Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T23:22:06.464Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ultrasonographic findings in the ovine udder during involution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 June 2014

Ioannis G Petridis ,
Pagona G Gouletsou ,
Marianna S Barbagianni ,
George S Amiridis ,
Christos Brozos ,
Irene Valasi  and
George C Fthenakis
Ioannis G Petridis
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
Pagona G Gouletsou
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
Marianna S Barbagianni
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
George S Amiridis
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
Christos Brozos
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Irene Valasi
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
George C Fthenakis*
Affiliation:
Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
*
*For correspondence; email: gcf@vet.uth.gr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The objective of the study was to record, by means of ultrasonographic examination, changes occurring in the udder of ewes during involution and to compare differences between progressive or abrupt udder drying-off. In group A ewes, udder drying-off took place progressively during a period of 22 d; ewes were milked twice daily for the last time on day(D) 0; then, they were hand-milked once daily for a week (D1–D7), which was followed by another week during which ewes were hand-milked once every 2 d (D9, D11, D13), followed by a third week during which ewes were hand-milked once every 3 d (D16, D19, D22). In group B ewes, the procedure took place abruptly; ewes were milked twice daily for the last time on D0 and no milking was carried out after that. B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the udder of all ewes was performed throughout the drying-off procedure. Appropriate data management and analysis were performed. Progressive changes of the various parameters evaluated throughout the study period were significant in both groups (P<0·005). Gray-scale results of mammary parenchyma progressively decreased during the study and differed significantly between group A and group B (P=0·049). A temporary increase in cistern volume was evident after cessation of lactation, but differences were not significant between the two groups (P>0·3). Diameter of the external pudendal artery progressively decreased during the study and differed significantly between the two groups (P=0·037). Both resistance index and pulsatility index progressively increased throughout the study period in both groups; for both parameters, differences between the two groups were significant (P<0·0005). B-mode ultrasonographic examination indicated differences in remodelling of the extracellular matrix in relation to the procedure for udder drying-off. Volume of the gland cistern did not appear to be affected by the procedure for udder drying-off. Doppler ultrasonographic examination confirmed that blood flow during initiated involution was lower than during a progressive procedure for drying-off.

Keywords

Mammary involutionmastitissheepultrasonography
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of Dairy Research , Volume 81 , Issue 3 , August 2014 , pp. 288 - 296
Copyright
Copyright © Proprietors of Journal of Dairy Research 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arning, C 2002 Methodische Grundlagen. In Farbkodierte Duplexsonographie der hirnversorgenden Arterien, 3rd ed., pp. 1–22 (Ed. Arning, C). Stuttart: Georg ThiemeGoogle Scholar
Braun, U & Forster, E 2012 B-mode and colour Doppler sonographic examination of the milk vein and musculophrenic vein in dry cows and cows with a milk yield of 10 and 20 kg. Acta veterinaria scandinavica 54 15Google Scholar
Capuco, AV, Akers, RM & Smith, JJ 1997 Mammary growth in Holstein cows during the dry period: quantification of nucleic acids and histology. Journal of Dairy Science 80 477–487Google Scholar
