Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-20T00:06:51.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dynamic stall at high Reynolds numbers induced by ramp-type pitching motions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2022

Janik Kiefer Open the ORCID record for Janik Kiefer [Opens in a new window] ,
Claudia E. Brunner Open the ORCID record for Claudia E. Brunner [Opens in a new window] ,
Martin O.L. Hansen Open the ORCID record for Martin O.L. Hansen [Opens in a new window]  and
Marcus Hultmark Open the ORCID record for Marcus Hultmark [Opens in a new window]
Janik Kiefer
Affiliation:
Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Claudia E. Brunner
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Martin O.L. Hansen
Affiliation:
Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Marcus Hultmark*
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
*
†Email address for correspondence: hultmark@princeton.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The transient pressure field around a moderately thick airfoil is studied as it undergoes ramp-type pitching motions at high Reynolds numbers and low Mach numbers. A unique set of laboratory experiments were performed in a high-pressure wind tunnel to investigate dynamic stall at chord Reynolds numbers in the range of $0.5\times 10^6\leq Re _c\leq 5.5\times 10^6$ in the absence of compressibility effects. In addition to variations of mean angle and amplitude, pitching manoeuvres at reduced frequencies in the range of $0.01\leq k\leq 0.40$ were studied by means of surface-pressure measurements. Independently of the parameter variations, all test cases exhibit a nearly identical stall behaviour characterized by a gradual trailing-edge stall, in which the dynamic stall vortex forms approximately at mid-chord. The location of the pitching window with respect to the Reynolds-number-dependent static stall angle is found to define the temporal development of the stall process. The time until stall onset is characterized by a power law, where a small excess of the static stall angle results in a drastically prolonged stall delay. The reduced frequency exhibits a decrease in impact on the stall development in the case of angle-limited pitching manoeuvres. Beyond a critical reduced frequency, both load magnitudes and vortex evolution become reduced frequency independent and instead depend on the geometry of the motion and the convective time scale, respectively. Overall, the characteristics of vortex evolution induced by dynamic stall show remarkable similarities to the framework of optimal vortex formation reported in Gharib et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 360, 1998, pp. 121–140). The data from this study are publicly available at https://doi.org/10.34770/b3vq-sw14.

