Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T02:19:14.632Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Pennsylvanian brachiopods from the Geumcheon-Jangseong Formation, Pyeongan Supergroup, Taebaeksan Basin, Korea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 August 2017

Sangmin Lee ,
Duck K. Choi  and
G. R. Shi
Sangmin Lee
Affiliation:
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia, ,
Duck K. Choi
Affiliation:
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, Korea,
G. R. Shi
Affiliation:
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia, ,
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We provide the first detailed systematic taxonomy and paleoecological investigation of late Paleozoic brachiopod faunas from Korea. Specifically, we focus on the brachiopods from the Geumcheon-Jangseong Formation, the lower part of the Pyeongan Supergroup in the Taebaeksan Basin. The formation yields a variety of marine invertebrate fossils, including brachiopods, molluscs, echinoderms, corals, fusulinids, and conodonts. Diverse brachiopods are described from six siliciclastic horizons of the formation at three localities, including 23 species belonging to 20 genera with two new species: Rhipidomella parva n. sp. and Stenoscisma wooi n. sp. Three brachiopod assemblages of the late Moscovian (Pennsylvanian) age are recognized based on their species compositions and stratigraphic distributions, namely the Choristites, Rhipidomella, and Hustedia assemblages. The brachiopod faunal composition varies within each assemblage as well as between the Assemblages, most likely reflecting local paleoenvironmental and hence paleoecological differences. The Choristites Assemblage includes relatively large brachiopods represented by Derbyia, Choristites, and Stenoscisma and may have inhabited open marine to partly restricted marine environments, whereas the Rhipidomella and Hustedia Assemblages consist of a small number of small-sized brachiopods living in lagoonal environments. The Choristites Assemblage shows a close affinity with Moscovian brachiopod assemblages in the eastern Paleo-Tethys regions, especially the Brachythyrina lata-Choristites yanghukouensis-Echinoconchus elegans Assemblage of North China, whereas the Rhipidomella and Hustedia assemblages both exhibit strong endemism.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Paleontology , Volume 84 , Issue 3 , May 2010 , pp. 417 - 443
Copyright
Copyright © 2010, The Paleontological Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ager, D. V. 1967. Brachiopod palaeoecology. Earth Science Reviews, 3: 157–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alekseeva, R. E. 1960. O novom podrode Atrypa (Desquamatia) subgen. nov. iz sem. Atrypidae Gill (Brakhiopody). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, 131(2): 421–424.Google Scholar
Alvarez, F., Rong, J., and Boucot, A. J. 1998. The classification of athyridid bracihopods. Journal of Paleontology, 72(5): 827–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, F. and Rong, J. 2002. Athyridida, p. 1475–1614. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Boucot, A. J., Johnson, J. G., and Staton, R. D. 1964. On some atrypoid, retzioid, and athyridoid Brachiopoda. Journal of Paleontology, 38: 805–822.Google Scholar
Brunton, C. H. C. and Lazarev, S. S. 1997. Evolution and classification of the Productellidae (Productida), Upper Paleozoic brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 71: 381–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunton, C. H. C., Lazarev, S. S., and Grant, R. E. 2000. Productida, p. 350–643. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 2–3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Buckman, S. S. 1906. Brachiopod nomenclature: Epithyris, Hypothyris, Cleiothyris Phillips, 1841. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 7), 18(107): 321–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, K. S. W. 1961. Carboniferous fossils from the Kuttung rocks of New South Wales. Palaeontology, 4: 428–474.Google Scholar
Carter, J. L. 1974. New genera of spiriferid and brachythyridid brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology, 48: 674–696.Google Scholar
Carter, J. L., Johnson, J. G., Gourvennec, R., and Hou, H.-F. 1994. A revised classification of the spiriferid brachiopods. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 63(4): 327–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, J. L., Johnson, J. G., Gourvennec, R., and Hou, H.-F. 2006. Spiriferida, p. 1689–1870. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 5. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Carter, J. L. and Johnson, J. G. 2006. Spiriferinida, p. 1877–1937. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 5. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Caster, K. E. 1939. A Devonian fauna from Colombia. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 24(83): 1–218.Google Scholar
