Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T08:55:38.144Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Research on corporate divestitures: A synthesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 February 2015

Caterina Moschieri
Affiliation:
FCEE –, Universidade Catóólica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
Johanna Mair
Affiliation:
IESE Business School, Barcelona, Spain

Abstract

Divestitures, understood as the parent company's disposal and sale of assets, facilities, product lines, subsidiaries, divisions and business units, are emerging as a central topic of research in several areas. Yet our understanding of these operations is still limited. For example, it is still not clear whether divestitures are merely a reflection of the economic cycle, a means to correct or reverse previous strategic decisions, or a proactive strategic option. Integrating literature in finance, strategy, and organisational behaviour, this paper offers a comprehensive picture of divesting modes, antecedents, mechanisms and outcomes of divestitures. It integrates empirical findings and theoretical contributions into a researchable whole, in order to identify common themes and gaps in existing research. The final objective of this analysis and review is to propose meaningful avenues for future research to improve knowledge on divestitures.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, GJ, Benson, PG and Kampmeyer, JM (1984) ‘Investigating the Valuation Effects of Announcements of Voluntary Corporate Sell-offs’. Journal of Finance 39(2): 503517.Google Scholar
Allen, J and McConnell, J (1998) ‘Equity carve-outs and managerial discretion’. Journal of Finance LIII(1): 163186.Google Scholar
Amihud, Y and Lev, B (1981) ‘Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers’. Bell Journal of Economics 12(2): 605617.Google Scholar
Anand, J and Singh, H (1997) ‘Asset redeployment, acquisitions and corporate strategy in declining industries’. Strategic Management Journal 18 (Summer Special Issue): 99118.Google Scholar
Aron, J (1991) ‘Using the capital market as a monitor: corporate spin-offs in an agency framework'. RAND Journal of Economics 22(4): 515518.Google Scholar
Baker, G, Gibbons, R and Murphy, K (1999) ‘Informal Authority in Organizations’. Journal of Law, Economics and Organizations 15(1): 5673.Google Scholar
Bergh, DD (1995) ‘Size and Relatedness of Units Sold: An Agency Theory and Resource-Based Perspective’. Strategic Management Journal 16(3): 221239.Google Scholar
Bergh, DD (1997) ‘Predicting divestiture of unrelated acquisitions: an integrative model of ex-ante conditions’. Strategic Management Journal 18(9): 715731.Google Scholar
Berry, H (2003) ‘Corporate Divestment: The Influence of Foreign Investment Strategies’. Working paper, The “Wharton School, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Bethel, J and Liebeskind, J (1993) ‘The effects of ownership structure on corporate restructuring’. Strategic Management Journal 14: 1531.Google Scholar
Boudreaux, K (1975) ‘Divestiture and share price’. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 10(4): 619626.Google Scholar
Bowman, EH and Helfat (2001) ‘Does corporate strategy matter?Strategic Management Journal 22: 124.Google Scholar
Bowman, EH and Singh, H (1993. ‘Corporate restructuring: reconfiguring the firm’. Strategic Management Journal 14 (Summer Special Issue): 514.Google Scholar
Bowman, EH, Singh, H, Useem, M and Bhadury, R (1999) ‘When Does Restructuring Improve Economic Performance?California Management Review 41(2): 3354.Google Scholar
Bruining, H and Wright, M (2002) ‘Entrepreneurial orientation in management buy-outs and the contribution of venture capital’. Venture Capital 4(2): 147168.Google Scholar
Capron, L, Mitchell, W and Swaminathan, A (2001) ‘Asset divestiture following horizontal acquisitions: a dynamic view’. Strategic Management Journal 22(9): 817834.Google Scholar
Cassiman, B and Ueda, M (2004) ‘Optimal project rejection and new firm start-ups’. Management Science 52(2): 262275.Google Scholar
Chang, SJ (1996) ‘An evolutionary perspective on diversification and corporate restructuring: entry, exit, and economic performance during 1981– 89’. Strategic Management Journal 17: 587611.Google Scholar
Chemmanur, T and Nandy, D (2004) ‘How is value created in spin-offs? A look inside the black box’. Working paper, Carroll School of Management, Boston College.Google Scholar
