Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T03:56:07.665Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

North American Devonian Carydiidae (Bivalvia): systematics, phylogeny, and implications in early diversification of the class

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2016

J. Bowman Bailey
J. Bowman Bailey*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Western Illinois University, Macomb 61455
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Although past authors have regarded the Carydiidae as a European family, six species of Carydium are reported here from the Devonian of eastern North America. Two of these belong to a single morphocline common in the Hamilton shales; another (Carydium clarkei) is new. Due to lack of well preserved hinges most of these species were earlier placed in Nucula because serrations or striations on dental elements were mistaken for a taxodont dentition.

New data require modification of carydiid phylogenies of earlier authors. 1) Two independent pre-Devonian derivations from Lyrodesma are inferred. 2) Noradonta shergoldi, a carydiid-like lyrodesmatid from the Ordovician of Australia, is recognized as an important phyletic link between the Carydiidae and the Lyrodesmatidae. 3) The previous view of three distinct lineages within Carydium is not supported. Anamorphic data suggest as few as two main lineages and show two of the hinge types to be homeomorphic grades appearing separately or within one or the other of the main lineages.

Though too young to be directly involved in the early diversification of the Bivalvia, the actinodont, subheterodont, and pseudotaxodont hinge morphologies of Carydium supply models for the origin of heterodont and taxodont hinges. Anamorphic and other evidence suggests that both are iterative types, and fundamental differences between them may be few. Hence, their preeminence as diagnostic criteria among higher taxa is diminished.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 60 , Issue 2 , March 1986 , pp. 302 - 326
Copyright
Copyright © The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Babin, C. 1966. Mollusques, bivalves et céphalopodes du Paleozoïque Armoricain, étude systématique essai sur la phylogénie des bivalves esquisse paléoécologique. Imprimerie Commerciale et Administrative, Brest, 471 p.Google Scholar
Babin, C. 1977. Etude comparée des genres Babinka (Barrande) et Coxiconcha Babin (Mollusques Bivalves de l'Ordovicien). Intérět phylogénétique. Geobios, 10(1):51–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babin, C. 1980. Elements of Palaeontology. (Translated by Orris, N. Palmer, D., ed.) John Wiley and Sons, New York, 446 p.Google Scholar
Babin, C. 1982. Tromelinodonta nov. gen., bivalve Lyrodesmatidae (Mollusca) de l'Arenigian (Ordovicien inférieur). Geobios, 15(3):423–427.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. B. 1978a. Provincialism and migration in Lower and Middle Devonian pelecypods. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 23:119–130.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. B. 1978b. Disjunct distributions in time and space: an occurrence of the European Triassic bivalve Palaeonucula strigilata (Goldfuss) in the Mississippian of Arkansas. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 10(6):246.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. B. 1979a. Michigan Basin endemism and the evolution of Nuculopsis Girty (Bivalvia). Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 11(5):225.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. B. 1979b. North American Devonian Carydiidae (Bivalvia). Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 11(5):225.Google Scholar
Bailey, J. B. 1983. Middle Devonian Bivalvia from the Solsville Member (Marcellus Formation), Central New York State. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 174(3):193–326.Google Scholar
Beushausen, L. von. 1895. Die Lamellibranchiaten des rheinischen Devon mit Ausschluss der Aviculiden. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt, neue Folge, 17:1–514.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, J. D. and Bradshaw, M. A. 1971. Functional morphology of some palaeotaxodont bivalve hinges as a guide to orientation. Palaeontology, 14(2):242–249.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, M. A. 1978. Position of soft parts in fossil palaeotaxodont bivalves as suggested by features of the shell interior. Alcheringa, 2:203–215.Google Scholar
