Spain (1990), 74ff.Google Scholar Text, bibliography and the translation from JRS 74 (1984), 46 can all now be found under CIL 12 (11, 4). 2951a.

48 AE 1986, 369 = 1987, 504, dated by the consuls; there is also a reference to Q. Cassius Longinus, tr. pl. 49, with the title trib. pleb. pro praetore, Caesar's appointee in Hispania Ulterior.

49 (1986), cf. E. Champlin, CP 84 (1989), 51–9; J. Linderski, AJP III (1990), 53–71.

50 Badian, E., Chiron 20 (1990), 371413Google Scholar. A list of recorded meetings of the Senate, partly from inscriptions, may be found in M. Bonnefond-Coudry, Le Sénat de la République romaine (1989), 199–219.

51 Scuderi, R., Athenaeum 67 (1989), 117–38Google Scholar, an extended commentary on Pro Balbo 281.

52 Laffi, U., Athenaeum 74 (1986), 544Google Scholar. A different tack, that Ateste may have enjoyed citizenship since the Social War, has been tried by Crawford, M., Quaderni Ticinesi 18 (1989), 191200Google Scholar; reply by Laffi, , Athenaeum 78 (1990), 167–75Google Scholar.

53 Zimmerman, J.-L., J Paul Getty Museum Journal 14 (1986), 3742Google Scholar.

54 Wiseman, T. P., Roman Studies, Literary and Historical (1987), 307–70Google Scholar. Also of Pompey's antecedents: Criniti, N., L'epigrafe di Asculum di Cn. Pompeio Strabone (1987)Google Scholar.

55 J. Linderski, ZPE 80 (1990), 157–64; cf. Solin, H., Philologus 133 (1989), 252–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

56 S. Ṣahin, EA 9 (1987), 61f. (no commentary); they are to appear in vol. 3 of Claros (n. 34).

57 Giovannini, A., Mélanges T. Zawadzki (1989), 61–7Google Scholar.

58 W. J. Tatum, ZPE 83 (1990), 299–304, on a text first published by H. Solin, ZPE 43 (1981), 357.

59 G. Alföldy, ZPE 85 (1991), 167–71 on IItal. XIII.I, pp. 169ff.

60 R. Wolters, ZPE 75 (1988), 197–206.

61 E. Champlin, RM 132 (1989), 154.

62 cf. Ramage, E. S., The Nature and Purpose of Augustus' Res Gestae (1987)Google Scholar, part 1 (on the rest, see J. Carter, CR 38 (1988), 436f.). His attempt to date the text precisely, Chiron 18 (1988), 71–82, relies heavily on the counter-intuitive denial that Suetonius, Div.Aug. 101.4 relates to the date of composition.

63 Thus outdoing even the claims of Pompey's lost inscriptions (Diodorus XL.4; Pliny, HN VII.97f.): Vogel-Weidemann, U., AClass 28 (1985), 5775Google Scholar; Nicolet, C., L'Inventaire du monde (1988), 46f.Google Scholar On the false restoration of ex Asia in the fasti Capitolini frg. XXXIX (Degrassi, IItal. XIII, 1, p. 84; Pompey's triumph in 61 B.C.), see K. M. Girardet, ZPE 89 (1991), 201–15.

64 The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (English trans., 1988; German original, 1987); cf. Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik (1988).

65 Murray, W. M. and Petsas, P. M., Archaeology 41 (1988), 2835Google Scholar and Octavian's Campsite Memorial for the Action War (1989). For other epigraphic items from or related to Nicopolis, see Proceedings Symposium Nicopolis = 1984 (1987).

66 C. B. Rose, JRA 3 (1990), 163–8. This means the disappearance of CIL v.6416 = ILS 107 = Ehrenberg and Jones p. 67 #61 from the literature. The inscriptions are in fact from Rome, and were probably randomly walled into the Porta Appia before the ninth century A.D. In an appendix to a new study of the St Peter's Square obelisk (ILS 115), G. Alföldy offers a new reading of the Gallus inscription from Philae (Ehrenberg and Jones #21): Der Obelisk auf dem Petersplatz in Rom, AHAW (1990).

67 J. González, ZPE 72 (1988), 113–27; note also the papyrus versions of imperial oaths collected by Z. M. Packman, ZPE 89 (1991), 91–102. For the oath from Samos, P. Herrmann, MDAI(A) 75 (1960), 71–82.

68 J. Linderski, ZPE 72 (1988), 181–200 on AE 1975, 289.

69 J. González and F. Fernández, ZPE 55 (1984), 55–100, reprinted as AE 1984, 508.

70 A short cut to Lebek's numerous articles is provided by his survey in A&A 36 (1990), 93–102. He has provided a partial new text in ZPE 86 (1991), 52f. Tiberius' role is discussed by C. Nicolet, MEFR 100 (1988), 827–66.

71 A. Wallace-Hadrill, PCPS 36 (1990), 144–81, on Tab.Siar. 1, 9–34; cf. Millar, F. in González, J. and Arce, J. (eds), Estudios sobre la Tabula Siarensis (1988), 1119Google Scholar. The rediscovered arch on the Rhine at Wiesbaden has been identified as the third arch in honour of Germanicus ordered by the.Senate: H.-G. Frenz, AKB 19 (1989), 69; JRA 2 (1989), 120, though this has been doubted.

72 W. D. Lebek, ZPE 73 (1988), 275–80 (on Tab. Heb. 11. 50–4); 78 (1989), 83–91; 86 (1991), 47–78. For the arch of Germanicus and Drusus at Lepcis, Trillmich, W. in Estudios, 5160Google Scholar.

73 Bertinelli, G. Angeli in Bonamente, G. and Segoloni, M. P. (eds), Germanico (1987), 2551Google Scholar (add to her dossier the inscription from Buthrotum in Epirus, which probably dates to A.D. 12: Polio, G., Tyche 5 (1990), 105Google Scholar); also Gallotta, B., Germanico (1987)Google Scholar. Tab. Siar. 1, 12–18 has been also used to explore disagreements over German policy between Tiberius and Germanicus: G. A. Lehmann, ZPE 86 (1991), 79–96; cf. U. Schillinger-Häfele, ZPE 75 (1988), 73–81 on II B 11–17.

74 A statue of Tiberius as the uncle of Claudius: Foss, C. in Yegül, F. K., The Bath-Gymnasium Complex at Sardis (1986), 170f.Google Scholar #4 (cf. n. 213 below). Two new (1990) biographies, of Gaius (A. Barrett) and of Claudius (B. Levick), both use epigraphic evidence extensively.

75 N. M. Kennell, AJP 109 (1988), 239–51.

76 Campanile, D., Studi Ellenistici III (Virgilio, B. (ed.), 1990), 191224Google Scholar on ILS 8794 = Smallwood #64; she believes she can discern Latinisms in the Greek, possibly Nero's own.

77 Reynolds, J., Aphrodisias and Rome (1982) #13, 1. 4Google Scholar.

78 On Vespasian's grandfather, Vespasius Pollio, see G. Alföldy, ZPE 77 (1989), 155 #1. Some remarks on the demography of the Flavii by Étienne, R. in Hinard, F., La mort, les morts et l'au-delà (1987), 6590Google Scholar.

79 J.-C. Grenier, MEFR 99 (1987), 937–61; the citation from face III, sequence 1 (p. 943).

80 Strobel, K., Germania 65 (1987), 423–52Google Scholar, cf. Martin, A., Historia 36 (1987), 7382Google Scholar on the papyrological evidence (see also n. 93); Strobel, K., Die Donaukriege Domitians (1989)Google Scholar, with A. G. Poulter, CR 41 (1991), 408.

81 On Saturninus: Strobel, K., Tyche 1 (1986), 203–20Google Scholar, cf. also C. L. Murison, EMC 29 (1985), 31–49; Domitian in Mainz: Walser, G., Chiron 19 (1989), 449–56Google Scholar. The arch at Mainz-Kastell has been assigned to this trip by H. Bellen, AKB 19 (1989), 77.

82 Augustus (1982), 336–65.

83 Thornton, M. K. and R. L.Julio-Claudian Building Programs (1989)Google Scholar, with Darwall-Smith, R. J., JRS 81 (1991), 211fGoogle Scholar.

84 S. Mitchell, HSCP 91 (1987), 335–65; also the collective volume Macready, S. and Thompson, F. H. (eds), Roman Architecture in the Greek World (1987)Google Scholar. On the use of building inscriptions for imperial propaganda in N. Africa in the late third century A.D., T. Kotula, BCTH 19B (1983) [1985], 257–63.

85 Mitchell, op. cit. (n. 84), 357–60; Boatwright, M. T., Hadrian and the City of Rome (1987)Google Scholar with S. Walker, JRA 2 (1989), 219f.; eadem, Chiron 19 (1989), 235–71. A local military equestrian put in charge of Hadrian's building works at Nicaea: T. Corsten, EA 10 (1987), 111–14.

86 Halfmann, H., Itinera Principum (1986), esp. 188210Google Scholar on building, with T. D. Barnes, JRA 2 (1989), 247–61; R. Syme, ZPE 73 (1988), 159–70; on Hadrian as hunter, at Hadrianotherae: Robert, L., Documents d'Asie Mineure (1987) IX, 133ff.Google Scholar; his visit to Nicopolis and probably while there to the philosopher Epictetus (July/Sept. 128), P. Cabanes, Proceedings Symposium Nicopolis, op. cit. (n. 65), 153–67.

87 Ziegler, R., Städtisches Prestige und kaiserliche Politik (1985)Google Scholar; also D. Potter, JRA 2 (1989), 308 on Dagron, G. and Feissel, D., Inscriptions de Cilicie (1987) #101 (Anazarbus)Google Scholar. The long-surmised visit of Commodus to Miletus in August 176 has been confirmed by the ceremonial calendar from Miletus: N. Ehrhardt, MDAI(I) 34 (1984), 386f. On Valerian in Pisidia in 255/6, see G. H. R. Horsley, AS 39 (1989), 82 #2; Gallienus at Athens in 264: D. Armstrong, ZPE 70 (1987), 235–58.

89 D. S. Potter, ZPE 88 (1991), 277–90; Bowersock, G. W. in L'Arabie pré-islamique (Colloque Strasbourg, 1987)(1989), 159–68Google Scholar.

90 Syme, R., Bonner HA Colloquium 1984/1985 (987), 207–22Google Scholar; H. Devijver, ZPE 75 (1988), 207–14 on AE 1963, 52.

91 J. C. Anderson, BJ 187 (1987), 159–92; for its treatment as a Julio-Claudian monument: P. Gros, Gallia 44 (1986), 191–206 (assigning it to Germanicus in A.D. 19). Whatever the case, Anderson has convincingly shown that the reading of CIL XII. 1230 is unreliable.

92 Drinkwater, J. F., The Gallic Empire, Historia Einzelschriften 52 (1987)Google Scholar; Kotula, T., Eos 75 (1987), 353–67Google Scholar.

93 Martin, A., La Titulature épigraphique de Domitien (1987)Google Scholar, catalogues 480 inscriptions (but cf. J. Bérard, REL 66 (1988), 373); Peachin, M., Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–84 (1990)Google Scholar is a considerable advance in its area, but cf. A. Birley, CR 41 (1991), 410f. For the period after 284, see Worp, K. A., Tyche 4 (1989), 229–32Google Scholar; P. Brennan, ZPE 76 (1989), 193ff.

