Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T22:55:26.165Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Relationship between CEO's personality and company's entrepreneurial orientation: the case of SMEs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2020

Antonio J. Verdú-Jover ,
Marina Estrada-Cruz Open the ORCID record for Marina Estrada-Cruz [Opens in a new window] ,
Noelia Rodríguez-Hernández  and
José M. Gómez-Gras
Antonio J. Verdú-Jover
Affiliation:
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Economic and Financial Studies, Avda Universidad S/N, Elche, Spain
Marina Estrada-Cruz*
Affiliation:
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Economic and Financial Studies, Avda Universidad S/N, Elche, Spain
Noelia Rodríguez-Hernández
Affiliation:
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Economic and Financial Studies, Avda Universidad S/N, Elche, Spain
José M. Gómez-Gras
Affiliation:
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Economic and Financial Studies, Avda Universidad S/N, Elche, Spain
*
Author for correspondence: Marina Estrada-Cruz, E-mail: mestrada@umh.es
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a key factor in the creation and development of companies. This study examines the CEO's personal background (personality, proactivity and resistance to change) and its influence on the EO of the organization to determine which factors enhance or weaken EO. We achieve this goal through quantitative research, developing a structural equations model with partial least squares to analyse a sample of 358 Spanish SMEs from different sectors. The results suggest that specific personality dimensions exert substantial influence on the organization's EO. We also analyse individual proactivity and resistance to change as conduits for the effect of personality dimensions on the company's EO.

Keywords

Entrepreneurial orientationpersonalityproactivityresistance to changeSMEs
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Management & Organization , Volume 29 , Issue 1 , January 2023 , pp. 48 - 68
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press and Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, B. S., Kreiser, P. M., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S., & Eshima, Y. (2015). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1579–1596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003) CEO models, methods, and applications. In Borman, W. C., Ilgen, D. R. & Klimoski, R. J. (Eds.), Handbook of psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 277–307). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Baer, M., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: Moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 963–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bañón, A. R., & Sánchez, A. A. (2005). Factores asociados con el éxito competitivo de las pyme industriales en España. Universia Business Review, 8, 38–51.Google Scholar
Bareil, C., Savoie, A., & Meunier, S. (2007). Patterns of discomfort with organizational change. Journal of Change Management, 7(1), 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1–2), 9–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Stogdill, R. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (3rd ed.). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 4(2), 103–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaver, G., & Jennings, P. (2001). Human resource development in small firms: The role of managerial competence. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2(2), 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becherer, R. C., & Maurer, J. G. (1999). The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 38(1), 28–36.Google Scholar
Bell, C., & Njoli, N. (2016). The role of big five factors on predicting job crafting propensities amongst administrative employees in a South African tertiary institution. Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(1), 1–11.Google Scholar
Benet-Martinez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los Cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 729–750.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boal, K. B., & Hooijberg, R. (2001). Strategic CEO research: Moving on. CEO Quarterly, 11(4), 515–549.Google Scholar
Bono, J. E., & Judge, T. A. (2004). Personality and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 901.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(1), 53–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, A., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2004). Personality and perceived justice as predictors of survivors’ reactions following downsizing. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(6), 1306–1328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T., Davidsson, P., & Wiklund, J. (2001). An operationalization of Stevenson's conceptualization of entrepreneurship as opportunity-based firm behaviour. Strategic Management Journal, 22(10), 953–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bureau Van Dijk. (2013). SABI. Sistema de Análisis de Balances Ibéricos. Avalible on https://sabi.bvdinfo.com/.Google Scholar
Chawla, A., & Kelloway, K. E. (2004). Predicting openness and commitment to change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(6), 485–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, C., & Luo, X. (2013). CEO Succession and firm performance in an emerging economy: Successor origin, relational embeddedness, and legitimacy. Strategic Management Journal, 34(3), 338–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, R.-G., & Lo, C.-L. (2007). The relationship between CEO behaviour and organizational performance in non-profit organizations, using Social Welfare Charity Foundations as an example. Journal of American Academy of Business, 12(1), 83–87.Google Scholar
Ciavarella, M. A., Buchholtz, A. K., Riodan, C. M., Gatewood, R. D., & Stokes, G. S. (2004). The Big Five and venture capital survival. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(4), 465–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Claes, R., Beheydt, C., & Lemmens, B. (2005). Unidimensionality of abbreviated proactive personality scales across cultures. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(4), 476–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.Google Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 855–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Miles, M. P. (1999). Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3), 47–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1986) The development and testing of an organizational-level entrepreneurship scale. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 1(3), 628–639.Google Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Covin, J. G., & Wales, W. J. (2012) The measurement of entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36 (4), 677–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crant, J. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42–49.Google Scholar