Chang, S. J. 1991. Invertebrate fossils of the Geumcheon Formation (Upper Carboniferous), Sangdong area, Korea. Unpublished M.S. dissertation, Seoul National University, 106 p.Google Scholar
Chao, Y. T. 1927. Productidae of China, Pt. 1. Producti. Palaeontologia Sinica (Series B), 5(2): 1–244.Google Scholar
Chao, Y. T. 1929. Carboniferous and Permian spiriferids of China. Palaeontologia Sinica (Series B), 11(1): 1–101.Google Scholar
Chen, Z. Q. 2004. Devonian-Carboniferous brachiopod zonation in the Tarim Basin, northwest China: Implications for biostratigraphy and biogeography. Geological Journal, 39: 431–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheong, C. H. 1969. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Samcheog Coalfield, Gangweondo, Korea (1). Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 5(1): 13–56.Google Scholar
Cheong, C. H. 1973. A paleontological study of the fusulinids from the Samcheog Coalfield, Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 9(2): 47–88. (In Korean with English abstract)Google Scholar
Cheong, C. H. 1981. Stratigraphy of the Pyeongan System. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 17(2): 109–111.Google Scholar
Cheong, C. H., Lee, D. S., Um, S. H., Chang, K. H., and Kim, H. M. 1973. A study to establish the chrono-stratigraphic units in Korea. Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea, 68 p.Google Scholar
Chernyshev, T. N. 1902. Die obercarbonischen Brachiopoden des Ural und des Timan. Mémoires du Comité Géologique 16(2): 1–749. (In Russian and German)Google Scholar
Choi, D. K. 1988. A conulariid from the Geumcheon Formation (Upper Carboniferous), Sangdong area, Korea. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea, 24(2): 87–92.Google Scholar
Chough, S. K., Kwon, S. -T., Ree, J. -H., and Choi, D. K. 2000. Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Korean Peninsula: A review and new view. Earth-Science Reviews, 52: 175–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chun, H. Y. 1985. Permo-Carboniferous plant fossils from the Samcheog Coalfiled, Gangwon-do, Korea (1). Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea, 1: 95–122.Google Scholar
Chun, H. Y. 1987. Permo-Carboniferous plant fossils from the Samcheog Coalfield, Gangwon-do, Korea (2). Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea, 3: 1–27.Google Scholar
Chun, H. Y. 1996. Paleofloristic assemblages through geological time in Korea. Chemosphere, 33(9): 1705–1735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conrad, T. A. 1839. Descriptions of new species of organic remains. New York State Geological Survey, Second Annual Report, 57–66.Google Scholar
Cooper, G. A. 1957. Permian brachiopods from central Oregon. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 134(12): 1–79.Google Scholar
Dagys, A. S. 1972a. Morfologiia i Systematika Mezozoiskikh Retsiodnykh Brakhiopod. Morfologicheskie i Filogeneticheskie Voprosy Paleontologii. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, Trudy, 112: 94–105.Google Scholar
Dagys, A. S. 1972b. Iavleniia metakhoreza sredi triasovikh spiriferinid. In Problemy Paleozoogeografii Mesozoia Sibiri. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Institut Geologii i Geofiziki, Trudy, 111: 34–44.Google Scholar
Davidson, T. 1881. On genera and species of spiral-bearing Brachiopoda from specimens developed by Rev. Norman Glass: With notes on the results obtained by Mr. George Maw from extensive washing of the Wenlock and Ludlow shales of Shropshire. Geological Magazine (new series, Decade II), 8(1): 1–13.Google Scholar
Davidson, T. 1858–1863. A monograph of the British fossil Brachiopoda, Carboniferous, Vol. 2, pt. 5. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, London, 280 p.Google Scholar
Ding, H. and Wan, S. 1990. The Carboniferous-Permian conodont event-stratigraphy in the south of the North China Platform. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 118: 131–155.Google Scholar
Duméril, A. M. C. 1806. Zoologie analytique ou méthode naturelle de classification des animaux. Allais, Paris, 344 p.Google Scholar
Dunbar, C. O. and Condra, G. E. 1932. Brachiopoda of the Pennsylvanian System in Nebraska. Nebraska Geological Survey Bulletin, Series 2, 5: 1–377.Google Scholar