JFM classification

Boundary Layers: Boundary layer separation
Type
JFM Papers
Information
Journal of Fluid Mechanics , Volume 938 , 10 May 2022 , A10
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Angulo, I.A. & Ansell, P.J. 2019 Influence of aspect ratio on dynamic stall of a finite wing. AIAA J. 57 (7), 2722–2733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benton, S.I. & Visbal, M.R. 2019 The onset of dynamic stall at a high, transitional Reynolds number. J. Fluid Mech. 861, 860–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brunner, C.E., Kiefer, J., Hansen, M.O.L. & Hultmark, M. 2021 Study of Reynolds number effects on the aerodynamics of a NACA 0021 airfoil using a high-pressure wind tunnel. Exp. Fluids 62, 178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, L.W. 1988 Progress in analysis and prediction of dynamic stall. J. Aircr. 25 (1), 6–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, L.W., McAlister, K.W. & McCroskey, W.J. 1977 Analysis of the development of dynamic stall based on oscillating airfoil experiments. NASA Tech. Rep. TN D-8382.Google Scholar
Carta, F.O. 1974 Analysis of oscillatory pressure data including dynamic stall effects. NASA Tech. Rep. CR-2394.Google Scholar
Dabiri, J.O. 2009 Optimal vortex formation as a unifying principle in biological propulsion. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 41 (1), 17–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deparday, J. & Mulleners, K. 2019 Modeling the interplay between the shear layer and leading edge suction during dynamic stall. Phys. Fluids 31, 107104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, M.H., Lehmann, F.O. & Sane, S.P. 1999 Wing rotation and the aerodynamic basis of insect right. Science 284 (5422), 1954–1960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galbraith, R.A.M.C.D., Coton, F.N. & Jiang, D. 1995 An investigation of three-dimensional dynamic stall. Tech. Rep. G.U. Aero Report 9542. University of Glasgow.Google Scholar
Galbraith, R.A.M.C.D., Niven, A.J. & Seto, L.Y. 1986 On the duration of low speed dynamic stall. In 15th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, pp. 522–531. ICAS Proceedings.Google Scholar
Gharib, M., Rambod, E. & Shariff, K. 1998 A universal time scale for vortex ring formation. J. Fluid Mech. 360, 121–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gracey, M.W., Niven, A.J. & Galbraith, R.A.M.C.D. 1989 A Consideration of low-speed dynamic stall onset. In 15th European Rotorcraft Forum.Google Scholar
Green, R.B. & Giuni, M. 2017 Dynamic stall database R and D 1570-AM-01: Final report. https://doi.org/10.5525/gla.researchdata.464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, R. & Ansell, P.J. 2019 Unsteady flow physics of airfoil dynamic stall. AIAA J. 57 (1), 165–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helin, H.E. & Walker, J.M. 1985 Interrelated effects of pitch rate and pivot point on airfoil dynamic stall. In AIAA 23rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reno, NV, USA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, J.M., Hultmark, M. & Smits, A.J. 2010 The intermediate wake of a body of revolution at high Reynolds numbers. J. Fluid Mech. 659, 516–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Kármán, T. & Sears, W.R. 1938 Airfoil theory for non-uniform motion. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 5, 379–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiefer, J., Brunner, C.E., Hultmark, M. & Hansen, M.O.L. 2020 Dynamic stall at high Reynolds numbers due to variant types of airfoil motion. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1618, 052028.Google Scholar
Kissing, J., Kriegseis, J., Li, Z., Feng, L., Hussong, J. & Tropea, C. 2020 Insights into leading edge vortex formation and detachment on a pitching and plunging flat plate. Exp. Fluids 61, 208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koromilas, C.A. & Telionis, D.P. 1980 Unsteady laminar separation: an experimental study. J. Fluid Mech. 97 (2), 347–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Fouest, S., Deparday, J. & Mulleners, K. 2021 The dynamics and timescales of static stall. J. Fluids Struct. 104, 103304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leishman, J.G. 2016 Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, 2nd edn. Cambridge Aerospace Series. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lentink, D. 2013 Flying like a fly. Nature 498, 306–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAlister, K.W., Carr, L.W. & McCroskey, W.J. 1978 Dynamic Stall Experiments on the NACA0012 airfoil. NASA Tech. Rep. TP 1100.Google Scholar
McCroskey, W.J. 1982 Unsteady airfoils. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 14 (1), 285–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCroskey, W.J., McAlister, K.W., Carr, L.W. & Pucci, S.L. 1982 An experimental study of dynamic stall an advanced airfoil sections volume 1. Summary of the experiment. NASA Tech. Rep. TM-84245.Google Scholar
McCroskey, W.J., McAlister, K.W., Carr, L.W., Pucci, S.L., Lambert, O. & Indergrand, R.F. 1981 Dynamic stall on advanced airfoil sections. J. Am. Helicopter Soc. 26 (3), 40–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCroskey, W.J. & Pucci, S.L. 1982 Viscous-inviscid interaction on oscillating airfoils in subsonic flow. AIAA J. 81, 1–16.Google Scholar
Miller, M.A., Duvvuri, S., Brownstein, I., Lee, M., Dabiri, J.O. & Hultmark, M. 2018 Vertical-axis wind turbine experiments at full dynamic similarity. J. Fluid Mech. 844, 707–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, M.A., Kiefer, J., Westergaard, C., Hansen, M.O.L. & Hultmark, M. 2019 Horizontal axis wind turbine testing at high Reynolds numbers. Phys. Rev. Fluids 4, 110504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulleners, K. & Raffel, M. 2012 The onset of dynamic stall revisited. Exp. Fluids 52, 779–793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pires, O., Munduate, X., Ceyhan, O., Jacobs, M. & Snel, H. 2016 Analysis of high Reynolds numbers effects on a wind turbine airfoil using 2D wind tunnel test data. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 753, 022047.Google Scholar
Sharma, A. & Visbal, M.R. 2019 Numerical investigation of the effect of airfoil thickness on onset of dynamic stall. J. Fluid Mech. 870, 870–900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simão Ferreira, C., Van Kuik, G., Van Bussel, G. & Scarano, F. 2009 Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine. Exp. Fluids 46, 97–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tani, I. 1964 Low-speed flows involving bubble separations. Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 5, 70–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theodorsen, T. 1935 General theory of aerodynamic instability and the mechanism of flutter. NACA Tech. Rep. NACA-TR-496.Google Scholar
Zagarola, M.V. 1996 Mean-flow scaling in turbulent pipe flow. PhD thesis, Princeton University.Google Scholar