The cortical representations of the vibrissae of the rat form a matrix in which each whisker has its own area of cortex, called a ‘barrel’. The afferent pathways from the periphery travel first to the trigeminal nuclei and thence via the ventroposteromedial thalamus (VPM) to the cortical barrels have been described in detail. We have studied the output from barrels by filling adjacent areas of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) with either Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and demonstrating the course and terminations of the axons that arise within the barrel fields. The method not only dramatically illustrates the previously described corticothalamic pathway to VPM but also demonstrates a strict topography in the cortical afferents to the thalamic reticular nucleus (RT). Cells supplying the RT projection are found below the barrels in layer IV. Connections to the posterior thalamus, on the other hand, have no discernible topography and are derived from cortical areas surrounding the barrels. Thus the outputs of these ‘septal’ areas return to the region from which they receive thalamic input. The corticocortical connections are also visible in the same material. Contralateral cortical connections arise from the cells of the septa between barrels. The projections to secondary somatosensory area (SII) are mirror images of the barrel pattern in SI with rather more overlap but nonetheless a recognisable topography.