95 Stylow, A. U., Chiron 19 (1989), 387–99Google Scholar, an impressive commentary on AE 1929, 235.

96 A. Scheithauer, ZPE 72 (1988), 155–77; cf. also Kettenhofen, E. on Aurelian's unofficial military titles, Tyche 1 (1986), 138–46Google Scholar.

97 A. Chastagnol, MEFR 100 (1988), 13–26.

98 Isaac, B., The Limits of Empire (1990), 301ff.Google Scholar; cf. G. H. R. Horsley, AS 39 (1989), 79 #1 (Pisidia); French, D. H., Roman Roads and Milestones of Asia Minor, 2: An Interim Catalogue (1988)Google Scholar; Salama, P., Bornes milliaires d'Afrique Proconsulate (1987)Google Scholar; Herzig, H. E. in Herzig, H. E. and Frei-Stolba, R. (eds), Festschrift G. Walser (1989), 59ff.Google Scholar (Constantine in Reg. XI).

98 di Vita-Evrard, G. in La Via Appia, Quad. Centra di Studi per l'archeol. Etrusco-Ital. 18 (1990), 7393Google Scholar.

99 Hahn, J. and Leunissen, P. M. M., Phoenix 41 (1987), 6081Google Scholar; Jacques, F., Annales ESC 42 (1987), 1287–303Google Scholar.

100 Annales ESC 42 (1987), 1268–85: a convergence here with one of S. Demougin's themes, (n. 118), 600–76. The conception of ‘privileged degrees’ in the Tabula Larinas of A.D. 19 may be relevant: see the new texts and commentary by W. D. Lebek, ZPE 81 (1990), 37–96; 85 (1991), 41–70 (p. 54f. for his final version); cf. too the exclusive praenomina of patrician families: Salomies, O., Die Romischen Vornamen (1987), 277338Google Scholar.

101 cf. e.g. Pitt-Rivers, J., The Fate of Shechem (1977), 91Google Scholar.

102 cf. already A. Chastagnol, RH 262 (1979), 3–28.

103 See p. 132 above, with Kajava, M., Arctos 22 (1988), 75Google Scholar and R. J. A. Talbert, AJP 111 (1990), 123. It has been generally remarked that her indices provide a marvellous epigraphic source for the men not yet reached by PIR 2. Another approach: Vidman, L., Studia I. Kajanto (Arctos Suppl. 2) (1985), 329–36Google Scholar.

104 Syme, R., Diogène 135 (1986), 313Google Scholar; and three studies by Kajava, M.: Roman Eastern Policy and Other Studies, Colloque Tvärminne 1987 (1990), 59124Google Scholar; ZPE 79 (1990), 139–49; Tyche 5 (1990), 27–36. Senatorial women apparently marrying down: S. Demougin, ZPE 81 (1990), 218f.

105 Lewis, R. G., Athenaeum 66 (1988), 198200Google Scholar; Kajava, M., Arctos 23 (1989), 118–31Google Scholar.

106 PCPS 32 (1986), 84–105; also, on aspects (mainly literary) of the Laudatio Turiae, P. Cutolo, AFLN 26 (1983–1984), 32–65. On powerful women: MacMullen, R., Klio 68 (1986), 434–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

107 The contrast with the Seleucid Empire has been drawn by Millar, F. in Kuhrt, A. and Sherwin-White, S. M. (eds), Hellenism and the East (1987), 110–33Google Scholar.

108 Burnand, Y., Primores Galliarum (1989)Google Scholar; idem, Hommages Le Bonniec (1988), 53–64; R. Syme, ZPE 65 (1986), 1–24.

109 Les Carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d'Anatolie (1989), adding to Halfmann, H., Die Senatoren aus dem östlichen Teil des Imperium Romanum (1979)Google Scholar but itself now in need of revision. On Septimios Mannos, proconsul of Lycia-Pamphylia, J. Nollé, EA 12 (1988), 133f. (new evidence for this man from Aphrodisias is to be published by C. M. Roueché in a memorial volume for F. Jacques). On L. Marcius Celer, whose family came from Attaleia, W. Eck, ZPE 86 (1991), 97–106.

110 Les Fastes sénatoriaux des provinces romaines d'Anatolie (1988). The two most important publications of senatorial fasti in this quinquennium are without any doubt Leunissen, P. M. M., Konsuln und Konsularen in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander, 180–235 (1989)Google Scholar and Scheid, J., Le Collège des Frères arvales, 69–304 (1991)Google Scholar. Some others: Christol, M., Chiron 16 (1986), 114Google Scholar (Cyprus); MacAdam, H. I. et al. , Studies in the History of … Arabia (1986)Google Scholar (some new legati and praesides); Syme, R., Estudios A. D'Ors (1987), 1057–74Google Scholar (Praefecti Urbi, Vespasian to Trajan); ZPE 77 (1989), 241–59 (early priesthoods); Thomasson, B. E., ORom 15 (1988), 109–41Google Scholar (appendix to Laterculi Praesidum 1 with twenty-four entries).

111 J. Nicol, ZPE 80 (1990), 81–100; the following study of Bithynia, pp. 101–8, serves as an exception. A recent document from Baetica has been interpreted as evidence for hospitium, a form of patronage, between a city and Sex. Marius, Tiberius' rich friend (Tac., Ann. IV.36.1 etc.); but there is no reason to think Marius was a senator: W. Eck and J. González, ZPE 85 (1991), 217–22.

112 P. M. M. Leunissen, ZPE 89 (1991), 217–60 — a model of careful research.

113 Heil, M., Chiron 19 (1989), 165–84Google Scholar, but see Halfmann, H., Asia Minor Studien (Festschrift K. Dörner) (1990), 41–3Google Scholar.

114 Strobel, K., Tyche 1 (1986), 203–20Google Scholar.

115 G. Alföldy, ZPE 70 (1987), 195–202.

116 J. Nichols, ZPE 72 (1988), 206ff.

117 A. Chastagnol, ZPE 78 (1989), 165–8.

118 cf. Demougin, S., L'Ordre équestre sous les Julio-Claudiens (1988)Google Scholar, whose themes will be familiar from eadem in Panciera, S. (ed.), Epigrafia e ordine senatorio (1982) 1, 73104Google Scholar (see our previous survey, JRS 76 (1986), 131fGoogle Scholar.; Levick, B., JRS 80 (1990), 222f.Google Scholar). On the topography of early imperial elections, using Tab. Heb., eadem in Quilici, L. (ed.), L'Urbs: espace urbain et histoire (1987), 305–17Google Scholar.

119 Duthoy, R., AncSoc 15–17 (19841986), 121–54Google Scholar; cf. our last survey, JRS 76 (1986), 133 n. 76. Duthoy takes the existence of these inscriptions as a given, but he might have taken them as evidence of a need to ‘make patronal links visible’: A. Wallace-Hadrill in idem (ed.), Patronage in Ancient Society (1989), 84.

120 Millar, F., Phoenix 40 (1986), 315CrossRefGoogle Scholar. It is notorious that the inscriptions never explain quite how patrons helped: for a rare instance where one can reasonably guess, the Tab. Canusinum (ILS 6121, repub. Chelotti, M.et al., Le epigrafe Romane di Canosa 1 (1985)Google Scholar #35), see Nichols, op. cit. (n. 116), 201–17.

121 E. Gabba has suggested that the rise of patroni correlates with the decline of the comitia in Italian colonies and municipia during the late Republic: RSI 98 (1986), 653–62. On female patrons (cf. also n. 105), Nichols, J., Studies in Latin Lit. and Roman Hist. 5 (Deroux, C.(ed.), 1989), 117–42Google Scholar.

122 cf. A. Chastagnol, BSAF 1986, 172–80, on CIL XII.5723, an instance of another child eqR aged five years; Devijver, H. in Geerard, M. et al. (eds), Festschrift R. Bogaert and H. van Looy (1990), 125–30Google Scholar.

123 The names and (partial) careers of some 2,000 such equestrians are known, about 4 per cent of all who ever served between Augustus and Gallienus: Prosopographia Militiarum Equestrium IV: Supplementum 1 (1987); a preview of Suppl. II: ZPE 89 (1991), 179–95. Origins: Freeman, P. and Kennedy, D. (eds), Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East, 150225Google Scholar (repr. with many others in MAVORS 6, op. cit. (n. 225), 273–389); BICS 26 (1989), 107–26. Devijver's conclusions here concur with Demougin's, op. cit. (n. 118), table on p. 540.

124 Conspiracy is thus not ‘politics’ but a failure or distortion of patronage relationships.

125 In Criscuolo, L. and Geraci, G. (eds), Egitto e storia antica (1989), 3754Google Scholar, disagreeing with Brunt, P., JRS 65 (1975), 141fGoogle Scholar.

126 In ANRW II. 10, 1 (1988), 472–502, with a supplement covering the years 1973–85 by G. Bastiniani, pp. 503–17; cf. ZPE 17 (1975), 263–328; 38 (1980), 75–89. On Pactumeius Magnus, see now D. Römer, ZPE 82 (1990), 137–53; Claudius Iulianus (AE 1971, 481), P. J. Sijpesteijn, CE 65 (1990), 124f.; F. Bernard, ZPE 89 (1991), 147f.

127 Pontus in the third century A.D.: D. H. French, EA 8 (1986), 75 #2, partly at odds with Christol, M. and Loriot, X., Mémoires Centre Jean Palerme 7 (1986), 1340Google Scholar; and now Rémy, B., Pontica 1 (1990)Google Scholar. Mauretania: Christol, M. and Magioncalda, A., Studi sui procuratori delle due Mauretaniae (1989)Google Scholar. Proc. prov. Lugd. et Aquit.: LeGlay, M. and Tarpin, M., Gallia 46 (1989), 246–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Proc. Asiae.: S. Demougin, ZPE 81 (1990), 213f.

128 A case in point is B. Rémy, whose fasti have given rise to what might be called a non-book: L'Evolution administrative de l'Anatolie (1986); cf. S. Mitchell, CR 38 (1988), 437f.; for a different view, Salmon, P., Latomus 48 (1989), 929Google Scholar.

129 M. H. Chéhab, BMB 33 (1983), 125–9; cf. AE 1988, 1051 with a photo of the squeeze. The technique of this inscription itself is extremely interesting, since it combines cursive with uncial and minuscule; the normal monumental shapes have been abandoned in favour of those evocative of book learning, so it might seem.

130 K. Strobel, ZPE 64 (1986), 265–84 on ILS 9200; M. Christol and S. Demougin, ZPE 74 (1988), 1–14.

131 Charmasson, J. and Christol, M., Rhodania 21 (1987), 1223Google Scholar.

132 M. Christol and S. Demougin, ZPE 64 (1986), 185–94 on AIJ 1. 561; cf. Nagy, T., Festschrift A. Betz (1985), 417–44Google Scholar.

133 Gudea, N., AMusPoroliss. 12 (1988), 178ffGoogle Scholar.

134 ANRW II. 10, 1 (1988), 1006–64; ibid. II, 1 (1988), 3–89.

135 Dagron and Feissel, op. cit. (n. 87), #26, with D. Potter, JRA 2 (1989), 306f.

136 Mitchell, S., Chiron 16 (1986), 1927Google Scholar (early governors): Halfmann, H., Chiron 16 (1986), 3542Google Scholar (the priests of IGR III. 158 = Ehrenberg and Jones # 109).

137 ZPE 86 (1991), 107–14.

138 Fitz, J., Latomus 47 (1988), 1325Google Scholar, cf. Nagy, T., AArchHung 41 (1989), 6171Google Scholar. Notoriously, the first epigraphic mention of the Pannonias occurs in the late 60s (ILS 985).

