Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-wzw2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-01T12:22:36.389Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Democratic Disequilibrium in Venezuela*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

Jennifer L. McCoy  and
William C. Smith
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Venezuela's contemporary politics poses a problematic different from those predominating in the literature on democratization. Scholarly research in the last decade focused first on the crisis of authoritarian rule and the ensuing transition to civilian governments, with the reestablishment of electoral procedures, and, more recently, on the problems of the consolidation of a democratic regime, including alternation in power, universal acceptance of the rules of the game, and generation of a democratic political culture.

The challenges confronting Venezuela are not those of transition or consolidation but, rather, the decomposition — or deconsolidation — of an established democratic regime. In other Latin American countries in recent decades, longstanding models of statist development developed crises that led, in turn, to complex transformations in the economy and in society. One consequence of these changes was that authoritarian regimes began a transition to more democratic forms of governance.

Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Volume 37 , Issue 2 , Summer 1995 , pp. 113 - 180
Copyright
Copyright © University of Miami 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

An earlier version of this article appears in VENEZUELAN DEMOCRACY UNDER PRESSURE by Jennifer L. McCoy, William C. Smith, Andrés Serbin, and Andrés Stambouli (eds.) [North-South Center, 19951. We gratefully acknowledge the comments of Diego Arria, Rafael de la Cruz, Francine Jácome, Daniel Levine, María Eugenia Mujica, David Myers, Carlos Romero, Aldo Vacs and four anonymous reviewers on earlier drafts of this article.

References

Acuña, C. (1994) “Politics and Economics in the Argentina of the Nineties (Or Why the Future No Longer Is What It Used to Be),” pp. 31–73 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Acuña, C. And Smith, W. (1995) “The Politics of ‘Military Economics’ in the Southern Cone: Comparative Perspectives on Democratization and Arms Production in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.” Political Power and Social Theory 9: 121–157.Google Scholar
Acuña, C. And Smith, W. (1994) “The Political Economy of Structural Adjustment: The Logic of Support and Opposition to Neoliberal Reform,” pp. 17–66 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Agüero, F. (1995) “Crisis and Decay of Democracy in Venezuela: The Civil-Military Dimension,” pp. 215–234 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C. and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Ball, C. (1995) “Venezuela Keeps Swimming Against the Tide.” Wall Street Journal (2 June).Google Scholar
Banco Central de Venezuela. Informe Económico. Caracas, Venezuela: Banco Central de Venezuela.Google Scholar
Baloyra, E. (ed.) (1987) Comparing New Democracies: Dilemmas of Transition and Consolidation in the Mediterranean Europe and the Southern Cone. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Baptista, A. and Mommer, B. (1987) El petróleo en el pensamiento político venezolano: Un ensayo. Caracas, Venezuela: Ediciones IESA.Google Scholar
Bresser Pereira, L., Maravall, J. M., and Przeworski, A. (1994) “Economic Reforms in New Democracies: A Social-Democratic Approach,” pp. 181–212 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Caldera, R. (1994) “Recovery of Confidence.” Speech by President Caldera at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City (NY); 30 September.Google Scholar
(The) Carter Center (1994) The 1994 National Elections in Mexico (Working Paper Series, August). Atlanta, GA: Latin American and Caribbean Program; Emory University.Google Scholar
Caldera, R. (1993) Electoral Reform in Mexico (Occasional Paper Series IV (1), November). Atlanta, GA: Latin American and Caribbean Program; Emory University.Google Scholar
Cavarozzi, M. (1994) “Politics: A Key for the Long Term in South America,” pp. 127–155 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Cavarozzi, M. (1992) “Beyond Transitions to Democracy in Latin America.” Journal of Latin American Studies 24, 3: 665–684.Google Scholar
Chronicle (1994) Latin American Data Base (22 September). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M. (1995) “ Partidocracia and Reform in Comparative Perspective,” pp. 173–196 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C., and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Coppedge, M. (1994) Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crisp, B. (1992) “Tyranny by the Minority; Institutional Control of Participation in Venezuelan Democracy.” Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Crisp, B., Levine, D. and Rey, J. C. (1995) “The Legitimacy Problem,” pp. 139–170 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C. and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Daniels, E. (1993) Militares y democracia: Papel de la instituición armada de Venezuela en la consolidatión de la democracia. Caracas, Venezuela: José Agustín Catalá, Centauro.Google Scholar