Emig, C. C. 1997. Ecology of inarticulated brachiopods, p. 473–495. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 1. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Fan, B. and He, X. 1999. Research on Brachiopod Fauna and Stratigraphy of the Late Paleozoic in North China Platform. Chinese University of Mining & Technology Press, 179 p. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1825. Notice sur la Choristite. Programme d'invitation à la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, Moscow, 12 p.Google Scholar
Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1829. Quelques fossiles du gouvernement de Moscou. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou Bullentin, 1(12): 375–376.Google Scholar
Fischer de Waldheim, G. 1850. Orthotetes, genre de la famille des brachiopodes. Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou Bullentin, 23(11): 491–494.Google Scholar
Frederiks, G. N. 1924. Paleontologitcheskie ztoudy. 2: Overkhne kamennougolnykh spiriferidakh Ourala. Izvestyia geologicheskogo Komiteta, 38(3): 295–324.Google Scholar
Galloway, J. J. 1933. A Manual of Foraminifera. Principia Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 483 p.Google Scholar
Geological Investigation Corps of Taebaegsan Region (GICTR). 1962. Geologic Atlas of Taebaegsan Region (1:50,000). Geological Society of Korea, Seoul.Google Scholar
George, T. N. 1932. The British Carboniferous reticulate Spiriferidae. Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal, 88(4): 516–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, M. A. and Gastaldo, R. A. 1987. Invertebrate paleoecology of the Upper Cliff coal interval (Pennsylvanian), Plateau Coal field, northern Alabama. Journal of Paleontology, 61(3): 439–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girty, G. H. 1909. The Guadalupian fauna. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 58: 1–651.Google Scholar
Gobbett, D. J. 1964. Carboniferous and Permian brachiopods of Svalbard. Norsk Polarinstitutt, Skrifter, 127: 1–201.Google Scholar
Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia. Natural history of Central Asia, 4: 1–665.Google Scholar
Grabau, A. W. 1934. Early Permian Fossils of China, I: Early Permian brachiopods, pelecypods, and gastropods of Kueichow. Palaeontologia Sinica (Series B), 3: 1–168.Google Scholar
Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., and Smith, A. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 589 p.Google Scholar
Grant, R. E. 1976. Permian Brachiopods from Southern Thailand. The Paleontological Society Memoir 9, 269 p.Google Scholar
Gray, J. E. 1840. Synopsis of the contents of the British Museum, 42nd edition. British Museum, London, 370 p.Google Scholar
Grunt, T. A. 1986. Sistema brakhiopod otriada atiridida. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta, 215: 1–200.Google Scholar
Hall, J. 1858. Lamellibranchiata of the Coal Measures, p. 715–717. In Hall, J. and Whitney, J. D. (eds.), Report on the Geological Survey of the State of Iowa, embracing the results of investigations made during portions of the years 1855, 1856, and 1857, Vol. 1, pt. 2, Paleontology. Albany, New York.Google Scholar
Hall, J. and Clarke, J. M. 1893. An introduction to the Study of the Genera of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda. Palaeontology of New York, 8(2): 1–176.Google Scholar
He, W., Shen, S.-Z., Feng, Q., and Gu, S. 2005. A Late Changhsingian (Late Permian) deepwater brachiopod fauna from the Talung Formation at the Dongpan section, Southern Guangxi, South China. Journal of Paleontology, 79(5): 927–938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, X., Zhu, M., Fan, B., Zhuang, S., Ding, H., and Xue, Q. 1995. The Late Paleozoic Stratigraphic Classification, Correlation and Biota from Eastern Hill of Taiyuan city, Shanxi Province. Jilin University Press, 150 p. (In Chinese with English summary)Google Scholar
Ivanova, E. A. 1972. Osnovnyye zakonomernosti evolyutsii spiriferid (Brachiopoda). Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1972(3): 28–42.Google Scholar
Jin, Y. G. and Liao, Z. T. 1987. Carboniferous brachiopod assemblages, p. 133–136. In Wu, W. S. et al. (eds.), Carboniferous Stratigraphy in China. Science Press, Beijing.Google Scholar
Kawasaki, S. 1927. The flora of the Heian System, Pt. 1. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Chosen 6(1): 1–30.Google Scholar
Kim, K. Y. 1998. Fusulinid biostratigraphy of the Late Paleozoic Strata in the Danyang, Jeongseon, and Yeongweol Coalfields, Korea. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Korean National University of Education, 330 p.Google Scholar