Carter, J. G. and Tevesz, M. J. S. 1978a. The shell structure of Ptychodesma (Cyrtodontidae; Bivalvia) and its bearing on the evolution of the Pteriomorphia. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London, B, 284:367–374.Google Scholar
Carter, J. G. and Tevesz, M. J. S. 1978b. Shell microstructure of a Middle Devonian (Hamilton Group) bivalve fauna from central New York. Journal of Paleontology, 52(4):859–880.Google Scholar
Caster, K. E. 1930. Higher fossil faunas of the upper Allegheny. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 58:37–71.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. 1885. On the Devonian faunas of Ontario Co., N.Y. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 16:1–86.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. 1900. The Devonian Mollusca of Pará, p. 25–100. In Clarke, J. M., The Paleozoic Faunas of Pará, Brazil (author's English ed.). (First published in Portuguese, 1899.) Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 10.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. 1907. Some new Devonic fossils. New York State Museum Bulletin, 107:193–291.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. 1908. Early Devonic history of New York and eastern North America, part 1. New York State Museum Memoir, 9(1):1–366.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. 1909. Early Devonic history of New York and eastern North America, part 2. New York State Museum Memoir, 9(2):1–250.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. and Ruedemann, R. 1903. Catalogue of type specimens of Paleozoic fossils in the New York State Museum. New York State Museum Bulletin, 65:1–847.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. M. and Swartz, C. K. 1913. Pelecypoda, p. 539–699. In Systematic paleontology of the Upper Devonian deposits of Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey, Middle and Upper Devonian.Google Scholar
Cleland, H. F. 1903. A study of the fauna of the Hamilton formation of the Cayuga Lake section in central New York. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 206:1–112.Google Scholar
Cleland, H. F. 1911. Pelecypoda, p. 97–120. In The fossils and stratigraphy of the Middle Devonic of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin, 21, Science Series 6.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1838. Report on the paleontological department of the survey (of New York). New York Geological Survey Annual Report, 2:107–119.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1841. Fifth annual report on the paleontology of the State of New York. Geological Survey of New York Fifth Annual Report, p. 25–57.Google Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1842. Observations on the Silurian and Devonian systems of the United States with descriptions of new organic remains. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Journal, 8(2):228–280.Google Scholar
Cox, L. R. et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, part N, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia, vols. 1 and 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 952 p.Google Scholar
Dahmer, G. 1922. Studien über die Fauna des Oberharzer Kahleberg-Sandsteins I und II. Jahrbuch der Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt 40(2):161–306.Google Scholar
Dahmer, G. 1942. Die Fauna des Unterkoblenz von Ziegenberg (Unter Devon, östlicher Taunus). Senckenbergiana, 25:263–294.Google Scholar
Dienst, P. 1914. Die Fauna der Unterkoblenzschichten (Michelbacher Schichten) des oberen Bernbachtales bei Bernsberg im Kellerwald. Jahrbuch der Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt 34(1):539–615.Google Scholar
Driscoll, E. G. 1964. Accessory muscle scars, an aid to protobranch orientation. Journal of Paleontology, 38(1):61–66.Google Scholar
Ellison, R. L. 1965. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Mahantango Formation in south-central Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geological Survey Bulletin, 4th series, G48:1–298.Google Scholar
Farrow, G. 1972. Periodicity structures in the bivalve shell: analysis of stunting in Cerastoderma edule from the Burry Inlet (South Wales). Palaeontology, 15(1):61–72.Google Scholar
Frech, F. 1891. Die devonische Aviculiden Deutschlands; ein Beitrag zur Systematik und Stammesgeschichte der Zweischaler. Abhandlungen der geologische Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten 9(3):1–261.Google Scholar
Grabau, A. W. 1906. Guide to the geology and paleontology of the Schoharie Valley of eastern New York. New York State Museum Bulletin, 92:77–386.Google Scholar
