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IL MODELLO SUD-EUROPEO Dl WELFARE STATE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Maurizio Ferrera

Un welfare del sud?

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Con il ritorno della democrazia e l'ingresso nella Comunità europea di Spagna, Portogallo e Grecia la visibilità dell'Europa meridionale è costantemente cresciuta nel corso dell'ultimo decennio. L'approssimarsi delle scadenze previste per l'Unione economico-monetaria e il dibattito sulla cosiddetta «dimensione sociale» hanno a loro volta attirato l'attenzione dei policy makers nazionali e sovranazionali verso gli specifici problemi e le prospettive dei sistemi di welfare dei paesi latini. L'idea sottostante a questo nuovo interesse è che tali sistemi siano caratterizzati da una eredità comune e che si trovino oggi a fronteggiare sfide «regionali» anch'esse comuni nel nuovo contesto post-Maastricht.

Summary

Summary

The article tries to identify some common traits of the welfare states of Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece, with special attention to institutional and political aspects.

The main traits identified are: 1) a highly fragmented and «corporatist» income maintenance system, displaying a marked internal polarization: peaks of generosity (e.g, as regards pensions) accompanied by macroscopic gaps of protection; 2) the departure from corporatist traditions in the field of health care and the establishment (at least partially) of National Health Services based on universalistic principles; 3) a low degree of state penetration of the welfare sphere and a highly collusive mix between public and non public actors and institutions; 4) the persistence of clientelism and the formation - in some cases - of fairly elaborated «patronage machines» for the selective distribution of cash subsidies.

A number of factors are then discussed to explain these peculiarities of the Southern model. Among these: the historical weakness of the state apparatus in this area of Europe; the preminence of parties as main actors for interest articulation and aggregation; ideological polarizations and, in particular, the presence of a maximalist and divided Left.

In the last section, the article addresses the severe problems which are currently confronting - in various degrees - the four Southern European welfare states. Both the exogenous challenges, connected with market globalization and EMU, and the endogenous challenges (such as rapid ageing, mass unemployment etc.) are discussed. It is concluded that the adaptation of the Southern model to these challenges will be a very difficult process in the years ahead, in both social and political terms.

Type
Ricerche
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , April 1996 , pp. 67 - 101
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

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