De La Cruz, R. (1992) Descentralización, gobernabilidad, democracia. Caracas, Venezuela: COPRE/PNUD/Nueva Sociedad.Google Scholar
Diamond, L., Linz, J., and Lipset, S. M. (eds.) (1989) Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Press.Google Scholar
(El) Diario de Caracas (1995) “Plan Sosa II ignora la crisis del sector bancario.” (21 January).Google Scholar
Diaz, A. (1994) “Economic Restructuring and New Social Practices in Latin America.” Paper presented at the conference “Social Change and Politics in Latin America: Toward the Year 2000;” University of Maryland at College Park (MD); 8-9 April.Google Scholar
Dornbusch, R. and Edwards, S. (eds.) (1991) The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Drake, P. and Silva, E. (1986) Elections and Democratization in Latin America, 1980-1985. La Jolla, CA: University of California at San Diego, Center for Iberian and Latin American Studies/Center for US-Mexican Studies/Institute of the Americas.Google Scholar
Economic Commision for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (1994) Social Panorama of Latin America: 1994. Santiago de Chile: United Nations, ECLAC.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (1995) “Venezuela” (Second Quarter). London, UK: The Economist.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (1994) “Country Report: Venezuela” (Fourth Quarter). London, UK: The Economist Intelligence Unit.Google Scholar
Ellner, S. (1993-1994) “Deepening of Democracy in a Crisis Setting: Political Reforms and the Electoral Process in Venezuela.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 35, 4 (Winter): 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellner, S. (1993) Organized Labor in Venezuela, 1958-1991. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.Google Scholar
España, L. P. (1989) Democracia y renta petrolera. Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Catolica Andrés Bello.Google Scholar
Evans, P. (1992) “The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy and Structural Change,” pp. 139–181 in Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert (eds.) The Politics of Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Justice and the State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanelli, J. M., Frenkel, R., and Rozenwurcel, G. (1994) “Growth and Structural Reform in Latin America: Where We Stand,” pp. 101–125 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
(The) Financial Times (1994) “Venezuela Opens Its Oil Sector to Private Capital.” (18 November).Google Scholar
Foreign Broadcast Information Service-Latin America (FBIS-LAT) (1994) “Poll Reveals Rejection of Self-inflicted Coup,'” Paris AFP, 22 July; in FBIS-LAT-94-142 (25 July): 67.Google Scholar
Foxley, A. (1983) Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative Economics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frieden, J. (1991) Debt, Development, and Democracy in Latin America: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1965-1985. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Garcia, M. P. (1992) “The Venezuelan Ecology Movement: Symbolic Effectiveness, Social Practices, and Political Strategies,” pp. 150–170 in Arturo Escobar and Sonia Alvarez (eds.) The Making of Social Movements in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
GarretñN, M. A. (1994) “The Political Dimension of Processes of Transformation in Chile,” pp. 217–235 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
GarretñN, M. A. and Espinosa, M. (1992) “¿Reforma del Estado o cambio en la matriz socio-política?” Estudios Sociales Occasional Paper 74, Santiago, Chile: FLACSO. (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales).Google Scholar
Geddes, B. (1993) Politician's Dilemma: Building State Capacity in Latin America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(El) Globo [Caracas] (1994) “El presupuesto dependerá de los nuevos impuestos.” (13 September).Google Scholar
GueróN, C. (1993) “Introduction,” pp. 1–20 in Joseph Tulchin with Gary Bland (eds.) Venezuela in the Wake of Radical Reform. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner for the Woodrow Wilson Center.Google Scholar
GóMez Calcano, L. (1994) “Crisis de legitimidad e inestabilidad politica en Venezuela.” Paper presented at the XVIII Congress of the Latin American Studies Association; Atlanta (GA); 10-12 March.Google Scholar
Haggard, S. and Webb, S. (eds.) (1994) Voting for Reform: Democracy, Political Liberalization, and Economic Adjustment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Handelman, H. and Baer, W. (eds.) (1989) Paying the Costs of Austerity in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Hellinger, D. (1991) Venezuela: Tarnished Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Heredia, B. (1994) “Making Economic Reform Politically Viable: The Mexican Experience,” pp. 265–295 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Herrera, A. (1994) “Reform, Populism, and the Future of Venezuelan Democracy.” Contemporary Issues Forum (Autumn). London, UK: University of London, Institute of Latin American Studies.Google Scholar