King, R. H. 1938. New Chonetidae and Productidae from Pennsylvanian and Permian strata of North-Central Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 12(3): 257–279.Google Scholar
King, W. 1846. Remarks on certain genera belonging to the class Palliobranchiata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, London, 18: 26–42, 83–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, O. 1949. Lehrbuch der Paläozoologie. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Stuttgart, 326 p.Google Scholar
Lazarev, S. S. 1985. Brakhiopody Echinoconchidae i Buxtoniidae. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal, 1985(1): 64–74.Google Scholar
Lee, C. Z. 1984. Biostratigraphic study of Permo-Carboniferous strata in the Yeongweol Coalfield, Korea. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Seoul National University, 125 p.Google Scholar
Lee, C. Z., Park, S. I., and Baik, I. S. 1988. A biostratigraphic study of the Permo-Carboniferous strata in Mitan Area, Kangweon-do, Korea. Journal of Korean Earth Science Society, 9(2): 163–173.Google Scholar
Lee, H. S. and Chough, S. K. 2006a. Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Pyeongan Supergroup (Carboniferous-Permian) in the Taebaek area, mid-east Korea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26: 339–352.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, H. S. and Chough, S. K. 2006b. Sequence stratigraphy of Pyeongan Supergroup (Carboniferous-Permian), Taebaek area, mideast Korea. Geosciences Journal, 10(4): 369–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LI, L. and Gu, F. 1980. Late Carboniferous brachiopods from Yanji of Jilin, NE China. Acta Palaeontologia Sinica, 19(6): 483–491. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Liao, Z. 1979. Uppermost Carboniferous brachiopods from Western Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 18(6): 527–544. (In Chinese with English abstract)Google Scholar
Likharev, B. K. and Einor, O. L. 1939. Materialy k poznaniiu verkhnepaleozoiskikh fauny Novoi Zemli. Brachiopoda. Transactions of the Arctic Institute, 127(4): 1–245.Google Scholar
Maxwell, W. G. H. 1964. The geology of the Yarrol Region. Pt. 1. Biostratigraphy. University of Queensland Department of Geology, Papers, 5(9): 1–79.Google Scholar
M'COY, F. 1844. A Synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland. Williams and Norgate, London, 207 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
M'Coy, F. 1851. Description of some new Mountain Limestone fossils. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Second Series, 7: 167–175.Google Scholar
Merrill, G. K. 1975. Pennsylvanian conodont biostratigraphy and paleoecology of northwestern Illinois. Geological Society of America, Microform Publication, 3: 1–128.Google Scholar
Miklucho-Maclay, A. D. 1959. Ordre des Fusulinida. Osnovy Paleontologii, 1959: 201–215. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Moorb, R. C. 1952. Brachiopoda, p. 197–267. In Moore, R. C., Lalicker, C. G., and Fischer, A. G. (eds.), Invertebrate Fossils. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Muir-Wood, H. M. and Cooper, G. A. 1960. Morphology, classification and life habits of the Productoidea (Brachiopoda). Geological Society of America Memoir, 81: 1–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nazer, R. 1977. Late Visean brachiopods with Western Australian affinities from the Yarrol shelf. Queensland Government Mining Journal, 78: 126–131.Google Scholar
Nie, S. Y., Rowley, D. B., and Ziegler, A. M. 1990. Constrains on the locations of Asian microcontinents in Palaeo-Tethys during the Late Palaeozoic, p. 397–409. In McKerrow, W. S. and Scotese, C. R. (eds.), Palaeozic, Palaeogeography and Biogeography. Memoir Geological Society, London, Memoir 12.Google Scholar
Niikawa, I. 1978. Carboniferous and Permian Fusulinids from Fukuji, Central Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Sciences, Hokkaido University, Ser. 4, Geology and Minerology, 18(4): 533–610.Google Scholar
North, F. J. 1920. On Syringothyris Winchell, and certain Carboniferous Brachiopoda referred to Spiriferina d'Orbigny. Geological Society of London, Quarterly Journal, 76(2): 162–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oehlert, D.-P. 1887. Appendice sur les brachiopodes, p. 1189–1334. In Fischer, P. (ed.), Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie conchyliologique ou Histoire naturelle des Mollusques vivants et fossiles, Vol. 4, pt. 11. Librairie F. Savy. Paris.Google Scholar
