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³ Bohning, Don, ‘On Latin Policy, The Administration Remains Adrift’, Miami Herald, 7 05 1989.Google Scholar

⁴ ‘U.S. Support for. Democracy and Peace in Central America’, Selected Documents, no. 36 (Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1989)Google Scholar includes the text of the bipartisan accord and remarks by President Bush and Secretary Baker at the press conference announcing it.

⁵ Devroy, Ann, ‘Bipartisan Accord Reached on Contras’, Washington Post, 25 03 1989.Google Scholar

⁶ See, for example, McManus, Doyle, ‘Baker Urges Western Europe to Pressure Nicaragua’, Los Angeles Times, 14 02 1989.Google Scholar

⁷ McManus, Doyle, ‘New U.S. Policy on Contras Told’, Miami Herald, 25 03 1989.Google Scholar

⁸ Goshko, John M., ‘Quayle Criticizes 5-Nation Pact on Contras' Guerrillas’, Washington Post, 25 02 1990.Google Scholar

⁹ Kempster, Norman, ‘U.S. to Stand by Contras, Bush Vows’, Los Angeles Times, 17 02 1989.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Oberdorfer, Don, ‘Baker to Contras: No Raids’, Washington Post, 15 03 1989.Google Scholar

¹¹ Boudreaux, Richard, ‘U.S. Contra Formula Gets Regional Support’, Los Angeles Times, 1 04 1989.Google Scholar

¹² Pichirallo, Joe and Hoffman, David, ‘U.S. Wants Contras to Keep Arms Until Nicaraguan Voting’, Washington Post, 30 07 1989.Google Scholar

¹³ Speck, Mary, ‘Sandinistas, Opposition Reach Sweeping Election Agreement’, Washington Post, 5 08 1989.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Goshko, John M., ‘Quayle Expresses Caution on Plans to Disband Contras’, Washington Post, 22 08 1989Google Scholar; Uhlig, Mark A., ‘Dispute Highlights Difficulty of Disarming Contras’, New York Times, 21 10 1989.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Hockstader, Lee, ‘Ortega's Move Designed to Rivet Attention on War’, Washington Post, 29 10 1989.Google Scholar

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¹⁸ Goshko, John M. and Hoffman, David, ‘Bush Urges Gorbachev to Aid Peace Effort’, Washington Post, 31 03 1989.Google Scholar

¹⁹ The text of Baker's statement is in ‘U.S. Support for Democracy and Peace in Central America’, Selected Documents, no. 36 (Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1989).Google Scholar

²⁰ Oberdorfer, Don, ‘Soviets Call for Stability in Central America’, Washington Post, 3 10 1989.Google Scholar

²¹ Marquis, Christopher, ‘U.S. Cuts Funds; Contras Close Miami Offices’, Miami Herald, 29 09 1989.Google Scholar

²² Pear, Robert, ‘Bush Aides Say CIA Will Avoid Secret Role in Nicaragua Election’, New York Times, 4 10 1989.Google Scholar Press reports indicated, however, that the CIA had already provided $5 million to the opposition in 1989 before the agreement was reached. Marquis, Christopher, ‘Nicaraguans Ask: Who Fills the Campaign Chests?’, Miami Herald, 10 10 1989.Google Scholar

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²⁵ Pear, Robert, ‘Clash of Experts Blurs Policy on Central America’, New York Times, 24 08 1989.Google Scholar

²⁶ McManus, Doyle, ‘U.S. Gets Ready for Likely Sandinista Election Victory’, Los Angeles Times, 24 02 1990.Google Scholar

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³⁰ Pear, Robert, ‘Extremist Gains Seen in El Salvador’, New York Times, 29 01 1989.Google Scholar

³¹ Pear, Robert, ‘Quayle Meets Salvador Party Leader and Urges Respect for Human Rights’, New York Times, 14 06 1989.Google Scholar Bush had sent Quayle on an earlier mission to El Salvador in February to deliver essentially the same message. By most accounts, Quayle acquitted himself well in this first diplomatic outing, except that he fumbled his public statement, saying, ‘We expect them [the armed forces] to work toward the elimination of human rights, elimination of human rights in accordance with the pursuit of justice’. Of course, he meant to say the ‘elimination of human rights abuses’. Gruson, Lindsey, ‘Quayle Pays Visit to San Salvador’, New York Times, 4 02 1989.Google Scholar

³² The FMLN continued to launch spectacular assaults on individual garrisons every six months or so by quickly amassing several hundred combatants, attacking, and then dispersing before the Air Force could respond. But there were no broad, sustained offensives of the sort that so disabled the army in previous years.

³³ Secretary of Defense Richard B. Cheney, quoted in Farah, Douglas, ‘127 Dead in Salvadoran Rebel Drive’, Washington Post, 13 11 1989.Google Scholar

³⁴ On 12 January, as if in response to the detention of soldiers for the killing of the Jesuits, a rightist death squad in Guatemala kidnapped and murdered Hector Oqueli, the number two official of the Salvadorean social democratic National Revolutionary Movement (MNR). Oqueli was one of the MNR's most effective spokesmen and a respected official of the Socialist International. His murder attracted little attention in the United States, where he was not well known, but it was just as destructive to the prospects for peace as the killing of the Jesuits.

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³⁷ A role for the UN was first urged by the five Central American presidents at their summit meeting in Costa Rica on 12 December 1989. ‘U.S. Supports U.N. Effort to Arrange Salvadoran Peace Talks’, Washington Post, 3 02 1990.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Branigin, William, ‘U.S. Campaign to Oust Noriega Appears Nearing a Dead End’, Washington Post, 9 02 1989.Google Scholar

⁴² Sciolino, Elaine, ‘General Sees Lack of Panama Policy’, New York Times, 24 02 1989.Google Scholar

⁴³ Weinraub, Bernard, ‘U.S. Sees Failure on Noriega Policy’, New York Times, 29 07 1989.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Hoffman, David and Goshko, John M., ‘U.S. Presses Effort to Oust Strongman’, Washington Post, 1 09 1989.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Dewar, Helen, ‘Senate Gives Warning on Canal Transfer’, Washington Post, 2 06 1989.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Dowd, Maureen, ‘Bush, Under Fire, Defends Role in Panama Crisis’, New York Times, 7 10 1989.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Panama Canal Treaty quoted in Walsh, Edward, ‘Inevitable Political Fallout Begins After Panama Treaties' Passage’, Washington Post, 20 04 1978.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Goshko, John M. and Isikoff, Michael, ‘OAS Votes to Censure U.S. for Intervention’, Washington Post, 23 12 1989.Google Scholar