Chemmanur, TJ and Yan, A (2004) ‘A theory of corporate spin-offs’. Journal of Financial Economics 72: 259290.Google Scholar
Chesbrough, H (2003) ‘The governance structure and performance of Xerox's technology spin-off companies’. Research Policy 32: 403421.Google Scholar
Christensen, CM (1997) The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business School Press: Boston MA.Google Scholar
Colak, G and Whited, TM (2004) ‘Spin-offs, divestitures, and conglomerate investment’. Working paper, University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Craft Denning, K and Shastri, K (1990) ‘Single sale divestments: the impact on stockholders and bondholders’. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 17(5) 731743.Google Scholar
Dahlstrand, AL (1997) ‘Growth and inventiveness in technology-based spin-off firms’. Research Policy 26: 331344.Google Scholar
Denning, KC and Shastri, K (1990) ‘Single sale divestments: the impact on stockholders and bondholders’. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 17(5): 731743.Google Scholar
Dranikoff, L, Koller, T and Schneider, A (2002) ‘Divestiture: strategy's missing link’. Harvard Business Review 80(5): 7583.Google Scholar
Duhaime, IM and Baird, IS (1987) ‘Divestment Decision-Making: The Role of Business Unit Size’. Journal of Management 13(3): 483498.Google Scholar
Duhaime, IM and Grant, JH (1984) ‘Factors Influencing Divestment Decision-making: Evidence from a Field Study’. Strategic Management Journal 5(4): 301318.Google Scholar
Eisenhardt, K and Brown, SL (1999) ‘Patching: Restricting business portfolios in dynamic markets’. Harvard Business Review 77: 7282.Google Scholar
Fama, EF, Fisher, L, Jensen, MC and Roll, R (1969) ‘The adjustment of stock prices to new information’. International Economic Review 10(1): 120.Google Scholar
Fluck, Z and Lynch, AW (1999a) ‘Why do firms merge and then divest? A theory of financial synergy’. Journal of Business 72(3): 319346.Google Scholar
Fluck, Z and Lynch, AW (1999b) ‘Why do firms merge and then divest? A theory of financial synergy’. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 72(3): 319346.Google Scholar
Garvin, DA (1983) ‘Spin-offs and the New Firm Formation Process’. California Management Review 25(2): 320.Google Scholar
Gopinath, C and Becker, T (2000) ‘Communication, Procedural Justice, and Employee Attitudes: Relationships Under Conditions of Divestiture’. Journal of Management 26(1): 6380.Google Scholar
Hambrick, DC (2004) ‘The disintegration of strategic management: it's time to consolidate our gains’. Strategic Organization 2(1): 9198.Google Scholar
Harrigan, KR (1981) ‘Deterrents to Divestiture’. Academy of Management Journal 24(2): 306323.Google Scholar
Haynes, M, Thompson, S and Wright, M (2002) ‘The Impact of Divestment on Firm Performance: Empirical Evidence from a Panel of UK Companies’. Journal of Industrial Economics 50(2): 173196.Google Scholar
Haynes, M, Thompson, S and Wright, M (2003) ‘The determinants of corporate divestment: evidence from a panel of UK firms’. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 52: 147166.Google Scholar
Hearth, D and Zaima, JK (1984) ‘Voluntary Corporate Divestitures and Value’. Financial Management 13(1): 1016.Google Scholar
Hite, GL and Owers, JE (1983) ‘Security price reactions around corporate spin-off announcements’. Journal of Financial Economics 12(4): 409436.Google Scholar
Hitt, M, Hoskisson, RE, Johnson, RA and Moesel, DD (1996) ‘The market for corporate control and firm innovation’. Academy of Management Journal 39(5): 10841119.Google Scholar
Hopkins, H (1991) ‘Acquisition and divestiture as a response to competitive position and market structure’. Journal of Management Studies 28(6): 665677.Google Scholar
Hoskisson, RE and Hitt, M (1988) ‘Strategic control systems and relative R&D investment in large multi-product firms’. Strategic Management Journal 9: 605621.Google Scholar
Hoskisson, RE and Johnson, RA (1992) ‘Corporate restructuring and strategic change: the effect on diversification strategy and R&D intensity’. Strategic Management Journal 13: 625634.Google Scholar
Hoskisson, RE, Johnson, RA and Moesel, DD (1994) ‘Corporate divestiture intensity in restructuring firms: Effects of governance, strategy and.’ Academy of Management Journal 37(5): 12071251.Google Scholar
Ito, K (1995) ‘Japanese spin-offs: unexplored survival strategies’. Strategic Management Journal 16(6): 431446.Google Scholar