Oehlert, D -P. 1890. Note sur différents groupes établis dans le genre Or this et en particulier sur Rhipidomella Oehlert (= Rhipidomys Oehlert, olim). Journal de Conchyliologie, 30: 366–374.Google Scholar
Ozaki, K. 1931. Upper Carboniferous Brachiopods from North China. Bulletin of the Shanghai Science Institute, 1(6): 1–205.Google Scholar
Ozaki, K. 1934. On some brachiopods from the reddish purple shale of the Koten Series exposed in the Heizyo coal-field. Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute, Section 2, 1: 89–98.Google Scholar
Ozaki, K. 1939. On some lower Carboniferous brachiopods from Central Hunan, China. Journal of the Shanghai Science Institute, Section 2, 2: 225–282.Google Scholar
Ozawa, Y. 1927. Some Carboniferous fossils collected in Manchuria and Korea. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, 5(3): 77–95.Google Scholar
Park, S. I. and Sun, S. D. 2001. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle Carboniferous System in the Taebaek Area, Kangwondo, Korea. Journal of the Korean Earth Science Society, 22(6): 558–570.Google Scholar
Peetz, H. von. 1898. Hemiplethorhynchus novyi podrod roda CamarotoechiaHall. Trudy St. Petersburg Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei, Otdelenie Geologii i Mineralogii, 29(1): 178–182.Google Scholar
Pérez-Huerta, A. and Sheldon, N. D. 2005. Pennsylvanian sea level cycles, nutrient availability and brachiopod paleoecology. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 230: 264–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quiroz-Barroso, S. A. and Perrilliat, M. C. 1998. Pennsylvanian bivalves from the Ixtaltepec Formation, Mexico. Journal of Paleontology, 72(6): 1011–1024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauser-Chernousova, D. M., Belyaev, G., and Reitlinger, E. 1937. The Upper Paleozoic Foraminifera of the Pechora area. Transactions of Polar Commission of Academy of Sciences of USSR, 28: 159–232. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Rauser-Chernousova, D. M., Gryzlova, N. D., Kireeva, G. D., Leontovich, G. E., Safonova, T. P., and Chernova, E. I. 1951. Middle Carboniferous fusulinids in the Russian Platform and adjacent area. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Moscow, 339 p. (In Russian)Google Scholar
Roberts, J. 1971. Devonian and Carboniferous brachiopods from the Bonaparte Gulf Basin, northwestern Australia. Commonwealth of Australia, Department of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 112, 319 p.Google Scholar
Roberts, J., Hunt, J. W., and Thompson, D. M. 1976. Late Carboniferous marine invertebrate zones of eastern Australia. Alcheringa, 1(2): 197–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarytcheva, T. G. and Sokolskaya, A. N. 1952. Opredelitel’ paleozoiskikh brakhiopod podmoskovnoi kotloviny. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Paleontologicheskii Institut, Trudy (Moscow), 38: 1–307.Google Scholar
Sarytcheva, T. G. and Sokolskaya, A. N. 1959. O Klassifikatsin lozhnoporistykh brakhiopod. Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Doklady (Moscow), 125(1): 181–184.Google Scholar
Savage, N. M., Manceñido, M. O., Owen, E. F., Carlson, S. J., Grant, R. E., Dagys, A. S., and Sun, D.-L. 2002. Rhynchonellida, p. 1027–1376. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 4. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Schlotheim, E. F. von. 1816. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen in geognostischer Hinsicht. Akademi Wissenschaften Munchen Mathematischephysike Klasse Denkschriften, 6: 13–36.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. 1913. Class Brachiopoda. The Lower Devonian deposits of Maryland. Maryland Geological Survey, Baltimore, 290–449.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. and LeVene, C. M. 1929. Brachiopoda, p. 1–140. In Pompeckj, J. F. (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, Pt. 42. W. Junk, Berlin.Google Scholar
Schuchert, C. and Cooper, G. A. 1931. Synopsis of the brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea, with notes on the Telotremata. American Journal of Science, 22: 241–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuchert, C. and Cooper, G. A. 1932. Brachiopod genera of the suborders Orthoidea and Pentameroidea. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 4(1): 1–270.Google Scholar
Sheng, J. C. 1958. Fusulinids from the Pechi Series of the Taizeho Valley, Liaoning. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 7: 1–119. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Shi, G. R., Shen, S. Z., Campbell, H. J., and Raksaskulwong, L. 2001. A Meekella-dominated Early Permian brachiopod assemblage from central Peninsular Thailand, p. 441–451. In Weiss, P. H. (ed.), Contributions to Geology and Palaeontology of Gondwana in Honour of Helmut Wopfner, Geological Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne.Google Scholar
