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Tolerance of Lygodium microphyllum and L. japonicum Spores and Gametophytes to Freezing Temperature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jeffrey T. Hutchinson  and
Kenneth A. Langeland
Jeffrey T. Hutchinson*
Affiliation:
University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653
Kenneth A. Langeland
Affiliation:
University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: Jeffrey_hutchinson@fws.gov
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Abstract

Old World climbing fern (OWCF) spores had lower germination rates (P = 0.0072) after being frozen for ≥ 3 h compared to < 3 h, and were highly susceptible to freezing periods ≥ 6 h with a 5.8- to 13.3-fold reduction in spore germination compared to controls. Freezing temperature did not affect germination of Japanese climbing fern (JCF) spores compared to controls (P = 0.32). OWCF gametophytes had reduced survival at all exposures to freezing temperatures compared to controls (P < 0.0001), and had < 0.5% survival for exposure times ≥ 3 h. The gametophytes of JCF had reduced survival at exposures to freezing temperatures ≥ 1 h (P < 0.0001) compared to controls. JCF gametophyte survival was 52.5% at 3-h exposure time, but was reduced to ≤ 0.1% at exposure times ≥ 6 h. All OWCF sporophytes exhibited 100% necrosis for all exposure times 24 h postexposure, but new growth from resprouts was observed for exposure time ≤ 6 h at 6 mo postfreezing. OWCF sporophytes' dry weight biomass was greatly reduced for all exposure times compared to controls (P < 0.0001). Results with nonlinear regression (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.92) indicated that a single freeze for 2.4 h at −2.2 C reduced OWCF dry weight biomass to 0.01 g, a 10-fold reduction, at 6 mo postfreezing. These results indicate that JCF spores and gametophytes are more tolerant of longer exposure periods to freezing temperatures than OWCF, but OWCF exhibited the potential to spread further into northern Florida.

Keywords

Old World climbing fern, Lygodium microphyllum (Cav.) R. Br.Japanese climbing fern, L. japonicum (Thunb.) Sw.Climbing fernsFloridafreeze toleranceinvasive plantsnatural areas
Type
Research Article
Information
Invasive Plant Science and Management , Volume 7 , Issue 2 , June 2014 , pp. 328 - 335
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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Footnotes

Current address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aquatic Resources Center, 500 East McCarty Lane, San Marcos, TX 78666

References

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