139 Wörrle, M., Stadt und Fest in kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien (1988), 97f.Google Scholar

140 G. Mennella, RPAA 57 (1984–1985) [1986], 111ff.

141 Germania Superior: Dietz, K., Chiron 19 (1989), 404–47Google Scholar (with an appendix on the evidence for dual governorships, 43–7). Dacia after 166: Petolescu, C. C., Germania 65 (1987), 123–34Google Scholar. On ‘Marcomania’ and ‘Sarmatia’: P. Oliva, StudClas. 24 (1986), 125–9.

142 Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors (1989). A useful list of imperial epistulae on papyrus: Hoogendijk, F. A. J. and van Minnen, P., Tyche 2 (1987), 68fGoogle Scholar.

143 Multa de iure sanxit (1988). On the difficulty of knowing quite how imperial law reached the provinces, see Galsterer, H. in Crawford, M. (ed.), L'Impero romano e le strutture economiche e sociali delle provincie (1986), 13ff.Google Scholar

144 Mourgues, J.-L., JRS 77 (1987), 7887Google Scholar.

145 For imperial subscriptions attested epigraphically, see W. Williams, ZPE 66 (1986), 181–207, and now Turpin, W., JRS 81 (1991), 101–18Google Scholar.

146 H. Malay, EAz 12 (1988), 47–52. The letter was evidently inscribed after Pertinax' death.

147 The first editor claims that σουπ λημέντα must here, uniquely, mean ‘reinforcements’ rather than ‘supplies’; which we cannot accept.

148 S. Ṣahin and D. French, EA 10 (1987), 133–42.

149 Hoogendijk and van Minnen, op. cit. (n. 142), 48 #B. Some remarks on archival recall in Millar, F., International History Review 10 (1988), 357ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for Egypt, note Burkhalter, F., Chiron 20 (1990), 191216Google Scholar. Add now R. Haensch, ZSS 109 (1992), 209–317.

150 Hilferufe aus römischen Provinzen, Berichte aus den Sitzungen der Joachim-Jungius-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften e.v., Hamburg, 8 (1990), Heft 4; cf. already Drew-Bear, T., Chiron 7 (1977), 363Google Scholar.

151 J. Bingen in Criscuolo and Geraci, op. cit. (n. 125), 3–35. A Diocletianic rescript concerning military infringement of local rights in land at Elephantine: Brennan, op. cit. (n. 93), 193–205.

152 H. Malay, EA 11 (1988), 5–6 (later third century A.D.); J. Nollé, EA 15 (1990), 123f. rightly points out that the acclamations themselves ‘schufen Recht’; recording them goes a step further.

153 cf. the new account of the dispute over the vectigal of the sacred lands at Aezani (CIL 111.35 = Laffi, , Athenaeum 49 (1971), 3Google Scholar) by B. Levick and S. Mitchell, MAMA IX (1988), xxxvi–xliii.

154 In Yuge, T. and Do, M. (eds), Forms of Control and Subordination in Antiquity (Tokyo, 1988), 259–74Google Scholar.

155 Roman Imperial Themes (1990), chs 7.8, 15, 16. On the re-organization of the XX libertatis under an imperial procurator in the late first century A.D., see M. Albana, QC 9 (1987), 41–76.

156 Ch. 17. B. Gerov's essays on the epigraphic evidence for the publicum portorium Illyrici et RTh have been republished in his Beiträge zur Geschichte der römischen Provinzen Moesien (1991), 11.

157 R. M. Harrison, AS 38 (1988), 180f. #1. Examples of customs declarations in P. J. Sijpesteijn, Customs Duties in Greco-Roman Egypt (1987), with idem, ZPE 79 (1989), 191; Thür, G., Tyche 2 (1987), 244fGoogle Scholar.

158 J. Boube, MEFR 102 (1990), 213–46.

159 Knibbe, D., Tyche 2 (1987), 7593Google Scholar; the difficulties of the text will be remembered from Habicht, C., JRS 65 (1975), 6491Google Scholar.

160 It is sometimes assumed in studies of the Roman tax-system that bullion was not transported around the Empire, although it certainly was in the late Empire and there is a good deal of evidence (some of it epigraphic) that it sometimes was earlier. A recent addition to this evidence is claimed in a seal belonging to a dekaprotos in Lydia intended precisely for a consignment of bullion: H. Dedeoglou and H. Malay, EA 8 (1986), 101f.

161 C. Bruun, ZPE 82 (1990), 271–85 on AE 1972, 574; cf. Bassignano, M. S., Epigraphica 48 (1986), 259fGoogle Scholar.

162 M. Christol and S. Demougin, MEFR 102 (1990), 159–211.

163 Found behind the Temple of Mars Ultor, near Trajan's market: Panciera, Tituli 6, op. cit. (n. 8), 75 #24; cf. CIL VI. 4022b.

164 ibid., 86 #8. The editor's suggestion that the career is in descending order is surely wrong.

165 ibid., 30 #1 : appropriately, he dedicated Nymfabus.

166 Walser, G. in Giovannini, A., Mélanges T. Zawadzki (1989), 153–8Google Scholar (Aosta), who also offers a new reading of AE 1938, 91.

167 Herrmann, P., Tyche 3 (1988), 122fGoogle Scholar., cf. L. Robert, RA (1935), 160f. On the career of Aurelius Saturninus, a procurator who specialized in mines, P. Le Roux, MDAI(M) 26 (1985), 224.

168 op. cit. (n. 120), 295–318. An overview of civic administration: Reynolds, J. M. in Braund, D. (ed.), The Administration of the Roman Empire (1988), 1551Google Scholar; in regiones IX and X: La Città nell'Italia settentrionale in età romana (1990).

169 Mennella, G., Epigraphica 50 (1988), 6585Google Scholar with complete list.

170 Sartori, M., Athenaeum 67 (1989), 520Google Scholar, recapitulating the studies of Eck, W., Die staatliche Organisation Italiens (1979), ch. 6Google Scholar; G. Camodeca, ANRW 11. 13 (1980), 463–534; Jacques, F., Les Curateurs des cités (1983)Google Scholar.

171 Note a case in Macedonia (?Thessalonike) from A.D. 137, in which Hadrian rules that thirty days’ notice must be given those who are nominated magistrates of the koinon: SEG XXXVII.593; cf. M. Hatzopoulos, Bull.Ep. 1990 #448. As so often, the underlying problem was conflict of interest within the local élite.

172 cf. the remarks of M. T. Boatwright on the unintended effects of Hadrian's intervention in the realm of public building, op. cit. (n. 85), 250ff.

173 E. P. Forbis, AJP 111 (1990), 493–507.

174 In L'Urbs, op. cit. (n. 118), 1–25: the case seems rather thin; cf. Frei-Stolba, op. cit. (n. 97), 25–37.

175 Altieri, N.et al., Picus 5 (1985), 750Google Scholar.

176 But despite its immense lists, there is no adequate discussion in Jouffroy, H., La Construction publique en Italie et dans l'Afrique romaine (1986)Google Scholar; cf. F. Jacques, JRA 2 (1989), 238–44. A more stimulating study, focusing on conflicts of interest between givers and receivers, is Wesch-Klein, G., Historia 38 (1989), 177–97Google Scholar, complementing Johnston's, D. work in JRS 75 (1985), 105–25Google Scholar; cf. her Private Aufwendungen zugunsten von Gemeinden im röm. Afrika bis 284 n.Chr. (1990).

177 The Economy and Society of Pompeii (1988); cf. B. W. Frier, JRA 4 (1991), 243–7.

178 H. Mouritsen, C&M 41 (1990), 131–49; cf. ARID Suppl. 15 (1988), 70–122.

179 Mouritsen's account of Pompeian elections, however, seems rather naïve: ARID Suppl. 15 (1988), 112–19. Some new election slogans in Varone, A., RivStudPomp 1 (1987), 91106Google Scholar; campaigning by women: Bernstein, F., Festschrift W.Jashemski (1989), 1, 115Google Scholar.

180 ‘Republican Capua’, in Kajava, Roman Eastern Policy, op. cit. (n. 104), 151–62 (compare Frederiksen, M. W., Campania (1984), 281–4Google Scholar).

181 Tyche 2 (1987), 183.

182 Jacques, F., Epigraphica 49 (1987), 2970Google Scholar, though he of course has a vested interest in finding evidence for city rights.

183 U. Laffi, AAAd 30 (1987), 39–62; sceptics will continue to agree with Keppie, L., Colonisation and Veteran Settlement (1983), 7 n. 10Google Scholar.

184 Keay, S. J. and Mackie, N. in Blagg, T. and Millett, M. (eds), The Early Roman Empire in the West (1990), 120–50 and 179–92Google Scholar; Churchin, op. cit. (n. 47), Introduction; also Keay, S. J., Roman Spain (1987), ch. 3Google Scholar. By contrast, Wiegels, R., Die Tribus Inschriften des römischen Hispanien (1985)Google Scholar, is limited, though an account of urbanization is implicit in it; cf. too Dardaigne, S. and d'Escurac, H. Pavis, Ktema 8 (1983) [1986], 307–15Google Scholar; de Alarcão, J., Roman Portugal 1 (1988)Google Scholar. A fine inscription listing the virtues of a local magistrate: Rodriguez, J. F., Habis 18–19 (19871988), 407–35Google Scholar.

185 Alföldy, G., Römische Städtewesen auf der neukastilischen Hochebene (1987)Google Scholar, which surely overestimates the number of towns; cf. Churchin, L. A., 13 Limeskongress, Aalen (1986), 692–5Google Scholar.

186 C. R. Whittaker, JRA 3 (1990), 110–18; cf. on Gaul, H. Wolff in Festschrift Walser, op. cit. (n. 97), 257–73, cf. Wightman, E. M., Gallia Belgica (1985), 75100Google Scholar; in the Balkans, Mihailov, G., Pulpudeva 5 (1986), 530Google Scholar; Papazoglou, F., Les Villes de Macedoine à l'époque romaine, BCH Suppl. 16 (1988)Google Scholar; in Syria and the East more generally, Isaac, B., The Limits of Empire (1990), ch. 8Google Scholar.

187 cf. the fine collection of essays in Trillmich, W. and Zanker, P. (eds), Stadtbild und Ideologie: Die Monumentalisierung hispanischer Städte zwischen Republik und Kaiserzeit (1990)Google Scholar; cf. Drinkwater, J. in Grew, F. and Hobley, B. (eds), Roman Urban Topography (1985), 4955Google Scholar; Rivet, A. F. L., Gallia Narbonensis (1988)Google Scholar; Abascal, J. M. and Espinosa, U., La Ciuidad hispanoromana (1989)Google Scholar.

188 M. Harding and G. Jacobsen, C&M 39(1988), 117–206.

189 P. Le Roux, RHD 64 (1986), 325–50; M. Zahrnt, ZPE 79 (1989), 173–6.

190 Thus the four inscriptions collected by Stylow, A. U., Gerión 4 (1986), 290303Google Scholar are not necessarily to be taken in his sense.

191 ZRG 105 (1988), 714ff.

192 A. Rodger, ZPE 84 (1990), 147–61; cf. Johnston, D., JRS 77 (1987), 6277Google Scholar; ZPE 70 (1987), 173; Rodger, A., JRS 81 (1991), 7490Google Scholar on intertium and recuperatores.