Shi, G. R., Chen, Z. Q., and Tong, J.-N. 2008. New latest Carboniferous brachiopods from the Hexi Corridor Terrane, North China: Faunal migrations and palaeogeographical implications. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 120(1): 277–304.Google Scholar
Shiraki, T. 1930. Geological map of the Samcheok Coalfield.Google Scholar
SOWERBY, J. DE C. 1840–1846. The mineral Conchology of Great Britain, Vol. 7. Published by the author, London, 1–80.Google Scholar
Stehli, F. G. 1954. Lower Leonardian Brachiopoda of the Sierra Diablo. Bulletin of the American Museum of National History, 105: 257–358.Google Scholar
Tateiwa, I. 1931. Occurrence of ore deposits and stratigraphy of the Proterozoic Era to Ordovician Period in Sungcheon region, Pyangannam-do. Journal of the Mining of Chosen, 14: 14–29.Google Scholar
Tazawa, J. 1984. Early Carboniferous (Visean) brachiopods from the Hikoroichi Formation of the Kitakami Mountains, Northeast Japan. Transactions of Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan, 133: 300–312.Google Scholar
Thomas, I. 1914. The British Carboniferous Producti. I: Genera Pustula and Overtonia. Palaeontology Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 1(4): 197–366.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1883. Salt Range fossils. I. Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica (series 13), 4(2): 391–546.Google Scholar
Waagen, W. H. 1884. alt Range fossils. I. Productus Limestone fossils, Brachiopoda. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica (series 13), 4(3): 547–610.Google Scholar
Wang, C. and Yang, S. 1998. Study on the brachiopods and biostratigraphy of Late Carboniferous-Early Permian in the middle part of Xinjiang Province. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 156 p. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Wang, Y. 1955. Phylum Brachiopoda, p. 109–171. In Yang, J. and Wang, Y. (eds.), The Index Fossils of China Invertebrata, Vol. 2. Scientific Press, Peking. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Ching, Y. K., and Fang, D. W. 1964. Brachiopod Fossils of China, Vol. 2. Scientific Press, Peking, 355–777. (In Chinese)Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. 1968. The classification and descriptions of Permian Spiriferida (Brachiopoda) from New Zealand. Palaeontographica (Abt. A), 129(1–3): 1–94.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. 1975. New Permian and Triassic brachiopod taxa. University of Queensland, Department of Geology, Papers, 7(1): 1–23.Google Scholar
Waterhouse, J. B. and Piyasin, S. 1970. Mid-Permian brachiopods from Khao Phrik, Thailand. Palaeontographica, (Abt. A), 135(3–6): 83–197.Google Scholar
White, C. A. and St.John, O. 1867. Descriptions of new sub-Carboniferous coal-measure fossils, collected upon the geological survey of Iowa, together with a notice of new generic characters involved in two species of Brachiopoda. Chicago Academy of Sciences Transactions, 1: 115–127.Google Scholar
Wignall, P. B. 1991. Model for transgressive black shales? Geology, 19: 167–170.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, A., Carlson, S. A., Brunton, C. H. C., Holmer, L. E., and Popov, L. E. 1996. A supra-ordinal classification of the Brachiopoda. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 351: 1171–1193.Google Scholar
Williams, A. and Harper, D. A. T. 2000. Orthida, p. 714–846. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Brunton, C. H. C., and Wright, A. D. 2000. Orthotetida, p. 644–689. In Williams, A. et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Pt. H. Brachiopoda (revised) 3. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Yanagida, J. 1975. Upper Carboniferous brachiopods from Wang Saphung, North Thailand. Geology and Palaeontology of Southeast Asia, 16: 1–31.Google Scholar
Yang, S. Y., Lee, H. Y., and Cheong, C. H. 1984. Invertebrate fossil fauna from the Late Paleozoic formations of South Korea. Journal of National Academy of Science, Republic of Korea, Natural Science Series, 23: 137–165.Google Scholar
Yun, C. S. and Yang, S. Y. 1997. Bivalve fauna from Upper Paleozoic Pyeongan Group, Korea. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea, 13(1): 51–68.Google Scholar
Zhang, R. and Yan, D. 1993. Stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic summary of Carboniferous marine bivalves of China. Journal of Paleontology, 67(5): 850–856.Google Scholar