Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T03:27:49.104Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Isothermal crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene exposed to gamma radiation in vacuum

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2015

Yu-Fan Chuang ,
Yi-Wen Ting ,
Chen-Ti Hu ,
Julie P. Harmon  and
Sanboh Lee
Yu-Fan Chuang
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
Yi-Wen Ting
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
Chen-Ti Hu*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
Julie P. Harmon
Affiliation:
Chemistry Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
Sanboh Lee*
Affiliation:
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
*
a)Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: sblee@mx.nthu.edu.tw
Get access

Abstract

The effect of gamma radiation in vacuum on the isothermal crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) was investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Amorphous sPS samples were irradiated in vacuum, heated to 310 °C, cooled down to crystallization temperatures (Tcs) from 220 to 260 °C, and annealed for different times. Upon reheating, overlapping endothermic melting peaks depicted the various crystallization forms, α, β, and β′. The endotherms were resolved using Gaussian functions relating enthalpy changes to the endothermic envelope. Isothermal crystallization kinetic data were analyzed using Avrami's model with Gaussian functions. The extent of crystallization of β and β′ forms increased with increasing crystallization time and temperature, while that of α form decreased. Crystallization half-time followed a modified Arrhenius equation. Crystallization activation energies for the β and β′ forms of sPS increased with increasing radiation doses. The results are compared to those of air irradiated sPS reported in the literature.