Ito, K and Rose, EL (1994) ‘The genealogical structure of Japanese firms: parent-subsidiary relationships’. Strategic Management Journal 15: 3551.Google Scholar
Jensen, MC (1983) ‘Organization theory and methodology’. The Accounting Review LVIII(2): 319339.Google Scholar
Jensen, MC (1989) ‘Eclipse of the public corporation’. Harvard Business Review 67(5): 6174.Google Scholar
John, K and Ofek, E (1995) ‘Asset sales and increase in focus’. Journal of Financial Economics 37(1): 105126.Google Scholar
John, T (1993) ‘Optimality of spin-offs and allocation of debt’. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 28(1): 139160.Google Scholar
Johnson, RA (1996) ‘Antecedents and outcomes of corporate refocusing’. Journal of Management 22: 439483.Google Scholar
Johnson, RA, Hoskisson, RE and Hitt, M (1993) ‘Board of director involvement in restructuring: the effects of board versus managerial control and characteristics’. Strategic Management Journal 14: 3350.Google Scholar
Kaiser, K and Stouraitis, A (1995) ‘Value creation through corporate restructuring: European divestitures’. European Management Journal 13(2): 164174.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S (1991) ‘The staying power of leveraged buyouts’. Journal of Financial Economics 29: 287314.Google Scholar
Kaplan, S and Weisbach, M (1992) ‘The success of acquisitions: evidence from divestitures’. Journal of Finance XLVII(1): 107138.Google Scholar
Khoroshilov, Y (2002) ‘A Dynamic Model of Diversification and Divestiture’. Working Paper, University of Michigan Business School.Google Scholar
Klein, A (1986) ‘The Timing and Substance of Divestiture Announcements: Individual, Simultaneous and Cumulative Effects’. Journal of Finance 41(3): 685697.Google Scholar
Klein, A, Rosenfeld, JD and Beranek, W (1991) ‘The two stages of an equity carve-out and price response of parent and subsidiary stock’. Managerial and Decision Economics 12: 449460.Google Scholar
Linn, and Rozeff, (1985) ‘The effect of voluntary spin-offs on stock prices: the anergy hypothesis’. Advances in Financial Planning and Forecasting 1: 265291.Google Scholar
Lowe, R and Veloso, F (2005) ‘Patently wrong? Firm strategy and the decision to disband technological assets’. Working paper, Carnegie Mellon University.Google Scholar
Makhija, MV (2004) ‘The value of restructuring in emerging economies: the case of the Czech Republic’. Strategic Management Journal 25: 243267.Google Scholar
Markides, C (1992a) ‘Consequences of corporate refocusing: ex ante evidence’. Academy of Management Journal 35(2): 398412.Google Scholar
Markides, C (1992b) ‘The Economic Characteristics of De-diversifying Firms’. British Journal of Management 3(2): 91100.Google Scholar
Markides, C (1997) ‘Corporate restructuring: a symptom of poor governance or a solution to past managerial mistakes?European Management Journal 15(3): 213219.Google Scholar
Markides, C and Geroski, P (2003) ‘Teaching elephant how to dance and other silly ideas’. Business Strategy Review 14(3): 4953.Google Scholar
McGahan, A and Mitchell, W (2003) ‘How do firms change in the face of constraints to change? Toward an agenda for research on strategic organization’. Strategic Organization 1(2): 231239.Google Scholar
McGahan, A and Villalonga, B (2003) ‘Does the value generated by acquisitions, alliances and divestitures differ?’ Working paper, Harvard Business School, Boston.Google Scholar
McGahan, A and Villalonga, B (2003b) ‘Does the value generated by acquisitions, alliances and divestitures differ?’ Working paper, Harvard Business School, Boston.Google Scholar
McKinley, W and Scherer, AG (2000) ‘Some unanticipated consequences of organizational restructuring’. Academy of Management Review 25(4): 735752.Google Scholar
Meyer, AD, Brooks, GR and Goes, JB (1990) ‘Environmental Jolts and Industry Revolutions: Organizational Responses to Discontinuous Change’. Strategic Management Journal 11 (Special Issue: Corporate Entrepreneurship): 93110.Google Scholar
Miles, JA and Rosenfeld, JD (1983) ‘The Effect of Voluntary Spin-off Announcements on Shareholder Wealth’. Journal of Finance 38(5): 15971606.Google Scholar
Mitchell, W (1994) ‘The dynamics of evolving markets: the effects of business sales and age on dissolutions and divestitures’. Administrative Science Quarterly 39: 575602.Google Scholar
Montgomery, C and Thomas, A (1988) ‘Research notes & communication divestment: motives and gains’. Strategic Management Journal 9: 9397.Google Scholar
