1. E-mail interview with Morton Keller, by Julian Zelizer, 4 May 2009. I would like to thank Keller for giving me this interview, which was extraordinarily helpful in putting together parts of this essay. I would also like to thank Dirk Hartog and Bill Novak for their helpful comments.

2. This is based on notes from my seminar with Keller.

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23. Ibid., 3.

24. Ibid., 6.

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30. Ibid., 4.