193 Galsterer, H., JRS 78 (1988), 7890Google Scholar; H. Horstkotte, ZPE 78 (1989), 169–77.

194 González, : Habis 17 (1986), 221–40Google Scholar, cf. Demougin, S., Mémoires Centre J. Palerme 7 (1986), 41–7Google Scholar. Galsterer's distinction between comitial laws of general import but for specific issues and complete laws differentially regulating individual cities is attractive: RHD 65 (1987), 181–203.

195 J. González, ZPE 86 (1991), 121–36; another fragmentary municipal law, from Italica: ZPE 70 (1987), 217ff.

196 REA 87 (1985), 327–54.

197 In Braund, op. cit. (n. 168), 53–68; cf. Gascou, J., Gallia 47 (1990), 195CrossRefGoogle Scholar #2 (villages around Aquae Sextiae).

198 L. Wierschowski, ZPE 64 (1986), 287–94. A very rare Greek equivalent, Πάνταϱχοϛ. at Pelusium, third century A.D. : el-Maksoud, M. Abd and Maratray, J.-Y. Carrez, Cahiers de l'Institut de Papyrologie de Lille 10 (1988), 97103Google Scholar.

199 A. U. Stylow, MDAI(M) 27 (1986), 267 #30, re-reading CIL 11.2349.

200 P. I. Wilkins, ZPE 75 (1988), 215–21.

201 A. Chastagnol, BASF (1988), 280–88, re-reading CIL XII.221.

202 ZPE 83 (1990), 249–88; 84 (1991), 231–95 (mainland and islands); 88 (1991), 225–60 (Thrace, Euxine, Asia Minor).

203 For the visit of Queen Glyphera, wife of King Juba, to Athens, possibly for the opening of the 195th Olympiad in A.D. I, see N. Kokkinos, ZPE 68 (1987), 288–90.

204 Ceylan, A. and Ritti, T., Epigraphica 49 (1987), 7798Google Scholar, publishing the same inscription as H. Malay, EA 9 (1987), 73–5.

205 G. Schmitz, S. Şahin and J. Wagner, EA 11 (1988), 81–95.

206 Baity, J. Ch., JRS 78 (1988), 93fGoogle Scholar.

207 Christol, M. and Drew-Bear, T., Tyche 1 (1986), 41Google Scholar #1.

208 D. Knibbe and B. Iplikçioglu, JÖAI 59 (1989), Bb. 235 #2 on IEphesus #658; cf. Dio Li.20.7.

209 A. S. Hall, AS 36 (1986), 137–40, from SW of Burdur.

210 P. Scherrer, JÖAI 60 (1990), 87–101.

211 D. Knibbe and M. Büyükkolanci, JÖAI 59 (1989), 43–5. The political role of the gymnasium at Ephesus has been underlined by an Augustan text set up by οί M. Büjükkolanci and H. Engelmann, ZPE 86 (1991), 137–44 on IEphesus #8.

212 P. D. Warden and R. S. Bagnall, CP 83 (1988), 220–3. Useful recent surveys, of published corpora for Asia Minor: S. Mitchell, CR 37 (1987), 78–82; of Aphrodisian epigraphy: Reynolds, J. in Aphrodisias de Carie (1987), 81–5Google Scholar.

213 Foss, op. cit. (n. 74), 169 #1.

214 şahin, op. cit. (n. 56), #2. On the acclamations to a magistrate in P.Oxy. 1.41, see M. Blume in Criscuolo and Geraci, op. cit. (n. 125), 271–90.

215 Strubbe, J. H. M., AncSoc 15–17 (19841986), 253305Google Scholar; cf. P. Weiss, WJA 10 (1984), 179–208; F. Kolb and M. Zimmerman, EA 16 (1990), 115–22. Lepcis discovering her metropolis Tyre: Rey-Coquais, J.-P., Africa Romana (Sassari) 5 (1988), 597602Google Scholar.

216 cf. the use of (pseudo-) kin-relations as a diplomatic tool among the Dorian cities of the Panhellenion: Spawforth, A. J. and Walker, S., JRS 76 (1986), 88105Google Scholar; ‘diplomacy’: Millar, op. cit. (n. 149), 235ff.

217 Wörrle, op. cit. (n. 139); Mitchell, S., JRS 80 (1990), 183–91Google Scholar; cf. also C. P. Jones, JRA 3 (1990), 484–8. Some other euergetes: P. Herrmann, TAM v, 2 (1989) ##954, 969, 976 (Thyateira); J. J. Coulton, JHS 107 (1987), 171–8 (SEG xxx. 1535, at Oenoanda, not by Opramoas); Rogers, G. M., JRS 81 (1991), 91100Google Scholar.

218 Cartledge, P. and Spawforth, A. J., Hellenistic and Roman Sparta (1989), ch. 13Google Scholar; Ziegler, op. cit. (n. 87), mostly using numismatic evidence. Note also the case of Meleager at Balboura, perpetual agonothete of the Antoninia Meleagria: J. J. Coulton et al., AS 39 (1989), 41–62. There is a useful primer of relevant papyri: Frisch, P., Zehn agonistische Papyri (1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

219 Aphrodisias: Reynolds, J. in Smith, R. R. R. and Erim, K. T. (eds), Aphrodisias Papers 2 (1991), 1528Google Scholar (cf. the statuary, 67–97); Lepcis: Caputo, G., Il Teatro augusteo di Leptis Magna (1987)Google Scholar.

220 P. Herrmann, MDAI(I) 38 (1988), 309–13, adding to AE 1977, 801.

221 Papazoglu, Macedoine, op. cit. (n. 186), s.v. komai; H. Malay, EA 12 (1988), 147–52 (Katakekaumene); MacAdam, H. I., Berytus 34 (1986), 186–9Google Scholar (Arabia).

222 Wörrle, op. cit. (n. 139), 145f.; cf. Frézouls, E. on Syria in Sociétés urbaines, sociétés rurales dans l'Asie Mineure et la Syrie (1987), 209–24Google Scholar. The names of surrounding villages have been found on the theatre seats at Saittai, Lydia: F. Kolb, EA 15 (1990), 107–18.

223 E. Schwertheim in idem (ed.), Asia Minor Studien, 1: Mysische Studien (1990), 83100Google Scholar.

224 Brixhe, C. and Hodot, R., L'Asie Mineure du Nord au Sud (1988) #2 (second-third century A.D.)Google Scholar.

225 Additions to the MAVORS series, edited by M. P. Speidel, reprinting the more important articles by J. F. Gilliam (2, 1986), G. Alföldy (3, 1987), E. R. Birley (4, 1988), G. Forni (5, 1987), H. Devijver (6, 1989). Note also Davies, R. W., Service in the Roman Army (Maxfield, V. A. and Breeze, D. (eds), 1989)Google Scholar. A general account: Y. Le Bohec, L'Armée romaine sous le Haute-Empire (1989), with Keppie, L., JRS 80 (1990), 224fGoogle Scholar.

226 On the army as a factor in the development of the eastern part of the Empire, Millar, F., JJewishSt 38 (1987). 143–69Google Scholar.

227 So too Brunt, op. cit. (n. 155), 468ff.

228 M. Christol, CCC 9 (1988), 169–204. Isaacs’ Syrian army is thus quite different from P. Le Roux's Spanish army, on which see the exchange between Alföldy, G., Gerión 3 (1985), 379410Google Scholar and Le Roux, Ibid., 411–22.

229 cf. Pekáry, T., AncSoc 18 (1987), 133–50Google Scholar. On the need for a study of local militias in Italy, Millar, op. cit. (n. 120), 312f.; on diogmitai, C. P. Jones, ICS 12 (1987), 179f.

230 See also JRS 78 (1988), 125–47; for another view, G. Forni, CISA 13 (1987), 272–94.

231 Maxfield, V. A., ‘The frontiers: mainland Europe’, in Wacker, J. (ed.), The Roman World (1987) 1, 139–93Google Scholar; on Hadrian's Wall, eadem, ArchAel 18 (1990), 127Google Scholar; Dobson, B., ArchAel 14 (1986), 130Google Scholar; the Antorine Wall: Speidel, M. P., Britannia 18 (1987), 233–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; J. C. Mann, PSAS 118 (1988), 131–7.

232 An account of the African frontier: Danels, C. in Wacher, J. (ed.), The Roman World (1987) 1, 223–65Google Scholar; cf. Rebuffat, R. in Buck, D. J. and Mattingly, D. J. (eds), Studies O. Hackett (1985), 127–40Google Scholar; Gutsfeld, A., Römische Herrschaft und einheimische Widerstand in Nordafrika (1989)Google Scholar.

233 The proceedings of three such conferences have appeared: 13 Limeskongress Aalen (1986); 14 Limeskongress Carnuntum (1990); 15 Limeskongress (Roman Frontier Studies) (1991).

234 Apart from Isaac, note P. Freeman and D. Kennedv (eds), Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East; French, D. H. and Lightfoot, C. S. (eds), The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire (1989)Google Scholar; mainly literary sources for the period after 226 collected in Lieu, S. N. C. and Dodgeon, M., The Roman Eastern Frontier (1990)Google Scholar.

235 Whittaker, C. R. in Barrett, J. C. et al. (eds), Barbarians and Romans in NW Europe (1989), 6480Google Scholar.

236 Reddé, M., Mare Nostrum (1986), esp. on rivers (288ff.) and logistics (370ff.)Google Scholar; cf. D. B. Saddington in 15 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 397–9. Further on Seleucia, D. van Berchem, BJ 185 (1985), 47–88; for the Alani, H. Halfmann, EA 8 (1986), 39–50; Heil, M., Chiron 19 (1989), 172ffGoogle Scholar.

237 Velkov, V. and Alexandrov, G., Chiron 18 (1988), 271–6Google Scholar (A.D. 147); Devijver, H., Klio 20 (1990), 8797Google Scholar. For the stationes on the lower Danube, D. Mitova-Dzonova in 13 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 504–9.

238 cf. W. Eck and F. Fernández, ZPE 85 (1991), 214f., on fleet units at Gades to protect Baetica against marauders from Tingitana. For the possibility that some Saxon Shore forts were built already in the late second century A.D., see Mann, J. C. in Maxfield, V. A. (ed.), The Historical Development of the Saxon Shore (1989), 111Google Scholar.

239 cf. Mason, D. J. P., Britannia 19 (1988), 163fCrossRefGoogle Scholar.; local trade is implied by the reading centurio negotiator in AE 1978, 635, again defended by the editors of AE 1988, 938.

240 Remesal, J., La annona militaris y la exportación de aceite betico a Germania (1986)Google Scholar; on the system of procurators who oversaw the trade, idem in 13 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 760–67. On Walheim-am-Neckar as a possible rail-head, D. Planck, Arch. Ausgr. Baden-Württemberg, 1987 (1988), 124ff.

241 Dietz, K., Chiron 17 (1987), 383–93Google Scholar, for a colle(gium) bubu[l(ariorum), an ingenious re-reading of AE 1984, 708.

242 M. P. Speidel, EA 10 (1987), 97–9 on M. Christol and Drew-Bear, T., Un Castellum romain près d'Apamée de Phrygie (1987)Google Scholar.

243 Baatz, D., Germania 67 (1987), 169–78Google Scholar.

244 Le Bohec, Y., La Troisième Légion Auguste (1989)Google Scholar; but cf. Kennedy, D., JRS 81 (1991), 218–20Google Scholar.