Crant, J. M. (1995). The Proactive Personality Scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 532–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crant, J. M., & Bateman, T. S. (2000). Charismatic leadership viewed from above: The impact of proactive personality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(1), 63–75.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, J., Hides, M., & Powell, J. (2002). Defining the development needs of entrepreneurs in SMEs. Education + Training, 44(8/9), 406–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, G. F., & Greve, H. R. (1997). Corporate elite networks and governance changes in the 1980's. American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, A., Crown, S. N., & Ivany, M. (2017). Organisational change and employee burnout: The moderating effects of support and job control. Safety Science, 100, 4–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dayan, M., Zacca, R., Husain, Z., Di Benedetto, A., & Ryan, J. C. (2016). The effect of entrepreneurial orientation, willingness to change, and development culture on new product exploration in small enterprises. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 31(5), 668–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. (2013). Organizational social capital, formalization, and internal knowledge sharing in entrepreneurial orientation formation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 505–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Mel, S., McKenzie, D., & Woodruff, C. (2009). Innovative firms or innovative owners? Determinants of innovation in micro, small, and medium enterprises, IZA Discussion Papers, No. 3962, Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labour (IZA). Retrieved from https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/35347Google Scholar
Dess, G. G., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2005). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 147–156.Google Scholar
Dess, G. G., Pinkham, B. C., & Yang, H. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation: Assessing the construct's validity and addressing some of its implications for research in the areas of family business and organizational learning. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 1077–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1), 417–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Do, M. H., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Higher-order personality factors and leadership outcomes: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66(3), 183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10–11), 1105–1121.3.0.CO;2-E>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elrod, D., & Tippett, D. (2002). The ‘Death Valley’ of change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 15(3), 273–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
European Union. (2003). Recommendation 2003/361/EC: SME Definition.Google Scholar
Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press.Google Scholar
Ferreira, F. A., Jalali, M. S., Bento, P., Marques, C. S., & Ferreira, J. J. (2017). Enhancing individual entrepreneurial orientation measurement using a metacognitive decision making-based framework. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(2), 327–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fincham, R., & Rhodes, P. S. (2005) Principles of organizational behavior (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. (1996). Strategic CEO: Top executives and their effects. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Publishing.Google Scholar
Fornell, C., & Cha, J. (1994) Partial least squares. In Bagozzi, R. P. (Ed.), Advanced methods of marketing research (pp. 52–78). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, J., Styles, C., & Lawley, M. (2012). Does firm location make a difference to the export performance of SMEs? International Marketing Review, 29(1), 88–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geisser, S. (1975). The predictive sample reuse method with applications. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70(350), 320–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giberson, T. R., Resick, C. J., & Dickson, M. W. (2005). Embedding leader characteristics: An examination of homogeneity of personality and values in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 1002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottfredson, G. D., Jones, E. M., & Holland, J. L. (1993). Personality and vocational interests: The relation of Holland's six interest dimensions to five robust dimensions of personality. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(4), 518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), 78–90.Google Scholar
Gow, I. D., Kaplan, S. N., Larcker, D. F., & Zakolyukina, A. A. (2016). CEO personality. Working paper No. 22435. Available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2805635.Google Scholar
Gregory, R. J. (2007) Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson International Edition.Google Scholar
