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Adaptation to benzalkonium chloride and ciprofloxacin affects biofilm formation potential, efflux pump and haemolysin activity of Escherichia coli of dairy origin

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2012

Ankita Pagedar ,
Jitender Singh  and
Virender K. Batish
Ankita Pagedar*
Affiliation:
Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (Haryana) 132001, India Present Address: Department of Microbiology, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences (ARIBAS), New Vallabh Vidya Nagar-388121, Gujarat, India
Jitender Singh
Affiliation:
Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (Haryana) 132001, India Present Address: Product and Process Development Group, National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), Anand-388001, Gujarat, India
Virender K. Batish
Affiliation:
Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal (Haryana) 132001, India
*
*For correspondence; e-mail: ankitapagedar@gmail.com
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Abstract

The present study investigates the effect of adaptive resistance to ciprofloxacin (Cip) and benzalkonium chloride (BC) on biofilm formation potential (BFP), efflux pump activity (EPA) and haemolysin activity of Escherichia coli isolates of dairy origin. All the isolates, irrespective of antimicrobial susceptibility, developed significant adaptive resistance (P < 0·05). All the resistant phenotypes (antibiotic resistant: AR; & biocide resistant: BR) were stronger biofilm former and post-adaptation, an insignificant change was observed in their BFP. Whereas, post-adaptation, non-resistant isolates (antibiotic non-resistant: ANR; biocide non-resistant: BNR) transformed from poor or moderate to strong biofilm formers. Post-adaptive percentage increase in EPA was highly significant in non-resistant categories (P < 0·01) and significant at P < 0·05 in BR category. Interestingly, post-adaptive increase in EPA in BR isolates was more than that in AR yet, the latter exhibited greater adaptive resistance than the former. These findings indicated prevalence of some other specific resistance mechanism/s responsible for adaptive resistance against Cip. Strain specific variations were observed for stability of adaptive resistance and haemolysin activity for all the categories. Our findings especially in reference to post-adaptation upgradation of BFP status of non-resistant isolates seems to be providing an insight into the process of conversion of non-resistant isolate into resistant ones with enhanced BFP. These observations emphasize the serious implications of sub-lethal residual levels of antimicrobials in food environments and suggest a role of food chain in emergence of antimicrobial resistances.

Keywords

Adaptive resistanceefflux pump activityEscherichia colidairy biofilmhaemolysinbenzalkonium chlorideciprofloxacin
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 79 , Issue 4 , November 2012 , pp. 383 - 389
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2012

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