Keywords

polymerscrystallizationdifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC)radiation damage
Type
Articles
Information
Journal of Materials Research , Volume 30 , Issue 4 , 28 February 2015 , pp. 592 - 601
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Torikai, A. and Shibata, H.: Photodegradation of polystyrene: Effect of structure on the formation of degradation products. Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 27, 11 (2002).Google Scholar
Moser, S.W., Harder, W.F., Hurlbut, C.R., and Kusner, M.R.: Principles and practice of plastic scintillator design. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41, 31 (1993).Google Scholar
Harmon, J.P., Gaynor, J.F., and Taylor, S.G.: Approaches to optimize scintillator polymers for optical radiation hardness. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41, 153 (1993).Google Scholar
Feygelman, V., Harmon, J., and Walker, J.: Polysiloxane-based scintillators: 1,1′,2,2′-tetraphenylbutadiene as a secondary fluor. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 295, 94 (1990).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, J.S., Sinclair, M.B., Gillen, K.T., and Clough, R.L.: Color center annealing in γ-irradiated polystyrene under vacuum and air atmospheres. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 41, 85 (1993).Google Scholar
Chiang, I.J., Hu, C.T., and Lee, S.: Isothermal annealing of color centers in irradiated polystyrene in vacuum and air atmospheres. Mater. Chem. Phys. 70, 61 (2001).Google Scholar
Onyiriuka, E.C., Hersh, L.S., and Hertl, W.: Surface modification of polystyrene by gamma-radiation. Appl. Spectrosc. 44, 808 (1990).Google Scholar
Clough, R.L., Gillen, K.T., Mallone, G.M., and Wallace, J.S.: Color formation in irradiated polymers. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 48, 583 (1996).Google Scholar
Harmon, J.P. and Gaynor, J.: The effect of gamma irradiation on color center formation in optical polymers. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 31, 235 (1993).Google Scholar
Diola, T., Okada, A., Mihara, M., and Nichols, K.: Applications of syndiotactic polystyrene. In Syndiotactic Polystyrene, Schellenberg, J. ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 2010; p. 321.Google Scholar
Hermanson, N.J. and Wessel, T.E.: Syndiotactic polystyrene: A new polymer for high-performance medical applications. Medical Plastics and Biomaterials 1998, http://www.devicelink.com/mpb/archive/98/07/001.html.Google Scholar
Guerra, G., Vitaglian, V.M., Rosa, C.D., Petraccone, V., and Corradini, P.: Polymorphism in melt crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene samples. Macromolecules 23, 1539 (1990).Google Scholar
Lu, M., Zhao, X., Chen, L., Xiong, X., Zhang, J., Mai, K., and Wu, C.: Nucleation effect on polymorphism of melt-crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene. Polymer 52, 1102 (2011).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tashiro, K., Ueno, Y., Yoshioka, A., and Kobayashi, M.: Molecular mechanism of solvent-induced crystallization of syndiotactic polystyrene glass. 1. Time-resolved measurements of infrared/Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction. Macromolecules 32, 310 (2001).Google Scholar
de Candia, F., Carotenuto, M., Guadagno, L., and Vittoria, V.: Polymorphism of syndiotactic polystyrene: Morphology of the solvent-induced crystalline forms. J. Macromol. Sci., Part B: Phys. 35, 265 (1996).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suna, Z., Morgana, R.J., and Lewis, D.N.: Crystallization of syndiotactic polystyrene under pressure. Polymer 33, 660 (1992).Google Scholar
Olson, B.G., Prodpran, T., Jamieson, A.M., and Nazarenko, S.: Positron annihilation in syndiotactic polystyrene containing α and β crystalline forms. Polymer 43, 6775 (2002).Google Scholar
Larobina, D., Sanguigno, L., Venditto, V., Guerra, G., and Mensilieri, G.: Gas sorption and transport in syndiotactic polystyrene with nanoporous crystalline phase. Polymer 45, 429 (2004).Google Scholar
Prodpran, T., Shenogin, S., and Nazarenko, S.: Gas transport behavior of semicrystalline syndiotactic polystyrene containing α and β crystalline forms. Polymer 43, 2295 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, R.M., Lin, C.P., Tsai, H.Y., and Woo, E.M.: Metastability studies of syndiotactic polystyrene polymorphism. Macromolecules 33, 6517 (2000).Google Scholar
Rapacciuolo, M., Derosa, C., Guerra, G., Mensitieri, G., Apicella, A., and Delnobile, M.A.: Different solvent stability of the crystalline polymorphic forms of syndiotactic polystyrene. J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 10, 1084 (1991).Google Scholar
Lin, R.H. and Woo, E.M.: Melting behavior and identification of polymorphic crystals in syndiotactic polystyrene. Polymer 41, 121 (2000).Google Scholar
Hong, B.K., Jo, W.H., Lee, S.C., and Kim, J.: Correlation between melting behavior and polymorphism of syndiotactic polystyrene and its blend with poly(2,6-dimethyl-1-1,4-phenylene oxide). Polymer 39, 1793 (1998).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, C., Hsu, Y.C., and Lo, C.F.: Melting behavior and equilibrium melting temperatures of syndiotactic polystyrene in α and β crystalline forms. Polymer 42, 8447 (2001).Google Scholar
Zhou, W., Lu, M., and Mai, K.: Isothermal crystallization, melting behavior and crystalline morphology of syndiotactic polystyrene blends with highly-impact polystyrene. Polymer 48, 3858 (2007).Google Scholar
Rosa, C.D., de Ballesteros, O.D., Gennaro, M.D., and Auriemma, F.: Crystallization from the melt of α and β forms of syndiotactic polystyrene. Polymer 44, 1861 (2003).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ting, Y.W., Nyugen, T., Hu, C.T., Chen, C.C., and Lee, S.: Effect of gamma ray on isothermal crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene. J. Mater. Res. 28, 3053 (2013).Google Scholar
Ho, R.M., Lin, C.P., Hsieh, P.Y., and Chang, T.M.: Isothermal crystallization-induced phase transition of syndiotactic polystyrene polymorphism. Macromolecules 34, 6727 (2001).Google Scholar
Liu, C.K., Nguyen, T., Yang, T.J., and Lee, S.: Melting and chemical behaviors of isothermally crystallized gamma-irradiated syndiotactic polystyrene. Polymer 50, 499 (2009).Google Scholar
Avrami, M.: Granulation, phase change, and microstructure kinetics of phase change I. J. Chem. Phys. 7, 1103 (1939).Google Scholar
Avrami, M.: Transformation-time relations for random distribution of nuclei kinetics of phase change II. J. Chem. Phys. 8, 212 (1940).Google Scholar
Avrami, M.: Granulation, phase change and microstructure kinetic of phase change III. J. Chem. Phys. 9, 177 (1941).Google Scholar
Woo, E.M. and Wu, F.S.: On the melting behavior of polymorphic syndiotactic polystyrene and its behavior in a miscible state. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 199, 2041 (1998).3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wessen, R.D.: Melt crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene. Polym. Eng. Sci. 34, 1157 (1994).Google Scholar
Chen, Q., Yu, Y., Na, T., Zhang, H., and Mao, Z.: Isothermal and non-isothermal melt-crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 83, 2528 (2002).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, T.M., Hsu, S.F., Chen, C.F., and Wu, J.Y.: Isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene/clay nano-composite. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44, 2288 (2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, C., Huang, C.L., Cheng, Y.W., Cheng, Y.C., and Shong, J.: Radiation effects and re-crystallization mechanism of syndiotactic polystyrene with β′ crystalline form. Polymer 48, 7393 (2007).Google Scholar
Rabek, J.F.: Polymer Photodegradation: Mechanism and Experimental Methods (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1995); p 185.Google Scholar