Castillo, V, Such, X, Caja, G, Salama, AAK, Albanell, E & Casals, R 2008 Changes in alveolar and cisternal compartments induced by milking interval in the udder of dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science 91 3403–3411Google Scholar
Christensen, K, Nielsen, MO, Bauer, R & Hilden, K 1989 Evaluation of mammary blood flow measurements in lactating goats using the ultrasound Doppler principle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 92 385–392Google Scholar
Croft, A, Duffield, T, Menzies, P, Leslie, K, Bagg, R & Dick, P 2000 The effect of tilmicosin administered to ewes prior to lambing on incidence of clinical mastitis and subsequent lamb performance. Canadian veterinary Journal 41 306–311Google Scholar
Dingwell, RT, Leslie, KE, Schukken, YH, Sargeant, JM, Timms, LL, Duffield, TF, Keefe, GP, Kelton, DF, Lissemore, KD & Conklin, J 2004 Association of cow and quarter-level factors at drying-off with new intramammary infections during the dry period. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 63 75–89Google Scholar
Fragkou, IA, Mavrogianni, VS, Cripps, PJ, Gougoulis, DA & Fthenakis, GC 2007a The bacterial flora in the teat duct of ewes can protect against and can cause mastitis. Veterinary Research 38 525–545Google Scholar
Fragkou, IA, Papaioannou, N, Cripps, PJ, Boscos, CM & Fthenakis, GC 2007b Teat lesions predispose to invasion of the ovine mammary gland by Mannheimia haemolytica. Journal of Comparative Pathology 137 239–244CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fragkou, IA, Gougoulis, DA, Billinis, C, Mavrogianni, VS, Bushnell, MJ, Cripps, PJ, Tzora, A & Fthenakis, GC 2011 Transmission of Mannheimia haemolytica from the tonsils of lambs to the teat of ewes during sucking. Veterinary Microbiology 148 66–74Google Scholar
Franz, S, Baumgartner, W, Hofmann-Parisot, M, Windischbauer, G, Suchy, A & Bauder, B 2001 Ultrasonography of the teat canal in cows and sheep. Veterinary Record 149 109–112Google Scholar
Franz, S, Hofmann-Parisot, M, Gütler, S & Baumgartner, W 2003 Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in the mammary gland of sheep. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 51 238–246Google Scholar
Fthenakis, GC 1994 Prevalence and aetiology of subclinical mastitis in ewes of Southern Greece. Small Ruminant Research 13 293–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fthenakis, GC 1995 California mastitis test and Whiteside test in diagnosis of subclinical mastitis of dairy ewes. Small Ruminant Research 16 271–276Google Scholar
Fthenakis, GC, Arsenos, G, Brozos, C, Fragkou, IA, Giadinis, ND, Giannenas, I, Mavrogianni, VS, Papadopoulos, E & Valasi, I 2012 Health management of ewes during pregnancy. Animal Reproduction Science 130 198–212Google Scholar
Ginther, OJ 2007 Ultrasonic Imaging and Animal Reproduction: Color-Doppler Ultrasonography, Book 4, p. 258. Wisconsin: Equiservices PublishingGoogle Scholar
Gürtler, H & Schweigert, FJ 2005 Physiologie der Laktation. In Physiologie der Haustiere, 2nd ed., pp. 572–593 (Eds Engelhardt, WV & Breves, G). Stuttgart: Enke im Hippokrates VerlagGoogle Scholar
Hurley, WL 1989 Mammary gland function during involution. Journal of Dairy Science 72 1637–1646Google Scholar
Knight, CH, Peaker, M & Wilde, CJ 1998 Local control of mammary development and function. Reviews in Reproduction 3 104–112Google Scholar
Lazaridis, LJ, Brozos, CN & Kiossis, EA 2012 Applications of ultrasonography in ruminants (III): udder andgenital system of the male - A review. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 63 217–226Google Scholar
Lee, CS & Lascelles, AK 1969 The histological changes in involuting mammary glands of ewes in relation to the local allergic response. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medicine 47 613–623Google Scholar
Mavrogianni, VS, Fthenakis, GC, Burriel, AR, Gouletsou, P, Papaioannou, N & Taitzoglou, IA 2004 Experimentally induced teat stenosis in dairy ewes: clinical, pathological and ultrasonographic features. Journal of Comparative Pathology 130 70–74Google Scholar
Mavrogianni, VS, Fthenakis, GC, Brooks, H, Papaioannou, N, Cripps, PJ, Taitzoglou, I, Brellou, G & Saratsis, P 2005 The effects of inoculation of Mannheimia haemolytica into the teat of lactating ewes. Veterinary Research 36 13–25Google Scholar
Mavrogianni, VS, Cripps, PJ, Papaioannou, N, Taitzoglou, IA & Fthenakis, GC 2006 Teat disorders predispose ewes to clinical mastitis after challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 79 163–173Google Scholar
Mavrogianni, VS, Cripps, PJ & Fthenakis, GC 2007 Bacterial flora and risk of infection of the ovine teat duct and mammary gland throughout lactation. Veterinary Research 37 89–105Google Scholar
McKusick, BC, Thomas, DL, Berger, YM & Marnet, PG 2002 Effect of milking interval on alveolar versus cisternal milk accumulation and milk production and composition in dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science 85 2197–2206Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health 2013 Image J: Image Processing and Analysis in Java. http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/Google Scholar
Nielsen, MO, Jakobsen, K & Jorgensen, JN 1990 Changes in mammary blood flow during the lactation period in goats measured by the ultrasound Doppler principle. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 91 519–524Google Scholar
Nudda, A, Pulina, P, Vallebellla, R, Bencini, R & Enne, G 2000 Ultrasound technique for measuring mammary cistern size of dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Research 67 101–106Google Scholar
Ojala, T, Pietikaeinen, M & Maeenpaea, T 2002 Multiresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 24 971–987Google Scholar
Petridis, IG & Fthenakis, GC 2014 Administration of antibiotics to ewes at the beginning of the ‘dry-period’. Journal of Dairy Research 81 9–15Google Scholar
Petridis, IG, Mavrogianni, VS, Gougoulis, DA, Amiridis, GS, Brozos, C & Fthenakis, GC 2012 Effects of drying-off procedure of ewes’ udder, with intramammary antibiotic administration, in subsequent mammary infection and development of mastitis. Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 63 273–282Google Scholar
Petridis, IG, Mavrogianni, VS, Fragkou, IA, Gougoulis, DA, Tzora, A, Fotou, K, Skoufos, I, Amiridis, GS, Brozos, C & Fthenakis, GC 2013 Effects of drying-off procedure of ewes’ udder in subsequent mammary infection and development of mastitis. Small Ruminant Research 110 128–132Google Scholar
Piccione, G, Arcigli, A, Assenza, A, Percipalle, M & Caola, G 2004 Pulsed wave-Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of the mammary blood flow in the ewe. Acta Veterinaria Brno 73 23–27Google Scholar
Rovai, M, Caja, G & Such, X 2008 Evaluation of udder cisterns and effects on milk yield of dairy ewes. Journal of Dairy Science 91 4622–4629Google Scholar
Ruberte, J, Carretero, A, Fernandez, M, Navarro, M, Caja, G, Kirchner, F & Such, X 1994 Ultrasound mammography in the lactating ewe and its correspondence to anatomical section. Small Ruminant Research 13 199–204Google Scholar
Saratsis, P, Leontides, L, Tzora, A, Alexopoulos, C & Fthenakis, GC 1998 Incidence risk and aetiology of mammary abnormalities in dry ewes in 10 flocks in Southern Greece. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 37 173–183Google Scholar
Sordillo, LM & Nickerson, SC 1988 Morphologic changes in the bovine mammary gland during involution and lactogenesis. American Journal of Veterinary Research 49 1112–1120Google Scholar
Stavros, AT 2011 The Breast. In Diagnostic Ultrasound, 4th ed., pp. 773–839 (Eds Rumack, CM, Wilson, SR, Charboneau, JM & Levine, D). Philadelphia: MosbyGoogle Scholar
Tatarczuch, L, Philip, C & Lee, CS 1997 Involution of the sheep mammary gland. Journal of Anatomy 190 405–416Google Scholar
Tatarczuch, L, Philip, C, Bischof, R & Lee, CS 2000 Leucocyte phenotypes in involuting and fully involuted mammary glandular tissues and secretions of sheep. Journal of Anatomy 196 313–326Google Scholar
Widder, B & Goertler, M 2004 Grundlagen. In Doppler- und Duplexsonographie der hirnversorgenden Arterien, 6th ed., pp. 3–86 (Eds Widder, B & Goertler, M). Berlin: SpringerGoogle Scholar