245 Barbulescu, M., Din istoria militara a Daciei romane: Legiunea V Macedonica (1987)Google Scholar.

246 L. Keppie in French and Lightfoot, op. cit. (n. 234), 247–55; Kasher, A. et al. (eds), Greece and Rome in Eretz-Israel (1990), 5461Google Scholar; cf. M. Mor, ZPE 62 (1986), 267–78; J. Schwartz, ZPE 76 (1989), 101f.

247 D. J. Knight, ZPE 85 (1991), 189–208 is very well aware of the difficulty; the same point for legionary history, Keppie in Freeman and Kennedy, op. cit. (n. 234), 411–29; D. B. Saddington in 13 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 779–81.

248 Le Bohec, Y., Les Unités auxiliaires de l'armée romaine en Afrique Proconsulate et Numidie (1989)Google Scholar.

249 M. el-Saghir et al., Le Camp romain Lougsor (1986).

250 H. Devijver in Freeman and Kennedy, op. cit. (n. 234), 109–225; cf. Criscuolo and Geraci, op. cit. (n. 125), 37–54.

251 Gerión 3 (1985), 283308Google Scholar. Comparison of Numidia and Germany: Cherry, D., AHBull 3 (1989), 128–30Google Scholar.

252 Millar, op. cit. (n. 120), 309.

253 D. H. French and J. R. Summerly, AS 37 (1987), 18 #3 = T. Mitford, ZPE 71 (1988), 171 #2; cf. K. Strobel, EA 12 (1988), 43–5; Tyche 2 (1987), 203–9Google Scholar with essentially the same answer as Bruun, C., Arctos 22 (1988), 36–8Google Scholar (from whom the quotation). On the symbols used in CIL XIII.6681 to distinguish the different centuries in the legion, see M. P. Speidel, JRGZ 33 (1986), 321–9.

254 ZPE 79 (1989), 114–28, as an epilogue to three of his earlier papers collected in MAVORS IV, op. cit. (n. 225).

255 Baatz, op. cit. (n. 243), 175–8.

256 J. Ch. Baity, CRAI (1987), 213–41 JRS 78 (1988), 91104Google Scholar.

257 Indeed exhaustively, in a monument of scholarship: Schallmeyer, Egon et al. , Der römische Weihbezirk von Osterburken, 1Google Scholar: Corpus der gr. und lat. beneficiarinschriften des römischen Retches (1990); more briefly, idem, 15 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 400–6; M. Popovic, CRAI (1989), 111–22(Sirmium).

258 J. C. Mann, ZPE 74 (1988), 149ff.: contra: N. B. Rankov, ZPE 80 (1990), 176–82.

259 M. Gichon in Herzig, op. cit. (n. 97), 154–70.

260 Stylow, A. U., Chiron 20 (1990), 336ff.Google Scholar; Bǎlǔta, C. L., Apulum 24 (1987), 169–72Google Scholar.

261 Christol, M. and Drew-Bear, T., Un Castellum remain près d'Apamée de Phrygie (1987), 48 #8Google Scholar; also Speidel, op. cit. (n. 242).

262 J. C. Wilmanns, ZPE 69 (1987), 177–89; another in el-Saghir et al., op. cit. (n. 249), 115 #37. A military hospital constructed near Aleppo: J. Jarry, ZPE 60 (1985), 114 #17.

263 Speidel, M. P. on orthographus leg., Aegyptus 66 (1986), 163f.Google Scholar; exceptor leg. Aug.: Ardevan, R. and HicaCimpeanu, I., AMusNapoc 22–3 (19851986), 544 #4Google Scholar. On military record-keepers, cf. also Le Bohec, op. cit. (n. 244), 234f.

264 C. Nicolet, MEFR 100 (1988), 127–88, with detailed discussion of the word chorographia. Chorographia is not listed by Dilke, O. A. W., Greek and Roman Maps (1985)Google Scholar.

265 Le Bohec, Y., Africa Romana (Sassari) 4 (1987), 237Google Scholar #2; Balty, op. cit. (n. 256), 99 and 101.

266 N. B. Rankov, ZPE 80 (1990), 165–75.

267 Christol and Drew-Bear, op. cit. (n. 261), 46 #7.

268 Bruun, C., Arctos 22 (1988), 2340Google Scholar on ZPE 71 (1988), 171 #2; 176 #2.

269 Donaldson, G. H., ArchAel 17 (1989), 217–19Google Scholar, with some other examples.

270 D. Knibbe and B. Iplikçioglu, JÖAI 55 (1984), 123f. Other technical terms, for weapons and accoutrements, may be met in the (largely archaeological) proceedings of the Roman Military Equipment conferences, esp. vol. 5, C. van Driel-Murray (ed.) (1989).

271 K. Strobel, EA 12 (1988), 45.

272 An ingenious thought by A. R. Birley, ZPE 88 (1991), 92 on one of the Vindolanda texts.

273 Fishwick, D., Syria 65 (1988), 349–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar = Imperial Cult in the Roman World (1991), 11. 1, 593603Google Scholar. Note also the dedication in the principia at Novae to Marti Victori leg(ionis) I Ital.: Kolendo, J., Africa Romana (Sassari) 5 (1988), 375–81Google Scholar. An elective distinctiveness of religious culture may be at work in the case of the cult of Fortuna: Kaianto, I., Latomus 47 (1988), 554–83Google Scholar.

274 Bowman, A. K. and Thomas, J. D., JRS 76 (1986), 120–3Google Scholar; Britannia 18 (1987), 125–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar; with Adams, J. N., Britannia 21 (1990), 3352CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. A. R. Birley in 14 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 333–40; 15 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 16–20. A second-century A.D. list of duties: Clarysse, W. and Sijpesteijn, P. J., Ancient Society 19 (1988), 7196CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

275 Mann, J. C. in Eck, W. and Wolff, J. (eds), Heer und Integrationspolitik (1986), 187–9Google Scholar, though this seems rather complicated.

276 Speidel, M. P., Ancient Society 20 (1989), 239–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar; on lixa leg., ‘camp-follower’, see R. Ivanov, ZPE 80 (1990), 131–6.

277 A. Lukaszewicz, ZPE 77 (1989), 191–4.

278 J. Nelis-Clément in Giovannini, op. cit. (n. 57),133–51.

279 Radu, A., Eos 77 (1989), 8190Google Scholar; cf. M. Lesek on the Rhine-Danube area, ibid., 65–80.

280 Particularly interesting are P. Weib, ZPE 74 (1988), 153–8; C. Römer, ZPE 82 (1990), 137–53; Wachtel, K., Germania 69 (1991), 187–96Google Scholar (the latest yet known: A.D. 218); J. G. Garbsch in 15 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 281–4.

281 M. M. Roxan in 13 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 768–78; Mann, J. C. and Roxan, M., Britannia 19 (1988), 341–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar; M. Roxan, BICS 26 (1989), 127–81.

282 Eck, W. and Wolff, J. (eds), Heer und Integrationspolitik (1986)Google Scholar; cf. M. Clauss, JRA 1 (1988), 181–9. Something similar can be said of Link, S., Konzepte der privilegierung römischer Veteranen (1989)Google Scholar, which restates at length what it has taken Wolff, H. seventy one pages to say in Heer und Integr., 44115Google Scholar.

283 van der Meer, L. B., The Bronze Liver of Piacenza (1987)Google Scholar, with J. Linderski, CP 85 (1990), 67–71; cf. North, J. in Beard, M. and North, J. (eds), Pagan Priests (1990), 5171Google Scholar.

284 Kajava, M., Aronen, J. and Solin, H., Chiron 19 (1989), 103–18Google Scholar (also di indigites: 111ff.); on CIL X.5779.

285 For a convincing re-interpretation of the templum at Bantia, J. Linderski, ‘The Augural Law’, ANRW 11. 16. 3 (1986), 2146–2312, at 2271ff., 2284ff.

286 Cenerini, F., Tyche 4 (1989), 1723Google Scholar, on CIL XI.1162 = ILS 3870.

287 A fine example in the inscription of C. Iulius Demosthenes at Oenoanda, ll. 69, 72: Wörrle, op. cit. (n. 139), ch. 5. Another, though not a procession, is the Torrenova Bacchic inscription (IGUR 1.160): J. Scheid, in O. de Cazenove et al., L'Association dionysiaque (1986), 275–90. The Corcelle altar (fifth century B.C.) has been interpreted as a lex arae limiting access by certain categories of women: Moreau, P. in Hommages Le Bonniec (1988), 316–23Google Scholar.

288 G. Paci, MGR 12 (1987), 115–36, from Cingoli in Macerata, similar to ILLRP 485.

289 Brouwer, H. H. J., Bona Dea (1989)CrossRefGoogle Scholar, emphasizing the sharp contrast between public and popular cult; A. Dubourdieu, Les origines et développement du culte des Pénates à Rome (1989).

290 So rightly Sage, M. M., AncSoc 18 (1987), 151–72Google Scholar, dismissing the notion that this is IOMKasios.

291 Note the example with 120 combinations dating A.D. 2/3 from Selge: ISelge #4, and J. Nollé's projected corpus of such oracles. The ‘alphabetic’ oracle is merely a refinement: Brixhe and Hodot, op. cit. (n. 224), 132–64; Ritti, T., Oraculi alfabetici a Hierapolis di Frigia, MGR 14 (1989)Google Scholar. On the revival of oracles, see Fox, R. Lane, Pagans and Christians (1986), ch. 5Google Scholar.

292 J. Champeaux, on Italian cleromantic oracles, MEFR 102 (1990), 271–302.

293 Wörrle, M., Chiron 20 (1990), 1958Google Scholar.

294 One such imaginary community exists in stone, as it were, in the commemorative stelai at Klaros published by Sahin, op. cit. (n. 56), 61–71. Note also Parke, H. W., The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor (1985)Google Scholar.

295 IHadrianoi #24; see also #34f. At Ephesus, there were profits on a grander scale to be had, as we know from Acts 29. 24–7, and might deduce from the existence of a guild ‘of the holy wine (producers)’: cf. D. Knibbe, JÖAI 56 (1985), 71–7.

296 cf. Errington, op. cit. (n. 28), 97ff. On Hellenistic ruler-cult, see Walbank, F., Chiron 17 (1987), 365–82Google Scholar. For the demos of the Athenians (joining IDelos 2249): Matthaiou, A. P., Horos 4 (1986), 7983Google Scholar.

297 H. Halfmann, EA 10 (1987), 83–9, with a useful list of other cults of governors of Asia, which disappear in the second century A.D.

298 R. W. Parker, ZPE 85 (1991), 115–29.

299 W. Günther, MDAI(I) 39 (1989), 173–8.

300 A. Erskine, ZPE 88 (1991), 271–5. Another of Price's claims, that votive offerings were on occasion made to the living emperor, has been challenged: D. Fishwick, ZPE 80 (1990), 121–30.

301 Fishwick, D., The Imperial Cult in the Roman World (1991), 11, ch. 8Google Scholar; idem, AntAfr. 25 (1989), 111–14.

302 Scheid, J., Le Temps de réflexion 7 (1986), 213–30Google Scholar. Cf. Williamson, C. H., Athenaeum 65 (1987), 173–89Google Scholar on 1.8f. of the Narbonne lex de flamonioprov. (CIL XII.6038) in relation to Aulus Gellius, NA X. 15. 24f. (though her substantive point that the law is a constitution seems untenable).

303 Mitchell, op. cit. (n. 136), 29f. defending the traditional view of IGR III.158 = Ehrenberg and Jones, 109; cf. Halfmann, op. cit. (n. 136), 35–42. Note also the roughly contemporary temple at Pessinus: M. Waelkens, EA 7 (1986), 37–72.