Hubbard, R. G. (1994) Money, the Financial System and the Economy. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. (1992) The Third Wave. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) (1994) “Toward an Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Strategy for Strengthening Civil Society.” Executive Summary circulated at the Conference on Strengthening Civil Society; Washington (DC); September.Google Scholar
Jácome, F. (1994) “The Absence of Political Learning in Venezuela.” Paper prepared for the Project on Political Learning and Democracy in Latin America; Georgia State University, Atlanta (GA); October.Google Scholar
Kahler, M. (1990) “Orthodoxy and Its Alternatives: Explaining Approaches to Stabilization and Adjustment,” pp. 33–61 in Nelson, Joan (ed.) Economic Crisis and Policy Choice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kahler, M. (1992) “External Influence, Conditionality, and the Politics of Adjustment,” pp. 89–136 in Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert R. (eds.) The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State. Princeton N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Karl, T. L. (1995a) The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Karl, T. L. (1995b) “The Venezuelan Petro-State and the Crisis of ‘Its’ Democracy,” pp. 33–55 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C., and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Karl, T. L. (1991) “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 23 (October): 1-23.Google Scholar
Karl, T. L. (1986) “Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela.” Latin American Research Review 22, 1: 63–94.Google Scholar
Kotz, D., McDonough, T., and Reich, M. (eds.) (1994) Social Structures of Accumulation: The Political Economy of Growth and Crisis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladd, E. C. (1993) The American Polity (5th ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Co. Google Scholar
Levine, D. (1994-1995) “Goodbye to Venezuelan Exceptionalism.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36, 4 (Winter): 145–182.Google Scholar
Levine, D. (1973) Conflict and Political Change in Venezuela. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Levine, D. and Crisp, B. (1995) “Legitimacy, Govemability, and Reform,” pp. 223–251 in Goodman, Louis, Naím, Moisés, Mendelson, Johana, and Tulchin, Joseph (eds.) Lessons from the Venezuelan Experience. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Linz, J. (1978) The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibration. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
López, G. and Stohl, M. (eds.) (1987) Liberalization and Redemocratization in Latin America. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Ludlam, J. (1991) “Reform and Redefinition of the Social Contract under Gorbachev.” World Politics 43 (January): 284–312.Google Scholar
Mahon, J. (1994) Mobile Capital and the Structure of Development in Latin America (unpublished book mss.). Williams College (MA).Google Scholar
Maier, C. (1994) “Democracy and Its Discontents.” Foreign Affairs 73, 4 (July/August): 48–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, S. 1992. “Transition to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation: Theoretical and Comparative Issues,” pp. 294–342 in Mainwaring, Scott, O'Donnell, Guillermo and Samuel Valenzuela, J. (eds.) Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Malloy, J. and M. A., Seligson (eds.) (1987) Authoritarians and Democrats: Regime Transition in Latin America. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Martz, J. (1966) Acción Democrática-. Evolution of a Modern Political Party in Venezuela. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
McCoy, J. (1992) “The Collective Dilemma of Economic Reform: Uruguay in Comparative Perspective.” Paper presented at the Instituto de Ciencias Politicas, Universidad de la República; Montevideo (Uruguay); 4 September.Google Scholar
McCoy, J. (1989a) “Labor and the State in a Party-Mediated Democracy: Institutional Change in Venezuela.” Latin American Research Review 24, 2: 35–67.Google Scholar
McCoy, J. (1989b). “Venezuela: Austerity and the Working Class,” pp. 195–223 in Baer, Werner and Handelman, Howard (eds.) Paying the Costs of Austerity In Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
McCoy, J. (1988) “The State and the Democratic Compromise in Venezuela.” Journal of Developing Societies 4, 1.Google Scholar
McCoy, J. (1986-1987) “The Politics of Adjustment: Labor and the Venezuelan Debt Crisis.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28, 4 (Winter): 103–138.Google Scholar
McCoy, J. (1985) “Democratic Dependent Development and State- Labor Relations in Venezuela.” Ph.D. diss., University of Minnesota.Google Scholar
Müeller Rojas, A. (1992) Relaciones peligrosas: Militares, política y Estado. Caracas, Venezuela: Fondo Editorial Tropykos.Google Scholar