Grabau, A. W. and Shimer, H. W. 1909–1910. North American Index Fossils; Invertebrates. A. G. Seiler and Co., New York, vol. 1, 853 p.; vol. 2, 909 p.Google Scholar
Haffer, J. 1959. Der Schlossbau früh-heterodonter Lamellibranchiaten aus dem rheinischen Devon. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 112:133–192.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1843. Geology of New York. Part IV. Survey of the Fourth Geological District. Natural History of New York, 683 p.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1883. Lamellibranchiata, plates and explanations. Natural History of New York, Paleontology, 5(1):1–20.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1884. Lamellibranchiata I, descriptions and figures of the Monomyaria of the upper Helderberg, Hamilton, and Chemung groups. Natural History of New York, Paleontology, 5(1):1–268.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1885. Lamellibranchiata II, descriptions and figures of the Dimyaria of the upper Helderberg, Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups. Natural History of New York, Paleontology, 5(1):269–562.Google Scholar
Hall, J. and Whitfield, R. P. 1869–1870. Preliminary notice of the lamellibranchiate shells of the upper Helderberg, Hamilton and Chemung groups, with others from the Waverly sandstones, part 2. New York State Museum, Albany, p. 1–80 (1869), p. 81–96 (1870).Google Scholar
Hemming, F. (editor). 1953. Copenhagen Decisions on Zoological Nomenclature. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, 135 p.Google Scholar
Jones, D. S. 1983. Sclerochronology: reading the record of the molluscan shell. American Scientist, 71(4):384–391.Google Scholar
Kindle, E. M. 1914. The Silurian and Devonian section of western Manitoba. Summary Report of the Geological Survey [Canada] Department of Mines for the year 1912, Sessional Paper, 26:247–261.Google Scholar
Lesley, J. P. 1889–1890. A dictionary of the fossils of Pennsylvania and neighboring states. Pennsylvania Geological Survey Report P4. Vol. 1 (A–M), p. 1–438 (1889). Vol. 2 (N–R), p. 439–914 (1889). Vol. 3 (S–Z), p. 915–1283 (1890).Google Scholar
Loomis, F. B. 1903. The dwarf fauna of the pyrite layer at the horizon of the Tully Limestone in western New York. New York State Museum Bulletin, 69:892–920.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. 1982. Tuarangia paparua n. gen. and n. sp., a late Middle Cambrian pelecypod from New Zealand. Journal of Paleontology, 56(3):589–598.Google Scholar
Maillieux, E. 1931. La faune des grés et schistes de Solières (Siegenian moyen). Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 51:1–90.Google Scholar
Maillieux, E. 1937. Les lamellibranches du Dévoniens inférieur de l'Ardenne. Mémoires du Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, 81:1–274.Google Scholar
Maurer, F. 1902. Der Quarzit von Neuweilnau. Eine paläontologische Studie aus dem Gebiet der rheinischen Devon. Bericht der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main, 1901. II Teil. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, p. 27–84.Google Scholar
McAlester, A. L. 1962a. Mode of preservation in early Paleozoic pelecypods and its morphologic and ecologic significance. Journal of Paleontology, 36(1):69–73.Google Scholar
McAlester, A. L. 1962b. Upper Devonian pelecypods of the New York Chemung Stage. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University Bulletin, 16:1–88.Google Scholar
McAlester, A. L. 1968. Type species of Paleozoic nuculoid bivalve genera. Geological Society of America Memoir, 105:1–143.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1877. The American Paleozoic Fossils; a Catalogue of the Genera and Species, [etc.]. Published by the author, Cincinnati, 334 p. (2nd ed., 1883).Google Scholar
Morris, N. J. and Fortey, R. A. 1976. The significance of Tironucula gen. nov. to the study of bivalve evolution. Journal of Paleontology, 50(4):701–709.Google Scholar
Müller, W. 1929. Die Faune der Frasne-Stufe bei Almaden (Sierra Morena, Spanien). Abhandlungen, Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 41(5):247–282.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D. 1965. Classification of the Bivalvia. American Museum Novitates, 2206:1–25.Google Scholar
Newell, N. D. and Boyd, D. W. 1975. Parallel evolution in early trigoniacean bivalves. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 154(2):55–162.Google Scholar