304 P. Herrmann, MDAI(I) 39 (1989), 191–6 on Dio LIX. 28 and Zonaras XI. 7.

305 Kearsley, R. A., Antichthon 21 (1987), 51fCrossRefGoogle Scholar.; EA 16 (1990), 69–80; cf. StudClas 26 (1988), 5765Google Scholar. The thesis has met with some scepticism, but so far no serious counterargument has appeared.

306 L. Moretti, RPAA 55–6 (1982–1984) [1986], 361–79.

307 D. Fishwick on AE 1913, 134: ZPE 76 (1989), 175–83

308 G. Varinlioglu, EA 11 (1988), 59–64.

309 R. Merkelbach, EA 7 (1986), 5f., from near Nicomedia.

310 Scheid, J., Romulus et ses frères (1990)Google Scholar — more stimulating and reliable than Paladino, I., Fratres Arvales (1988)Google Scholar. For some new fragments of the Acta from La Magliana, see P. Arnaud, MEFR 98 (1986), 401–6.

311 In Rome, note Hercules militaris whose aediculum seems to have been part of a tomb: Panciera, op. cit. (n. 8), 230 #149. There is a fine collection of rare gods in Robert, op. cit. (n. 86), 355–440. Note too: IHadrianoi ##1–10; 19f.; 126–9; 131 Brixhe and Hodot, op. cit.(n. 224), 124 #42f.; Kremer, M.-L. and Nollé, J., Chiron 18 (1988), 199203Google Scholar; A. Chaniotis, EA 13 (1990), 133 #3. There is an instructive list of Phrygian local Zeuses in T. Drew–Bear and C. Naour, ANRW II. 18. 3 (1990), 1907–2044; 2777–81.

312 P. Frei, ANRW II. 18. 1 (1990), 1729–1864. H. Brandt, MDAI(I) 38 (1988), 237–50 has urged those working on Anatolian civic cults to rely more heavily on epigraphy: the coin evidence is often suspect.

313 H. Malay and G. Petzl, GRBS 28 (1987), 450–72; A. Chaniotis, EA 15 (1990), 127 #1. Other examples: P. Herrmann, AAWW 122 (1985) [1986], 248–61 #1f.; H. Malay, EA 12 (1988), 147–52, esp. #5; G. Petzl, ibid., 155–66; E. Varinlioglu, EA 13 (1989), 37–50. For the genre, see Nieuwland, J. C. and Versnel, H. S., Lampas 23 (1990), 165–86Google Scholar. Given that the standard phrase used in them is ‘write down the power (of the god)’ it is surprising that these texts have not figured more prominently in discussions of literate mentality.

314 RHD 65 (1987), 5–22.

315 In Cunlif, B. (ed.), The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath 11 (1988), ch. 4Google Scholar; cf. Reynolds, J. and Volk, T., Britannia 21 (1990), 379ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar. See now Adams, J. N., Britannia 23 (1992), 126CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

316 Mitchell, S., JRS 78 (1988), 105–24Google Scholar; cf. on Diocletian, Kolb, F. in Bonamento, G. and Nestori, A. (eds), I Cristiani e l'impero nel IV secolo (1988), 1744Google Scholar. On an analogous small–scale attempt by the Senate half a millennium earlier, Pailler, J.-M., Bacchanalia (1988)Google Scholar, is, despite its length, disappointing; cf. also Gruen, E., Studies in Greek Culture and Roman Policy (1990)Google Scholar, part 2. Some relevant papers in Weiler, I. (ed.), Soziale Randgruppen und Außenseiter im Altertum (1988)Google Scholar.

317 Dagronand Feissel, op. cit. (n. 87), #11 CI, l. 4.

318 Rey-Coquais, J. P. in Africa Romana (Sassari) 5 (1988), 397402Google Scholar.

519 Trousset, P., AntAfr. 24 (1988), 175204Google Scholar; 13 Limeskongress, op. cit. (n. 233), 665–8.

320 Plácido, D., Mélanges P. Lévêque (1988), 1, 229–44Google Scholar; J. Nichols, AJP 108 (1987), 129–51.

321 E. M. Wightman, ANRW II. 18. 1 (1986), 542–89, a version of her discussion in Gallia Belgica, op. cit. (n. 186), 177ff.

322 cf. Binsfeld, W.et al., Katalog der römischen Steindenkmäler des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Trier I (1988)Google Scholar; on the adoption of Latin Schriftsprache, P. Herz in Herzig, op. cit. (n. 97), 206–18. Further on Matres: Rüger, C. B., BJ Beiheft 44 (1987), 130Google Scholar; idem, Index epigraphischer Zeugnisse mehrzähliger weiblicher Gottheiten, Epigr. Studien 15 (1990); H. Merten, TZ 52 (1989), 150ff. (inscriptions, 133–69).

323 cf. Degrassi, D., Athenaeum 65 (1987), 521–7Google Scholar on the mid-first-century B.C. restoration of the temple of Aesculapius on the Isola Tiberina. On the recruitment of Apollonius of Tyana into such an invented tradition of sages, see Dagron's commentary on the epigram from near Mopsuestia in Dagron and Feissel, op. cit. (n. 87) #88: it is now a sad shadow of former versions.

324 A good study is Müller, H., Chiron 17 (1987), 193233Google Scholar; cf. Marketos, S.et al., Documenta ophthalmologica 71 (1989), 155–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Aleshire, S. B., The Athenian Asclepieion (1989)Google Scholar is a useful but restricted study of the inventories.

325 R. Turcan in de Cazenove, op. cit. (n. 287), 227–46 on NSA 1905, 337; cf. Merkelbach, R., Die Hirten des Dionysos (1988), ch. 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

326 Hörig, M. and Schwertheim, E., Corpus Cultis lovis Dolicheni (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

327 L. Vidman, ANRW II. 18. 1 (1986), 456–518; cf. Mora, F., Prosopografia Isiaca (1990), I–IIGoogle Scholar.

328 Reynolds, J. and Tannenbaum, R., Jews and Godfearers at Aphrodisias (1987)Google Scholar. For Jewish adoption, and adaptation, of Hellenistic institutions, cf. Horsley, G. H. R., New Documents 4 (1987), 213fGoogle Scholar. #113.

329 A niketikon for Proclus in a case to come before the dux of Arabia (fourth century A.D.): R. Kotansky, ZPE 88 (1991), 41–60 (see also Section X). A survey of Greek defixiones found since Audollent, including some of Roman date: D. R. Jordan, GRBS 26 (1985), 151–97.

330 Knibbe, D., Berichte und Materialien des OAI 1 (1991), 14f.Google Scholar, but his account of the text seems open to criticism; on the identity of the city, R. Merkelbach, ZPE 88 (1991), 70–2.

331 Whether the demographic bibliography by Suder, W., Census populi (1988)Google Scholar, will stimulate more research remains to be seen.

332 Duncan-Jones, R. P., Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy (1990), 93–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

333 D. W. Rathbone, PCPS 36 (1990), 103–42.

334 Shaw, B. D., JRS 77 (1987), 3046Google Scholar, but see Günther, R., Frauenarbeit-Frauenbindung (1987), 289ff.Google Scholar; R. P. Saller, CP 82 (1987), 21–34. For Jewish girls, Horsley, op. cit. (n. 328), 221 #114.

335 cf. Syme, R., Historia 37 (1987), 318–32Google Scholar.

336 Andreau, J. and Bruhns, H. (eds), Parenté et stratégies familiales dans l'antiquité romain (1990)Google Scholar, the proceedings of the 1986 Paris conference; Burguiére, A. et al. , Histoire de la famille (1986), 1Google Scholar; Saller, R. P., Continuity and Change 1 (1986), 722CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dixon, S., The Roman Mother (1988)Google Scholar. On the forename Pupillus given to young children, Salomies, op. cit. (n. 100), Index, s.v.

337 Alumni: H. S. Nielsen, C&M 38 (1987), 141–88 (on the 369 cases from Rome; cf. Rawson, B. M. (ed.), The Family in Ancient Rome (1986), ch. 7)Google Scholar; J. Bellemore and B. M. Rawson, ZPE 83 (1990), 1–19 (Italy); Corbier, M., Africa Romana (Sassari) 7 (1990), 815–54Google Scholar; θϱεπτοί, Cremer, M.-L. and Nollé, J., Chiron 18 (1988), 202f.Google Scholar; B. Levick and S. Mitchell, MAMA IX (1988), lxiv–vi; C. P. Jones, JHS 109 (1989), 190.

338 H. S. Nielsen, C&M 40 (1989), 192–6; cf. Dixon, op. cit. (n. 336), 146ff.

339 Solin, H., Arctos 19 (1985), 213fGoogle Scholar. on G. Barbieri et al., BCR 88 (1982–1983) [1984] #34.

340 See, for example, the very unsettled discussion of mortality rates in Hinard, F. (ed.), La Mort, les morts et l'au-delà (1987), Part IGoogle Scholar.

341 See the fine collection of essays (esp. W. Eck, N. Purcell) in von Hesberg, H. and Zanker, P. (eds), Römische Gräberstraßen (1987)Google Scholar, cf. A. R. Congès, JRA 3 (1990), 337–50; also H. von Hesberg, JRA 2 (1989), 207–13. On the St Peter's inscriptions, not all of which have been fully published, W. Eck, ZPE 65 (1986), 245–93 (texts); idem in Gedenk- und Jubiläumsvorträge am Heidelberger Seminar für Alte Geschichte (1989), 55–90, more or less reproduced in Dialog 25 (1991), 2658Google Scholar.

342 Eck, W., Festschrift K. Christ (1988), 130ff.Google Scholar

343 Mausoleum H contains over 250 burials.

344 Sinn, F., Stadtrömische Marmorumen (1987)Google Scholar, cf. Solin, H., Tyche 4 (1989), 147–70Google Scholar; idem, Grabdenkmàler des Museums Greg. Profanum im Vatikan (1989); Boschung, D., Antike Grabaltäre aus den Nekropolen Roms (1987)Google Scholar; Kleiner, D. E. E., Roman Imperial Funerary Altars with Portraits (1987)Google Scholar, with Kajava, M., Arctos 22 (1988), 248–56Google Scholar; Eckert, M., Capuanische Grabsteine (1988)Google Scholar; Waelkens, M., Die Kleinasiatische Türsteine (1986)Google Scholar with MAMA IX (1988), xliv–liii and ##191–547.

345 S. Panciera and P. Zanker, RPAA 61 (1988–1989) [1990], 357–84, on CIL VI.9659.

346 H. W. Pleket on the grave monuments of the purpledyers at Tyre, EA 12 (1988), 36.

347 J.-M. Flambard in Hinard, op. cit. (n. 340), 209–44; cf. A. Beschaouch, CRAI (1985), 453–75. The new list of friends from Lycian Sidyma commemorating a death must betoken something similar: Frézouls, E. and Morant, M. J., Ktema 10 (1985), 241fGoogle Scholar. #7.

348 The least satisfactory parts of Günther's, R.Frauenarbeit-Frauenbindung (1987)Google Scholar, Part II, are those which involve the legal status of the Roman women studied.

349 Bertinelli, M. Angeli, Serta Hist. Ant. (Rome) 2 (1989), 143–73Google Scholar.

350 Erman, H., Servus vicarius (1986)Google Scholar; Baba, N., Kodai 1 (1990), 14ff.Google Scholar; noster: A. Chastognol, BSAF (1985), 66–76 (on AE 1976, 382); titles: Oliva, P. Rodriguez and Stylow, A. U., Chiron 19 (1989), 457–66Google Scholar; vilici: W. Scheidel, CQ 40 (1990), 591–3. The Κλήμης ’ Πϱιμίωνος δοûλος on the curious clay tile from Pellara (Reggio C., III/IIa) must surely be a vilicus: M. Lazarini, PP 247 (1989), 297–309.