Myers, D. (1995) “Perceptions of a Stressed Democracy: Inevitable Decay or Foundation for Rebirth?” pp. 107–137 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C. and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Myers, D. and O'Connor, R. (1994) “Venezuelan Political Attitudes, 1973 and 1993: Parties, Performance, and the Military.” Paper presented at the 1994 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA); New York City (NY); September.Google Scholar
Naim, M. (1994a) “Latin America: The Second Stage of Reform.” Journal of Democracy 5, 4 (October): 32-48.Google Scholar
Naim, M. (1994b) “Latin America's Journey to the Market: From Macroeconomic shocks to Institutional Therapy.” Inter-American Dialogue Policy Brief (September). Washington, DC: Inter-American Dialogue.Google Scholar
Naim, M. (1993a) Paper Tigers and Minotaurs: The Politics of Venezuela's Economic Reform. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Naim, M. (1993b) “The Launching of Radical Policy Changes, 1989-1991,” pp. 39–96 in Tulchin, Joseph S. with Bland, Gary (eds.) Venezuela in the Wake of Radical Reform. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Naim, M. and Piñango, R. (1984) El caso venezolano: Una ilusión de armonía. Caracas, Venezuela: Ediciones IESA.Google Scholar
Navarro, J. C. (1995) “In Search of the Lost Pact: Consensus Lost in the 1980s and 1990s,” pp. 13–31 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C. and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. (1994) “Linkages Between Politics and Economics.” Journal of Democracy 5, 4 (October): 49–63.Google Scholar
Nelson, J. (ed.) (1990) Economic Crisis and Policy Choice: The Politics of Adjustment in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donnell, G. (1994) “The State, Democratization, and Some Conceptual Problems (A Latin American View with Glances at Some Post-Communist Countries),” pp. 157–179 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. (1992) “Transitions, Continuities, and Paradoxes,” pp. 17–56 in Mainwaring, Scott, O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Samuel Valenzuela, J. (eds.) Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G. (1981) “Las Fuerzas Armadas y el estado autoritario del Cono Sur de America Latina,” pp. 199–235 in Lechner, Norbert (ed.) Estado y política en América Latina. México, DF: Siglo Veintiuno Editores.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, G., Schmitter, P., and Whitehead, L. (eds.) (1986). Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Payne, D. (1995) “Ballots, Neo-Strongmen, Narcos and Impunity.” Freedom Review 26, 1 (January-February): 27–31.Google Scholar
Politeia (1992) Special issue on “Reforma, Constituyente y Golpe de Estado.” Number 15.Google Scholar
Porzecanski, A. (1994) “Venezuela Risk: Willing and Able?” Emerging Markets Investor 1, 3.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A. (1991) Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reform in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rangel Rojas, R. (1993) “El papel de la Fuerzas Armadas: Renovación democrática, apertura económica y nuevas relaciones cívico-militares,” pp. 177-186 in Andrés Serbin, Andres Stambouli, Jennifer McCoy, and William C. Smith (eds.) Venezuela: La democracia bajo presión. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Nueva Sociedad.Google Scholar
Rodríguez, M. (1991) “Public Sector Behavior in Venezuela,” pp. 237–281 in Larrain, Felipe and Selowsky, Marcelo (eds.) The Public Sector and the Latin American Crisis. San Francisco, CA: International Center for Economic Growth.Google Scholar
Salamanca, L. (1995) “The Venezuela Political System: A View from Civil Society,” pp. 197–214 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C. and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Salamanca, L. (1988) “La incorporatión de la Confederatión de Trabajadores de Venezuela al sistema político venezolano, 1958-1980.” Caracas, Venezuela: Universidad Central de Venezuela.Google Scholar
Schamis, H. (1991) “Reconceptualizing Latin American Authoritarianism in the 1970s: From Bureaucratic- Authoritarianism to Neoconservatism.” Comparative Politics 23 (October).Google Scholar
Schmitter, P. and Karl, T. (1993) “What Democracy Is … and Is Not,” pp. 39–52 in Diamond, Larry and Plattner, Marc F. (eds.) The Global Resurgence of Democracy. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Sheahan, J. (1987) Patterns of Development in Latin America: Poverty, Repression, and Economic Strategy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shin, D. C. (1994) “On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research.” World Politics 47, 1 (October): 135–170.Google Scholar
Silva, E. (1993) “Capitalist Coalitions, the State, and Neoliberal Economic Restructuring: Chile, 1973-88.” World Politics 45, 4 (July): 526–559.Google Scholar
Silva, E. (1992) “The Political Economy of Chile's Transition to Democracy: From Radical to Pragmatic Neoliberal Policies,” pp. 98–127. in Drake, Paul and Jaksic, Iván (eds.) The Struggle for Democracy in Chile, 1982-88. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Smith, W.C. (1993) “Neoliberal Restructuring and Scenarios of Democratic Consolidation in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development 28, 2 (Summer): 3-21.Google Scholar