Ohern, D. W. and Maynard, T. P. 1913. Pelecypoda, p. 450–464. In Systematic Paleontology of the Lower Devonian Deposits of Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey Lower Devonian.Google Scholar
Palmer, K. and Brann, D. 1966. Illustrations of fossils of the Ithaca area. Paleontological Research Institution [Ithaca, New York]: 20 plates.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. 1971. Review of Ordovician pelecypods. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 695:1–46.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. 1978. The origin and taxonomic diversification of pelecypods. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society of London, B, 284:225–246.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. and Gilbert-Tomlinson, J. 1977. Australian Ordovician pelecypod molluscs. Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin, 174:1–64.Google Scholar
Pojeta, J. and Runnegar, B. 1974. Fordilla troyensis and the early history of pelecypod mollusks. American Scientist, 62:706–711.Google Scholar
Prosser, C. S. and Kindle, E. M. 1913. Pelecypoda, p. 214–279. In Systematic Paleontology of the Middle Devonian Deposits of Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey, Middle and Upper Devonian.Google Scholar
Rhoads, D. C. and Pannella, G. 1970. The use of molluscan shell growth patterns in ecology and paleoecology. Lethaia, 3(2):143–162.Google Scholar
Rouault, M. 1850–1851. Mémoires sur le terrain paléozoïque des environs de Rennes. Bulletin, Société Géologique de France, 2e ser., 8:358–399.Google Scholar
Runnegar, B. and Pojeta, J. 1974. Molluscan phylogeny: the paleontological viewpoint. Science, 186:311–317.Google Scholar
Shimer, H. W. and Shrock, R. R. 1944. Index Fossils of North America. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge, 837 p.Google Scholar
Spriestersbach, J. 1915. Neue oder wenig bekannte Versteinerungen aus dem rheinischen Devon, besonders aus dem Lenneschiefer. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt, neue Folge, 80:1–80.Google Scholar
Spriestersbach, J. 1925. Die Oberkoblenzschichten des Bergischen Landes und Sauerlandes. Jahrbuch der Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt für 1924, 45:367–450.Google Scholar
Spriestersbach, J. and Fuchs, A. 1909. Die Fauna der Remscheider Schichten. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt, neue Folge, 58:1–81.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M. 1970. Relation of shell form to life habits of the Bivalvia (Mollusca). Geological Society of America Memoir, 125:1–296.Google Scholar
Stauffer, C. R. 1915. The Devonian of southwestern Ontario. Canadian Department of Mines Geological Survey Memoir, 34 (Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, 34):1–341.Google Scholar
Stumm, E. C. and Wright, J. D. 1958. Check list of the fossil invertebrates described from the Middle Devonian rocks of the Thedford-Arkona region of southwestern Ontario. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 14(7):81–132.Google Scholar
Whiteaves, J. F. 1892. The fossils of the Devonian rocks of the islands, shores or immediate vicinity of lakes Manitoba and Winnepegosis. Geological Survey of Canada, Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, 1(4):255–359.Google Scholar
Whitfield, R. P. and Hovey, E. O. 1898–1901. Catalogue of the types and figured specimens in the paleontological collection of the geological department, American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 11:1–500.Google Scholar
Willard, B. 1939. The Devonian of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th Series, Bulletin, G19:1–481.Google Scholar
Williams, H. S. 1902. Fossil faunas and their use in correlating geological formations. American Journal of Science, 4th Series, 13(78):417–432.Google Scholar
Williams, H. S. and Breger, C. L. 1916. The fauna of the Chapman Sandstone of Maine including descriptions of some related species from the Moose River Sandstone. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 89:1–347.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. 1975. Pelecypods of the Silica, p. 124–150. In Kesling, R. V. and Chilman, R. B., Strata and Megafossils of the Middle Devonian Silica Formation. University of Michigan (Ann Arbor), Museum of Paleontology, Papers on Paleontology 8.Google Scholar
Wolf, M. 1930. Alter und Entstehung des Wald-Erbacher Roteisensteins (Grube Braut im Hunsrück) mit einer stratigraphischen Untersuchung der Umgebung. Abhandlungen der Preussischen geologischen Landesanstalt, neue Folge, 123:1–105.Google Scholar