351 Dumont, J. C., Servus (1987), 126–8Google Scholar on the tabula Puteolensis (AE 1971, 88), but otherwise neither he nor Wolf, J. G., Das SCSilanianum (1988)Google Scholar, uses inscriptions.

352 Weaver, P. R. C., Chiron 20 (1990), 275305Google Scholar; cf. P. López in González Román, op. cit. (n. 45), 85–90.

353 The same conclusion on different grounds in the case of Pompeii: A. Los, MEFR 99 (1987), 847–73, and Jongman, op. cit. (n. 177), ch. 6; cf. Schulze, H., Freigelassene in den Städten des römischen Hispanien (1990)Google Scholar. For a success story from Ostia, on the other hand, P. Herz, ZPE 76 (1989), 167–74.

354 A. Moćsy in Eck and Wolff, op. cit. (n. 275), 437–66. This is nicely illustrated by an inscription from Conventus Pacensis, Lusitania, in which a P. Cornelius Macro records that he was granted citizenship viritim by Claudius: d'Encarnaçāo, J., Trabalhos de Arqueologia do Sul 1 (1986), 107Google Scholar #618.

355 cf. P. Halstead, JHS 107 (1987), 77–87.

356 Kehoe, D., The Economics of Agriculture on Roman Imperial Estates in North Africa (1988)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; cf. P. Garnsey and G. Woolf in Wallace–Hadrill, op. cit. (n. 119), 153–70.

357 D. Feissel and J. Gascou, CRAI (1989), 545–57 (on the new papyri from Beth Phouraia near Appadana on the Euphrates).

358 On the metalla Illyr., Dusanić, S. in Domergue, C. (ed.), Mineria y metallurgia (1989), II. 148–55Google Scholar; Spain: Domergue, C., Les Mines de la péninsule ibérique (1990)Google Scholar; Edmondson, J. C., Two Industries in Roman Lusitania (1987)Google Scholar; Gaul: Long, L., Caesarodunum 22 (1987), 149–63Google Scholar. A wreck near Bagaud of c. 100 B.C. has produced tin ingots inscribed ὑπὸ Κελτῶν: F. Laubenheimer, DHA 12 (1986), 521.

359 MacMullen, R., Historia 36 (1987), 359–82Google Scholar; the point is made by Samson, R., Historia 38 (1989), 99110Google Scholar.

360 Churchin, L. A., AncSoc 18 (1987), 7589Google Scholar.

361 Frei-Stolba, R. in Whittaker, C. R. (ed.), Pastoral Economies in Classical Antiquity (1988), 143–59, P. Leveau, 177ff.Google Scholar; Devijver, H. and van Wonterghem, F., AncSoc 19 (1988), 97102Google Scholar; Espinosa, U. and Usero, L. M., Chiron 18 (1988), 477–96Google Scholar; cf. G. Barker, PCPS 35 (1989), 1–19.

36 A college (first century A.D.) of lanarii purgatores, who did the dirty work of preparing the fleeces, from Altinum: Buchi, E., Il Veneto nell'età romana 1 (1987), 137ffGoogle Scholar.

363 Jongman, op. cit. (n. 177), chs 1–5; Pleket, op. cit. (n. 346), 29–37; at Saittai, the college of linen-workers had a special place in the theatre: Kolb, op. cit. (n. 222), 116. An association of dyers from Verona: Kolendo, J., Archeologia 37 (1986), 3140Google Scholar.

364 R. Günther, op. cit. (n. 334), part 1; Eichenauer, M., Untersuchungen zur Arbeitswelt der Frauen (1988)Google Scholar.

365 Drexhage, R., Untersuchungen zum römischen Osthandel (1988)Google Scholar; on a smaller scale, the carriers through Ostia of Rome's imports from the Adriatic: A. Pellegrino, MGR 11 (1987), 229–36.

366 See our last survey, JRS 76 (1986), 140f. (n. 180).

367 de Ligt, L. and de Neeve, P. W., Athenaeum 66 (1988), 391416Google Scholar, who cast doubt both on Shaw's ‘permanent market’ and on Robert's notion that panegyris refers solely to the economic aspect of the festival.

368 Whittaker, C. R., Opus 4 (1985), 4975Google Scholar; Tchernia, A., Le vin de I'Italie romaine (1986)Google Scholar; cf. Actas del colloquio d'arqueologia romana, Badelona (1985) (1987).

369 Laubenheimer, F., La production des amphores en Gaule Narbonnaise (1985)Google Scholar; Peacock, D. P. S. and Williams, D. F., Amphorae and the Roman Economy (1986)Google Scholar; Amphores romaines et histoire économique (1989). Oil: García, G. Chic, Habis 17 (1986), 243–64Google Scholar; P. Le Roux, REA 88 (1986), 247–71. Garum: R. I. Curtis in Bernstein, op. cit. (n. 179), 14–49; Edmondson, op. cit. (n. 358); E. W. Haley, ZPE 80 (1990), 72–8. Note also Meijer, F. and van Nijf, O., Trade, Transport and Society (1988)Google Scholar; Garbsch, J., Mann und Roß und Wagen (1986)Google Scholar.

370 New fragments from Crete, or possibly from the Chersonnese: A. Chaniotis, ZPE 80 (1990), 189–202; cf. R. S. Bagnall, ZPE 76 (1989), 69–76 (see also Section X).

371 Eck, W. in Die Wasserversorgung antiker Städte (1987), 51101Google Scholar. But epigraphy must be supplemented by archaeology: G. Fabre et al., JRA 4 (1991), 63–88 (Pont du Gard).

372 Herz, P., Studien zur römischen Wirtschaftsgesetzgebung (1988), 5587Google Scholar (Augustus and annona); Bruun, C., OpRomFin 4 (1989), 107–21Google Scholar (Severan policy).

373 G. Petzl, EA 15 (1990), 61 #20.

374 Some other interesting cases: Christol, M., Chiron 16 (1986), 1Google Scholar #1 (Soli) IHadrianoi #44; Z. ben Abdullah, CRAI (1988), 236–51 (Ammaedara).

375 Garnsey, P., Famine and Food-supply (1988)Google Scholar, cf. C. Virlouvet, JRA 2 (1989), 223–34; cf. Jongman, W. and Dekker, R. in Halstead, P. and O'Shea, J. (eds), Bad Year Economics (1989), 114–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For the alimenta as an instance of imperial euergetism: Bossu, C., Latomus 48 (1989), 372–82Google Scholar; of a senator's in the East: C. P. Jones, JHS 109 (1989), 189–91.

376 J. H. M. Strubbe, EA 10 (1987), 45–81; 13 (1989), 99–121; 16 (1990), 109–14 (Asia Minor); S. Dardaigne and d'Escurac, H. Pavis, Ktema 11 (1986), 291302Google Scholar (western provinces).

377 The prestige of such generosity can be judged from an inscription from Balboura in which a public slave gives 352 modii of grain annually to the sitometrion: J. J. Coulton et al., AS 38 (1988), 130f.

378 Mrozek, S., Les Distributions d'argent et de nourriture dans les villes italiennes (1987)Google Scholar.

379 cf. J. R. Patterson, PBSR 55 (1987), 124–46 for pressures tending to move the rural population into towns.

380 K. M. D. Dunbabin, ‘Baiarum grata voluptas’, PBSR 57 (1989), 8–46. One (male) anxiety is neatly illustrated by an Ostian epitaph that singles out, among a wife's virtues, that she would not go unaccompanied by her husband to the baths: P. J. Sijpesteijn, ZPE 68 (1987), 151f.

381 cf. the euergetic activity of M. Aurelius Euprepes at Praeneste, which sets theatrical performance for the goddess, sportulae for the collegia and the despatch of animals by gladiators on the same footing: M. G. Granino Cecere, MGR 11 (1987), 189–210. On the imperial service which transported wild animals from Africa to Rome, see F. Bertrandy, MEFR 99 (1987), 211–41; M. LeGlay, BCTH 18 (1988), 104–7.

382 Ville, G., Les Gladiators en Occident (1987)Google Scholar; Golvin, J. C. and Landes, C., Amphithéâtre et gladiateurs (1990)Google Scholar; Tumolesi, P. Sabbatini, Epigrafia anfiteatrale, I: Roma (1988)Google Scholar; Il: Regiones Italiae VI–XI (1989); cf. , Sabbatini in Anfiteatro Flavio (1988), 91–9Google Scholar; Poliakoff, M. B., Combat Sports in the Ancient World (1987)Google Scholar.

383 M. Undemiş and D. F. French, EA 13 (1989), 91–7. Another aspect of this humanity is the spectators' safety: Scobie, A., Nikephoros 1 (1988), 191243Google Scholar.

384 P. Herz in Weiler, op. cit. (n. 316), 221–41.

385 van Hooff, A. J. L., AncSoc 19 (1988), 105–24Google Scholar; K. Hopwood in Wallace-Hadrill, op. cit. (n. 119), 171–87.

386 M. Corbier in Quilici, op. cit. (n. 118), 27–60, an essay that covers a lot of ground; cf. J. M. Fröschl on the treatment of illiteracy by the lawyers, ZPE 10 (1987), 85–155.

387 cf. J. L. Franklin on Pompeii, N. Horsfall on popular culture, K. Hopkins on accounting, in the excellent ‘compound review’ of Harris' book organized by Humphrey, J. H., Literacy in the Roman World (1991), 77–98; 59–76; 133–58Google Scholar; D. R. Jordan, JRA 3 (1990), 437ff.

388 A. K. Bowman in Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 387), 119–31.

389 T. J. Cornell in Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 387), 7–33; cf. Poucet, J., Latomus 48 (1989), 285311Google Scholar; Pandolfini, M. and Prosdocimi, A. L., Alfabetari e insegnamento della scrittura in Etruria (1990)Google Scholar.

390 On the simple question of documents, the Vindolanda tablets have made it probable that plenty of similar examples have been destroyed because they went unrecognized: Bowman, A. K. and Thomas, J. D., Vindolanda (1983), 3244Google Scholar.

391 The development of plans, maps and a ‘cartographic mentality’ is an important specialization of literacy, as Nicolet has pointed out; for a recent Spanish forma of centuriated land, see Fernández, P. Sáez, Habis 20 (1989), 205–27Google Scholar.

392 Muess, M., Das römische Alphabet (1989)Google Scholar.

393 See di Stefano Manzella, I., Mestiere di epigrafista Vetera 1 (1987)Google Scholar; Susini, G., Alma Mater Studiorum 1 (1988), 105–24Google Scholar. This was the subject of a conference in Helsinki in September 1991 organized by H. Solin.

394 Zimmer, G. with Wesch-Klein, G., Locus datus decreto decurionum (1989)Google Scholar (Cuicul and Djemila); S. de Maria, MEFR 100 (1988), 27–62 (Brixia, Aquileia, Veleia, Iulium Carnicum); cf. Dusanić, S., Epigraphica 46 (1984), 91115Google Scholar on diplomata.

395 As the recent handbooks demonstrate: Almar, K. P., Inscriptions Latinae (1990)Google Scholar, Schumacher, L., Römische Inschriften (1988)Google Scholar [no photographs at all!], Walser, G., Römische Inschnftenkunst (1988)Google Scholar; Keppie, L., Understanding Roman Inscriptions (1991)Google Scholar. Di Stefano Manzella's book (n. 393), which is not elementary, stands out here.