Smith, W. C. (1992) “Hyperinflation, Macroeconomic Instability, and Neoliberal Restructuring in Democratic Argentina,” pp. 20–62 in Epstein, Edward C. (ed.) The New Democracy in Argentina. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Smith, W. C. (1989) “Heterodox Shocks and the Political Economy of Democratic Transition in Argentina and Brazil.” pp. 138–168 in Canak, William (ed.) Lost Promises: Debt, Austerity and Development in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Smith, W. C. (1985) “Reflections on the Political Economy of Authoritarian Rule and Capitalist Reorganization in Contemporary Argentina.” pp. 37–88 in O'Brien, Philip and Cammack, Paul (eds.) Generals in Retreat: The Crisis of Military Rule in Latin America. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, W. C. and Acuña, C. (1994) “Future Politico-Economic Scenarios for Latin America,” pp. 1–28 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Smith, W.C. Acuña, C., and Gamarra, E. (eds.) (1994a) Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Smith, W.C. Acuña, C., and Gamarra, E. (eds.) (1994b) Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Smith, W. and McCoy, J. (1995) “Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress,” pp. 1–9 in McCoy, Jennifer, Serbin, Andrés, Smith, William C. and Stambouli, Andrés (eds.) Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North- South Center.Google Scholar
Sola, L. (1994) “The State, Structural Reform, and Democratization in Brazil,” pp. 151–181 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Sola, L. (1991) “Heterodox Shock in Brazil: Técnicos, Politicians, Democracy.” Journal of Latin American Studies 23 (February).Google Scholar
Sonntag, H. and Maingon, T. (1992) Venezuela: 4-F 1992. Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Nueva Sociedad.Google Scholar
Stallings, B. (1992) “International Influence on Economic Policy: Debt, Stabilization, and Structural Reform,” pp. 41–88 in Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert R. (eds.) The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Templeton, A. (1992) “The Evolution of Public Opinion.” Paper presented at the Woodrow Wilson Center-American University conference on “Lesson of the Venezuelan Experience;” Washington (DC); 19-21 October.Google Scholar
(El) Universal [Caracas] (1994a) “En 1995 se detendrá la caída de la capacidad adquisitiva.” (13 September).Google Scholar
(El) Universal [Caracas] (1994b) “Llegarán al 55 por ciento los ingresos no petroleros.” (13 September).Google Scholar
Urbaneja, D. B. (1992). Pueblo y petróleo en la política venezolana del siglo XX. Caracas, Venezuela: CEPET.Google Scholar
United States. Information Agency. (USIA) (1994a) “In Chile, the Transition was Easy” (27 January). Washington, DC: US Information Agency.Google Scholar
United States. Information Agency. (USIA) (1994b) “Second Thoughts on Democracy in Brazil?” (22 February). Washington, DC: US Information Agency.Google Scholar
United States. Information Agency. (USIA) (1994c). “Latin Americans Favor Democracy” (9 November). Washington, DC: US Information Agency.Google Scholar
United States. Information Agency. (USIA) (1993) “Democracy Stumbles in Venezuela” (10 December). Washington, DC: US Information Agency.Google Scholar
Vacs, A. (1994) “Convergence and Dissension: Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in World Perspective,” pp. 67–100 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Latin American Political Economy in the Age of Neoliberal Reform: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives for the 1990s. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Valenzuela, J. S. (1992) “Democratic Consolidation in Post- Transitional Setting: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions,” pp. 57–104 in Mainwaring, Scott, O'Donnell, Guillermo, and Samuel Valenzuela, J. (eds.) Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Vergara, P. (1994) “Market Economy, Social Welfare, and Democratic Consolidation in Chile,” pp. 237–261 in Smith, William C., Acuña, Carlos H., and Gamarra, Eduardo A. (eds.) Democracy, Markets, and Structural Reform in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami, North-South Center.Google Scholar
Williamson, J. (1994) The Political Economy of Policy Reform. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics (HE).Google Scholar
Williamson, J. (1990a) “What Washington Means by Policy Reform,” in John Williamson (ed.) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened?. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics (HE).Google Scholar
Williamson, J. (ed.) (1990b) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics (HE).Google Scholar
Winkler, D. (1994) “The Design and Administration of Intergovernmental Transfers: Fiscal Decentralization in Latin America” (World Bank Discussion Paper 235, July). Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar