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Defenders of Patriotism or Mothers of Fascism? The Daughters of the American Revolution, Antiradicalism, and Un-Americanism in the Interwar Period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2013

SIMON WENDT
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Abstract

Focussing on the nationalist women's organization Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR), this article seeks to make an important contribution to the historiography of un-Americanism by exploring its gendered dimensions as well as its ambiguities in the interwar period. By the early 1920s, the DAR boasted a membership of 140,000. It was during this period that the organization became the vanguard of a post-World War I antiradical movement that sought to protect the United States from the dangers of “un-American” ideologies, chief among them socialism and communism. Given the DAR's visibility and prominence during the interwar period, the organization constitutes a useful case study to analyze notions of un-Americanism between World War I and World War II. A thorough analysis of the Daughters' rhetoric and activities in the 1920s and 1930s reveals three things: (1) the importance of gender in understanding what patriotic women's organizations such as the DAR feared when they warned of “un-Americanism”; (2) the antimodern impulse of nationalist women's efforts to combat un-American activities, which is closely related to its gender dimension; and (3) the ambiguity of the term “un-American,” since it was used by the DAR and its liberal detractors alike to criticize each other.

Type
Un-American Articles
Information
Journal of American Studies , Volume 47 , Issue 4: The “Un-American” , November 2013 , pp. 943 - 969
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013 

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References

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13 Powers, 18–33.

14 Ibid., 41–78.

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17 Quoted in Myra Nye, “Radicalism in Clubs Scored,” Los Angeles Times, 17 Nov. 1926, A9.

18 Quoted in “D.A.R. Chief for Ruthless Knife on Alien Cancer,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 20 April 1920, 5.

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20 Quoted in “Thirty-First D.A.R. Congress Is Opened in Washington,” Christian Science Monitor, 17 April 1922, 2.

21 See, for example, Nye, A9.

22 Nielsen, Un-American Womanhood, 2.

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29 For more information on the DAR's efforts to commemorate the contributions of women to American nation-building see Wendt, Simon, “Nationalist Middle-Class Women, Memory, and Conservative Family Values, 1890–1945,” in Heinemann, Isabel, ed., Gender Roles and the Family: Changing Values and Norms in 20th-Century United States (Frankfurt: Campus, 2012), 33–60Google Scholar.

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33 “Report of War Work of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution during the Great World War from August 14, 1914–November 11, 1918,” 5–6, Box 33, Papers of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Michigan Society, Bentley Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

34 Mary S. Lockwood, “League of White Feather Leads Youth to Disloyalty,” Washington Post, 19 July 1915, 5; “D.A.R. Call to Colors,” Washington Post, 2 April 1917, 5.

35 “Pacifists in the D.A.R.,” Washington Post, 15 April 1928, S1.

36 Morgan, “Home and Country,” 353, 360, 405.

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38 Morgan, Women and Patriotism in Jim Crow America, 137, 141; Morgan, “Home and Country,” 432–34.

39 See “D.A.R. Policy on ‘Blacklist’ Draws Censure,” Christian Science Monitor, 2 April 1928, 1; “Says Bay State D.A.R. Blacklists Liberals,” New York Times, 2 April 1928, 1; “Pamphlet Attacks D.A.R. Leadership,” New York Times, 9 April 1928, 1; “D.A.R. Head Replies to Critics of Order,” New York Times, 15 April 1928, 18; “New Signs Hint at D.A.R. Fight,” Los Angeles Times, 19 April 1928, 6; “D.A.R. Blacklist Existence Denied by Mrs. Brosseau,” Washington Post, 21 April 1928, 3; “Attacks on D.A.R. Leadership Meet Crushing Defeat,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 21 April 1928, 17; “D.A.R. Punishes Insurgent and then Adjourns,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 April 1928, 22; “D.A.R. Drops Mrs. Bailie, Accused of Injuring Good Name of Body in Blacklist Charges,” New York Times, 23 June 1928, 1.

40 “D.A.R. Is Urged to Give Source of ‘Red’ Warning,” Christian Science Monitor, 13 March 1928, 1.

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43 Quoted in Bullard, F. Lauriston, “Boston Minister Decries ‘Espionage,’” New York Times, 1 April 1928, 55Google Scholar.

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45 See, for example, Oregon Lewis and Clark Chapter D.A.R. to Dear Madam, 17 April 1928, Folder 5, Box 1, DAR Blacklist Controversy Collection; “We, The Undersigned,” 15 May 1930, Folder 4, Box 1, DAR Blacklist Controversy Collection.

46 “D.A.R. Pained by Charges of Klan Leanings,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 March 1928, 25; “Mrs. Bailie Takes Case to Delegates,” New York Times, 15 April 1928, 28; “White Sees Klan Nightie under D.A.R. Petticoat,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 6 April 1928, 37. See also “Urges New Society to Offset D.A.R.,” New York Times, 23 April 1928, 30.

47 “Uplift of Indians Is Urged on D.A.R.,” Washington Post, 21 April 1921, 1.

48 Medlicott, Carol, “One Social Milieu, Paradoxical Responses: A Geographical Reexamination of the Ku Klux Klan and the Daughters of the American Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Flint, Colin, ed., Spaces of Hate: Geographies of Discrimination and Intolerance in the U.S.A. (New York: Routledge, 2004), 21–47Google Scholar.

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50 Quoted in “Loyal Americans Urged for Schools,” Washington Post, 4 Sept. 1921, 2.

51 Flora A. Walker to the Committee, 8 April 1928, Folder 5, Box 1, DAR Blacklist Controversy Collection. See also “D.A.R. Regent Defends Issue of ‘Blacklists,’” Christian Science Monitor, 5 April 1928, 5.

52 Elaine Goodale Eastman, “Are D.A.R. Women Exploited?”, reprint from Christian Century, 11 Sept. 1929, Folder 1, Box 1, DAR Blacklist Controversy Collection, University of Stanford Archives, Stanford, CA.

53 “Minutes of Regular and Special Meetings of the Denver Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution” (1927–30), entry “May 11–1928,” Denver DAR Chapter Collection, Box 1, Folder 16, Denver Public Library, Denver, CO; Elaine Goodale Eastman to Dear Member, 10 Aug. 1928, Folder 2, Box 1, DAR Blacklist Controversy Collection.

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56 Florence H. Becker to Dear Members, 1 Sept. 1932, National Republic Records, Reel 139, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

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70 Quoted in Fleming, James G., “Southern Newspaper Editorial Opinion on the Marian Anderson–D.A.R. Affair,” Negro History Bulletin, 14 (Dec. 1950), 68–72, 68Google Scholar.

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73 “Shuns Anderson Protest,” New York Times, 20 March 1939, 17.

74 Quoted in “Bishop Calls D.A.R. Mother of Fascism,” Chicago Defender, 25 March 1939, 6.

75 Quoted in “Rep. Gavagan Calls Anderson Ban Fascistic,” Washington Post, 1 March 1939, 3. See also Joseph A. Gavagan to Mrs. Henry M. Robert Jr., 17 April 1939, Folder 2, Box 1, Marian Anderson–D.A.R. Controversy Collection, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University, Washington, DC.

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79 See “Mrs. Roosevelt Hears Marian Anderson Sing in D.A.R. Hall for China Relief Fund,” New York Times, 8 Jan. 1943, 24; “Charges Racial Bias,” New York Times, 1 Oct. 1945, 25; “D.A.R. to Keep Ban on Negro Use of Hall,” Washington Post, 13 Oct. 1945, 3; “DAR Demands Race Purity,” Chicago Defender, 30 March 1946, 3.

80 “Threat to Quit D.A.R. Voiced by Rep. Luce,” Los Angeles Times, 14 Oct. 1945, 3; “Protest Mounts against DAR Racist Policy,” Chicago Defender, 27 Oct. 1945, 1; “D.A.R. Head Affirms Stand of Group on Negro Issue,” Christian Science Monitor, 3 Dec. 1945, 13; Grace L. H. Brosseau to Dear Mrs. Luce, 14 Nov. 1945, Folder “D.A.R.,” Reel 471, National Republic Records; Clare Boothe Luce to Dear Mrs. (blank), 27 March 1946, Folder “D.A.R.,” Reel 471, National Republic Records; “For Release upon Delivery,” 21 Feb. 1946, Folder 7, Box 680, Clare Boothe Luce Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Greenbaum, Lucy, “D.A.R. Vote Orders Dissolution of the Luce Anti-bias Committee,” New York Times, 22 May 1946, 23Google Scholar; “D.A.R. Applauds Cancelling of Move for Racial Equality,” Christian Science Monitor, 23 May 1946, 3.

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87 Kendall, Elaine, “The Daughters,” New York Times, 4 Aug. 1974, 241Google Scholar.

88 For more information on the role of DAR members and similarly minded conservative white women in this movement see, for example, Spruill, Marjorie J., “Gender and America's Right Turn,” in Schulman, Bruce J. and Zelizer, Julian E., eds., Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 71–89Google Scholar; Critchlow, Donald T., Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism: A Woman's Crusade (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.