396 Williamson, C., ClAnt n.s. 6 (1987), 160–83Google Scholar; cf. the Madrid exhibition catalogue, Los bronces romanos en España (1990); but note M. Crawford in González and Arce, op. cit. (n. 71), 121–40. And perhaps the situation with regard to legal texts is better understood against the institutional background of the recitatio: Mourgues, op. cit. (n. 144), 80 n. 17; Millar, op. cit. (n. 149), 358.

397 M. Beard in Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 387), 35–58, on writing in the context of religion. But often enough a simple reference to the ‘rhetoric of power’ is all that is required: cf. N. Purcell, JRS 80 (1990), 178–82.

398 But still, Mrozek, S., Epigraphica 50 (1988), 61ffGoogle Scholar.

399 JRS 80 (1990), 7496Google Scholar.

400 This in fact is very close to Eck's position: see n. 341 above.

401 Saenger, P., Annales ESC 44 (1989), 939–52Google Scholar. Further work would almost certainly show that the picture was more complicated than it might seem. For example, regular word division appears commoner in earlier inscriptions.

402 ‘Epigraphic culture’ is a term which some may well prefer to MacMullen's ‘epigraphic habit’.

403 cf. M. Corbier in Humphrey, op. cit. (n. 387), 99–118.

404 Some of Feissel's comments, omitted from the 1989 Bulletin, are to be found in the relevant lemmata of SEG XXXVII.

405 Two parts, ed. J. R. Martindale (1992).

406 Actes du XIe Congrès Internationale de l'Archéologie Chrétienne (3 vols, 1989)Google Scholar; there is a convenient list of epigraphic papers in AE 1989, 3.

407 Inscripttones Graecae Christianae Veteres Occidentis, published as Inscripttones Christianae Italiae Subsidia 1 (1989)Google Scholar including also 2 chapters written in 1936; see also K. Worp, ‘Konkordanzen zu C. Wessel, Inscriptiones Graecae Christianae Veteres Occidentis’, ZPE 87 (1991), 275–90.

408 D. Feissel and A. Avramea, T&M Byz. 10 (1987), 357–98 is the fourth part of an ongoing project, ‘Inventaires en vue d'un recueil des inscriptions historiques de Byzance’. See also C. Asdracha and C. Bakirtzis, Inscriptions byzantines de Thrace (VIIIe–XVe siècles). For Russia, see V. P. Yajlenko, VV 8 (1987), 160–71.

409 Thus Dagron, G. and Feissel, D., Inscriptions de Cilicide (1987)Google Scholar; IGLS 22, Inscriptions de la Jordanie 2, Région centrale (1986); and, for a study based on this area, Y. Meimaris, E., Sacred Names, Saints, Martyrs and Officials in the Greek Inscriptions and Papyri Pertaining to the Christian Church of Palestine (1986)Google Scholar.

410 Frantz, A., The Athenian Agora XXIV: Late Antiquity (1988), 267700Google Scholar.

411 Roueché, C., Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity, JRS Monograph 5 (1989)Google Scholar.

412 In Asimakopoulou-Atzaka, P., Collection of Early Christian Mosaics of Greece II (1987)Google Scholar, the inscriptions are incidental; a group of such inscriptions is specifically edited by Russell, J., The Mosaic Inscriptions of Anemurium (1987)Google Scholar, with some useful observations by C. Mango, BZ 83 (1990), 141. Cf. also , R. and Ovadiah, A., Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Mosaic Pavements in Israel (1987)Google Scholar. Volumes of collected mosaics (of all periods) are not so uncommon, but their editors are rarely interested in inscriptions and sometimes omit them.

413 See Mundell Mango, M., Silver from Early Byzantium. The Kaper Koraon and Related Treasures (1986)Google Scholar.

414 Published by I. Kaygusuz, EA 4 (1984), whence SEG XXXIV.1306, and Roueché, C. in Mackenzie, M. M. and Roueché, C. (eds), Images of Authority: Papers Presented to Joyce Reynolds (1989), 206–28Google Scholar; republished, with important variants, from his own reading of the stone, by Weiss, P., Chiron (1991), 353–92Google Scholar.

415 PLRE I, Marcianus 22.

416 Reynolds, J. in Roueché, C., Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity (1989)Google Scholar; A. Chaniotis–G. Preuss, ‘Neue Fragmente des Preisedikts von Diokletian und lateinische Inschriften aus Kreta’, ZPE 80 (1990), 189–202.

417 Eusebius, HE IX.7; CIL III.12132, TAM II 3, 785, with Bull.Ep. 1990 #878; JRS 78 (1988), 105–24Google Scholar.

418 Mirkovic, M., Zbornik Filozof. fakulteta 16 (1989), 3744Google Scholar.

419 Christol, M. and Drew-Bear, T., Tyche 1 (1986), 4187Google Scholar, esp. 43–51.

420 D. Feissel and I. Kaygusuz, T&M Byz. 9 (1985), 397–419 (SEG XXXV. 1360).

421 Amelotti, M. and Zingale, L. Migliardi, Le costituzioni giustinianee nei papiri e nelle epigrafi (1985)Google Scholar; this is the re-edition of a work first published in 1972; see Bull.Ep. 1987 #398.

422 Most recently, T&M Byz. II (1991), 437–64, on the introductory formulae of the acta of the Praetorian Prefecture.

423 des Gagniers, J. and Tinh, Tram Tan, Soloi, Dix campagnes defouilles (1964–1974) 1 (1985), 115–25Google Scholar, with Noret, J., Analecta Bollandiana 104 (1986), 445–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and D. Feissel, Bull.Ep. 1987 #532.

424 Kotansky, R., Magic in the Court of the Governor of Arabia in ZPE 88 (1991), 4160Google Scholar.

425 Gatier, P.-L., Syria 62 (1985), 297307CrossRefGoogle Scholar (SEG XXXV. 1571); on the euergetism of bishops see Avramea, A., Actes XIe Congr. Arch. Chrét. (1989) 1, 829–35Google Scholar.

426 Ameling, W., Die Inschriften von Prusias and Hypium, IK 27 (1985)Google Scholar, #120, elucidated by M. P. Speidel, TAPhA 115 (1985), 283–7 (= SEG 1985, 1307); perhaps another example, Becker-Bertau, F., Die Inschriften von Klaudiupolis #173Google Scholar, with D. Feissel, Bull.Ep. 1989 #943.

427 AS 35 (1985), 93–8 (= SEG XXXV.1451), with D. Feissel, Bull.Ep. 1987 #493; cf. also Hellenkemper, H. and Hild, F., Neue Forschungen in Kilikien (1986), 82–4Google Scholar; R. Scharf, ‘Die Matroniani — Comites Isauriae’, EA 16 (1990), 147–52.

428 On Greek and Latin in Roman inscriptions relating to the Greek world, see Ferrary, op. cit. (n. 31), 558–60; cf. Biville, F., Graphie et prononciation des mots grecs en Latin (1987)Google Scholar.

429 On Republican dialects, R. G. Coleman, PCPS 36 (1990), 1–25; Wachter, R., Altlateinische Inschriften bis 150 v. Chr. (1987)Google Scholar. The standard work on Italic scripts and languages is of course Morandi, A., Epigrafia italica (1982)Google Scholar.

430 J. N. Adams, ZPE 82 (1990), 227–47 in connection with the revision of the letters of C. Novius Eunusby Wolff, J. G. and Crook, J., Rechtsurkunden in Vulgärlatein (1989)Google Scholar, which contain a chirographum in the writer's own hand as well as a version in standard Latin outside; on Pompeii, Eska, J. F., Glotta 65 (1987), 146–61Google Scholar; on Vindolanda and Bath, see nn. 315 and 390.

431 In Criscuolo and Geraci, op. cit. (n. 125), 15–35.

432 M. Lejeune et al., EC 22 (1985), 88–177; Lejeune and others have now, with commendable industry, completed three volumes of the Receuil des inscriptions gauloises (1985–88).

433 Untermann, J., Die iberischen Inschriften aus Spanien (1990)Google Scholar.

434 Papazoglu, F., Chiron 18 (1988), 233–70Google Scholar; D. Feissel in Dagron and Feissel, op. cit. (n. 87), #11; G. Mihailov, EBalk 4 (1987), 89–111; Joubeaux, H., Gallia 46 (1989), 213–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

435 Saunders, G., Africa Romana 5 (1988), 6985Google Scholar; Gómez, Ji., Habis 20 (1989), 172203Google Scholar; cf. too the Virgilian tags/echoes collected by Solin, H., Enciclopedia Virgtliana (1986) 11, 337–40Google Scholar. On Virgil's step-father: L. Bertacchi, AN 57 (1986), 401–12; Paci, G., Quaderni Catanesi 1 (1989), 167–86Google Scholar arguing that the date is fourth century A.D., reflecting interest in Virgil also seen in the more or less contemporary Life of Donatus.

436 Usefully summarized by H. Dodge, JRA 4 (1991), 28–50. The most important work is Fant, J. C., Cavum antrum Phrygiae (1989)Google Scholar, on the Docimeion quarries; on transport operations, J. T. Peña, JRA 2 (1989), 126–32; cf. Herrmann, op. cit. (n. 167), 119–28.

437 See K. M. D. Dunbabin, JRA 2 (1989), 313–18; Lancha, J., Les Mosaiques de Vienne (1990)Google Scholar; and, for a survey of publications on mosaics, Donderer, M., Die Mosaizisten der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung (1989)Google Scholar.

438 Erim, K. T. and Reynolds, J. in Baṣgelen, N. and Lugal, M., Festschrift für Jale Inan (1989), 517–38Google Scholar; and for the workshop, Rockwell, P. in Smith, R. R. R. and Erim, K. T. (eds), Aphrodisias Papers 2 (1991), 127–43Google Scholar. The first signature of the sculptor Prasiteles (Pliny HN, XXXIII.156) seems to have turned up at Verona: M. Donderer, ZPE 73 (1988), 63–8.

439 On social judgements about doctors, V. Nutton in R. Porter (ed.), Patients and Practitioners (1985), 23–53. H. Engelmann, ZPE 84 (1990), 89 #1; a local association of doctors honouring a member: C. Römer, ZPE 84 (1990), 81–8. On the varied social status of doctors, Kudlien, F., Die Stellung des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft (1986)Google Scholar: Jackson, H., Doctors and Diseases (1988), ch. 3Google Scholar; H. F. J. Horstmannshoff, JHM 45 (1990), 176–97 = Lampas 20 (1987), 340–55.

440 CIL III.14188, repub. D. Feissel, T&M Byz. 19 (1987). 435f.

441 Boyere, B.et al., Gallia 47 (1990), 215–49Google Scholar; note also B. Rémy and F. Malacher, RACF 29 (1990), 183f.; Bar, M., Amphora 48 (1987), 3141Google Scholar.

442 W. Eck, ZPE 65 (1986), 248 #4.

443 C. P. Jones, CQ 37 (1987), 208–12 on Ritti, T., Hierapolis (1985), 96 #11Google Scholar, suggesting that the comic actor here, M. Iulius Sophron, may be the same as the man described in Arrian, Diatr. Epikt. III.4. Note also a biographical dictionary of all known performers, 500 B.C.-A.D. 500, I. E. Stephanis, Διονυιαϰοὶ Τεϰνίται (1988).