Montgomery, C, Thomas, A and Kamath, R (1984) ‘Divestiture, Market Valuation, and Strategy’. Academy of Management Journal 27(4): 830840.Google Scholar
Morrow, JLJ, Johnson, RA and Busenitz, L (2004) ‘The effects of cost and asset retrenchment on firm performance: the overlooked role of a firm's competitive environment’. Journal of Management 30(2): 189208.Google Scholar
Myers, SC and Majluf, NS (1984) ‘Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have’. Journal of Financial Economics 13(2): 187222.Google Scholar
Nanda, V (1991) ‘On the good news in equity carve-outs’. Journal of Finance XLVI(5): 17171737.Google Scholar
Nees, D (1978) ‘The divestment decision process in large and medium sized diversified companies: a descriptive model based on clinical studies’. International Studies of Management & Organization 8(4): 6795.Google Scholar
Nees, D (1981) ‘Increase your divestment effectiveness’. Strategic Management Journal 5: 119130.Google Scholar
Palepu, K (1990) ‘Consequences of leveraged buyouts’. Journal of Financial Economics 27: 247263.Google Scholar
Parhankangas, A and Arenius, P (2003) ‘From a corporate venture to an independent company: a base for a taxonomy for corporate spin-off firms’. Research Policy 32: 463481.Google Scholar
Parrino, R (1997) ‘Spin-offs and wealth transfers: the Mariott case’. Journal of Financial Economics 43: 241274.Google Scholar
Podsakoff, PM, MacKenzie, SB, Bachrach, DG and Podsakoff, NP (2005) ‘The influence of management journal in the 1980s and 1990s’. Strategic Management Journal 26(5): 473488.Google Scholar
Porter, ME (1976) ‘Please note location of nearest exit: exit barriers and planning’. California Management Review 19: 2133.Google Scholar
Porter, ME (1987) ‘From competitive advantage to corporate strategy’. Harvard Business Review 65(3): 3566.Google Scholar
Reuer, JJ and Shen, J-C (2003) ‘The extended merger and acquisition process: understanding the role of IPOs in corporate strategy’. European Management Journal 21(2) 192198.Google Scholar
Reuer, JJ and Shen, J-C (2004) ‘Sequential divestiture through initial public offerings’. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 54(2).Google Scholar
Rose, EL and Ito, K (2005) ‘Widening the family circle: spin-offs in the Japanese service sector’. Long Range planning 38: 926.Google Scholar
Rosenfeld, JD (1984) ‘Additional Evidence on the Relation Between Divestiture Announcements and Shareholder Wealth’. Journal of Finance 39(5): 14371448.Google Scholar
Schipper, K and Smith, A (1986) ‘A comparison of equity carve-outs and seasoned equity offerings’. Journal of Financial Economics 15: 153186.Google Scholar
Seth, A and Easterwood, J (1993) ‘Strategic redirection in large management buyouts: the evidence from post-buyout restructuring activity’. Strategic Management Journal 14(4): 251273.Google Scholar
Seward, JK and Walsh, JP (1996) ‘The governance and control of voluntary corporate spin-offs’. Strategic Management Journal 17(1): 2539.Google Scholar
Singh, H (1993) ‘Challenges in researching corporate restructuring’. Journal of Management Studies 30(1): 147172.Google Scholar
Slovin, M, Sushka, M and Ferraro, S (1995) ‘A comparison of the information conveyed by equity carve-outs, spin-offs and asset sell-offs’. Journal of Financial Economics 37: 89104.Google Scholar
Sull, DN (2003) ‘No Exit: The Failure of Bottom-up Strategic Processes and the Role of Top Down Disinvestment’. Working paper, Harvard Business School, Boston.Google Scholar
Trifts, JW, Sicherman, NW, Roenfeldt, RL and de Cossio, F (1990) ‘Divestiture to unit managers and shareholder wealth’. Journal of Financial Research 13(2): 167172.Google Scholar
Vijh, A (2002) ‘The positive announcement-period returns of equity carve-outs: asymmetric information or divestiture gains?Journal of Business 75(1): 153191.Google Scholar
Villalonga, B and McGahan, A (2005) ‘The choice among acquisitions, alliances and divestitures’. Strategic Management Journal 26(13): 11831208.Google Scholar
Woo, C, Willard, G and Daellenbach, U (1992) ‘Spin-off performance: a case of overstated expectations?Strategic Management Journal 13(6): 433447.Google Scholar
Wright, P and Ferris, SP (1997) ‘Agency conflict and corporate strategy: the effect of divestment on corporate value’. Strategic Management Journal 18(1): 7783.Google Scholar
Zuckerman, EW (2000) ‘Focusing the Corporate Product: Securities Analysts and De-diversification’. Administrative Science Quarterly 45(3): 591619.Google Scholar