Grinstein, A. (2008). The relationships between market orientation and alternative strategic orientations: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 42(1/2), 115–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, V., & Gupta, A. (2015). The concept of entrepreneurial orientation. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 55–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, V. K., & Wales, W. J. (2017). Assessing organisational performance within entrepreneurial orientation research: Where have we been and where can we go from here? Journal of Entrepreneurship, 26(1), 51–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, V. K., Wieland, A. M., & Turban, D. B. (2019). Gender characterizations in entrepreneurship: A multi-level investigation of sex-role stereotypes about high-growth, commercial, and social entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(1), 131–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halikias, J., & Panayotopoulou, L. (2003). Chief executive personality and export involvement. Management Decision, 41(4), 340–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambrick, D. C. (2007). Upper Echelons theory: An update. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 334–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, P., & Nadkarni, S. (2014). Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personality. Strategic Management Journal, 35(9), 1318–1342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., & Caldwell, S. D. (2007). Beyond change management: A multilevel investigation of contextual and personal influences on employees' commitment to change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewee, J. K., & Shamuganathan, G. (2010). The influence of personality traits and demographic factors on social entrepreneurship start up intentions. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(2), 259–282.Google Scholar
Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, M., & Morgan, R. E. (2007). Deconstructing the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance at the embryonic stage of firm growth. Industrial Marketing Management, 36(5), 651–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurtz, G. M., & Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 869.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hussain, J., Millman, C., Matlay, H., Birmingham, U. C. E., & Barr, P. (2006). Access to entrepreneurial finance: An international perspective. In The International Conference on Financing of SMEs in Developed Countries (Vol. 4, p. 5th).Google Scholar
Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javed, B., Khan, A. K., Arjoon, S., Mashkoor, M., & Haque, A. U. (2020). Openness to experience, ethical leadership, and innovative work behavior. Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(1), 211–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jimmieson, N. L., Terry, D. J., & Callan, V. J. (2004). A longitudinal study of employee adaptation to organizational change: The role of change-related information and change-related self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(1), 11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
John, O. P., Naumann, L. P., & Soto, C. J. (2008) Paradigm shift to the integrative Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. In John, O. P., Robins, R. W. & Pervin, L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 114–158). New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999) The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In Pervin, L. A. & John, O. P. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. L., Lee, R. P., Saini, A., & Grohmann, B. (2003). Market-focused strategic flexibility: Conceptual advances and an integrative model. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 31(1), 74–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2000). Five-factor model of personality and transformational CEO. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 751–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, T. A., Heller, D., Mount, K. M. (2002). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (1999a). The Big 5 personality traits, general, mental ability and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 621–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V., & Welbourne, T. M. (1999b). Managerial coping with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJEC), 11(4), 1–10.Google Scholar
Kock, N., & Gaskins, L. (2014). The mediating role of voice and accountability in the relationship between Internet diffusion and government corruption in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. Information Technology for Development, 20(1), 23–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kock, N., & Lynn, G. (2012). Lateral collinearity and misleading results in variance-based SEM: An illustration and recommendations. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 13(7), 546–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kör, B. (2016). The mediating effects of self-leadership on perceived entrepreneurial orientation and innovative work behavior in the banking sector. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kozubíková, L., Čepel, M., & Zlámalová, M. (2018). Attitude toward innovativeness based on personality traits in the SME sector: Czech Republic case study. Management & Marketing, 13(2), 913–928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraatz, M. (1998). Learning by association? Interorganizational networks and adaptation to environmental change. Academy of Management Journal, 41(6), 621–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langkamp-Bolton, D., & Lane, M. D. (2011). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: Development of a measurement instrument. Education + Training, 54(2/3), 219–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, C. M., & Woodman, R. W. (1995). Understanding organizational change: A schematic perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 537–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefebvre, E., & Lefebvre, L. A. (1992). Firm innovativeness and manager characteristics in small manufacturing firms. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 9(3), 243–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. (1998). Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 853.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W. D., Fay, D., Frese, M., Harms, P. D., & Gao, X. Y. (2014). Reciprocal relationship between proactive personality and work characteristics: A latent change score approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(5), 948.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 135–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maamari, B. E., & Majdalani, J. F. (2017). Emotional intelligence, leadership style and organizational climate. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(2), 327–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Major, D. A., Turner, J. E., & Fletcher, T. D. (2006). Linking proactive personality and the big five to motivation to learn and development activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(4), 927–935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martens, C. D. P., Lacerda, F. M., Belfort, A. C., & de Freitas, H. M. R. (2016). Research on entrepreneurial orientation: Current status and future agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 22(4), 556–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R. R. (1994). Openness to experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V. European Journal of Personality, 8(4), 251–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr, (1987) Validation of the five factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., Pervin, L. A., & John, O. P. (1999). A Five-Factor theory of personality (in handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 139–153). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D., & Friesen, P. (1983). Strategy-making and environment: The third link. Strategic Management Journal, 4(3), 221–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, V. D., Johnson, J. R., & Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22(1), 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohd, R., Kamaruddin, B. H., Yahya, K. K., & Sanidas, E. (2015). Can values of honesty, hard work, loyalty and discipline predict entrepreneurial orientation of Muslim owner managers?. Journal of Emerging Economies & Islamic Research, 3(1), 65–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moon, H., Kamdar, D., Mayer, D. M., & Takeuchi, R. (2008). Me or we? The role of personality and justice as other-centered antecedents to innovative citizenship behaviors within organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Musteen, M., Barker, V. L., & Baeten, V. L. (2006). CEO attributes associated with attitude toward change: The direct and moderating effects of CEO tenure. Journal of Business Research, 59(5), 604–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadkarni, S., & Herrmann, P. (2010). CEO personality, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The case of the Indian business process outsourcing industry. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5), 1050–1073.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadkarni, S., & Narayanan, V. K. (2007). Strategic schemas, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: The moderating role of industry clockspeed. Strategic Management Journal, 28(3), 243–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nei, K. S., Foster, J. L., Ness, A. M., & Nei, D. S. (2018). Rule breakers and attention seekers: Personality predictors of integrity and accountability in leaders. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 26(1), 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Obschonka, M., Hakkarainen, K., Lonka, K., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2017). Entrepreneurship as a twenty-first century skill: Entrepreneurial alertness and intention in the transition to adulthood. Small Business Economics, 48(3), 487–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oreg, S. (2006). Personality, context, and resistance to organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 73–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2012). Financing SMEs and entrepreneurs 2012: An OECD scoreboard. Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Palmer, C., Niemand, T., Stöckmann, C., Kraus, S., & Kailer, N. (2019). The interplay of entrepreneurial orientation and psychological traits in explaining firm performance. Journal of Business Research, 94, 183–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, P. D., Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., & Roberts, B. W. (2012). Personality and relationship quality during the transition from high school to early adulthood. Journal of Personality, 80(4), 1061–1089.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, S. K. (1998). Enhancing role breadth self-efficacy: The roles of job enrichment and other organizational interventions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 835–852.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, S. K., & Sprigg, C. A. (1999). Minimizing strain and maximizing learning: The role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 925–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, R. S., Smith, D. B., Martorana, P. V., & Owens, P. D. (2003). The impact of chief executive officer personality on top management team dynamics: One mechanism by which leadership affects organizational performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pittino, D., Visintin, F., & Lauto, G. (2017). A configurational analysis of the antecedents of entrepreneurial orientation. European Management Journal, 35(2), 224–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ployhart, R. E., Lim, B. C., & Chan, K. Y. (2001). Exploring relations between typical and maximum performance ratings and the five factor model of personality. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 809–843.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puplampu, B. (2005). “Skills, structure and leadership: Critical variables in SME internationalization”, in Kuada, J. (Ed.), Internationalization and enterprise development in Ghana (pp. 129–194). London: Adonis and Abbey.Google Scholar
Raisch, S., & Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Organizational ambidexterity: Antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 34(3), 375–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauch, A., & Frese, M. (2000). Psychological approaches to entrepreneurial success: A general model and an overview of findings. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 15, 101–142.Google Scholar
Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for the future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 761–787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rode, J. C., Arthaud-Day, M. L., Mooney, C. H., Near, J. P., & Baldwin, T. T. (2008). Ability and personality predictors of salary, perceived job success, and perceived career success in the initial career stage. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16(3), 292–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rondan-Cataluña, F. J., Navarro-García, A., & Arenas-Gaitan, J. (2016). Influye la personalidad de los directivos de pymes en los resultados exportadores? Revista de Administração de Empresas, 56(1), 43–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, D., More, E., & Steane, P. (2018). Planned organisational change management: Forward to the past? An exploratory literature review. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(2), 286–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudisill, J. R., & Edwards, J. M. (2002). Coping with job transitions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 54(1), 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz-Ortega, M. J., Parra-Requena, G., García-Villaverde, P. M., & Rodrigo-Alarcon, J. (2017). How does the closure of interorganizational relationships affect entrepreneurial orientation? BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 20(3), 178–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sackett, P. R., Lievens, F., Van Iddekinge, C. H., & Kuncel, N. R. (2017). Individual differences and their measurement: A review of 100 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salgado, J. F. (1997). The five factor model of personality and job performance in the European community. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 30–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sattler, H., Völckner, F., Riediger, C., & Ringle, C. M. (2010). The impact of brand extension success drivers on brand extension price premiums. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 27(4), 319–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shimizu, K., & Hitt, M. A. (2004). Strategic flexibility: Organizational preparedness to reverse ineffective strategic decisions. Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(4), 44–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvia, P. J., Nusbaum, E. C., Berg, C., Martin, C., & O'Connor, A. (2009). Openness to experience, plasticity, and creativity: Exploring lower-order, high-order, and interactive effects. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(6), 1087–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simsek, Z. (2007). CEO Tenure and organizational performance: An intervening model. Strategic Management Journal, 28(6), 653–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smollan, R. K., Matheny, J. A., & Sayers, J. G. (2010). ‘Personality, affect and organisational change: a qualitative study’, in Zerbe, W. F., Ashkanasy, N. M. and Hartel, C. E. J. (Eds.), Emotions and organisational dynamism: Research on emotions in organisations, (pp. 85–112). Bingley, UK: Emerald Insight.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stone, M. (1974). Cross-validatory choice and the assessment of statistical predictions (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 36(2), 111–133.Google Scholar
Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M. M., & Busenitz, L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(1), 77–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tett, R. P., Jackson, D. N., & Rothstein, M. (1991). Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta-analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 44, 703–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. P., Whitman, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (2010). Employee proactivity in organizations: A comparative meta-analysis of emergent proactive constructs. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(2), 275–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thong, J. Y. (1999). An integrated model of information systems adoption in small businesses. Journal of Management Information Systems, 15(4), 187–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorgren, S., & Omorede, A. (2018). Passionate leaders in social entrepreneurship: Exploring an African context. Business & Society, 57(3), 481–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vakola, M., Tsaousis, I., & Nikolaou, I. (2004). The role of emotional intelligence and personality variables on attitudes toward organizational change. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(2), 88–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wales, W. J. (2016). Entrepreneurial orientation: A review and synthesis of promising research directions. International Small Business Journal, 34(1), 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wales, W. J., Gupta, V. K., & Mousa, F. T. (2013) Empirical research on entrepreneurial orientation: An assessment and suggestions for future research. International Small Business Journal, 31(4), 357–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanberg, C. R., & Banas, J. T. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D. A., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Measurement and mismeasurement of mood: Recurrent and emergent themes. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(2), 267–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wijewardena, H., Nanayakkara, G., & De Zoysa, A. (2008). The owner/manager's mentality and the financial performance of SMEs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(1), 150–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, L. J., Gavin, M. B., & Hartman, N. S. (2004) Structural equation modeling methods in strategy research: Applications and issues. In Ketchen, D. J. Jr and Bergh, D. D. (Eds.), Research methodology in strategy and management (Vol. 1, pp. 303–346). Oxford: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wincent, J., & Westerberg, M. (2005). Personal traits of CEOs, inter-firm networking and entrepreneurship in their firms: Investigating strategic SME network participants. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 10(3), 271–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, S. Y., & Turban, D. B. (2007). Examining the antecedents and consequences of mentoring relationships. In Academy of management proceedings, 2007 (1), 1–6. Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.Google Scholar
Yeh, S. C. J., Yuan, K. S., Chen, S. H. S., Lo, Y. Y., Chou, H. C., Huang, S., & Wan, T. T. (2016). The moderating effect of leadership on the relationship between personality and performance. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(7), 869–883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yong, L. (2007). Emotional Intelligence In the Workplace: Leonard Personality Inventory (LPI) Profiling (Leonard Personality Incorporated, Malaysia).Google Scholar
Young, H. R., Glerum, D. R., Wang, W., & Joseph, D. L. (2018). Who are the most engaged at work? A meta-analysis of personality and employee engagement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(10), 1330–1346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zahra, S. A. (1986). A cannonical analysis of corporate entrepreneurship antecedents and impact on performance. In Academy of management proceedings, 1986 (1), 71–75. Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.Google Scholar
Zhao, H., & Seibert, S. E. (2006). The big five personality dimensions and entrepreneurial status: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 259–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed