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The origins and influence of victim assistance: Contributions of the Mine Ban Treaty, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Convention on Cluster Munitions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2022

Bonnie Docherty  and
Alicia Sanders-Zakre
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Abstract

The establishment of victim assistance as a core element of humanitarian disarmament emerged from three treaties: the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty (MBT), the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM). The MBT introduced the concept of victim assistance, and the CPRD created a framework of human rights that influenced its evolution. Drawing on its predecessors, the CCM made victim assistance a robust and rights-based legal obligation. This article analyses the negotiating history and content of the treaties to show how victim assistance evolved, particularly in the areas of inclusion and human rights. It examines the treaties’ implementation, which reveals that while the CRPD set standards for victim assistance, the MBT and CCM's victim assistance programmes have benefitted persons with disabilities in practice. Finally, it offers lessons from the MBT, CRPD and CCM for implementation and interpretation of victim assistance obligations under the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. The article concludes that the three treaties have collectively established assisting victims as a feature of disarmament law, helped persons with disabilities realize their rights, and laid the groundwork for adapting victim assistance to new challenges.

Keywords

Disarmamentvictim assistanceMine Ban TreatyConvention on Cluster MunitionsConvention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesTreaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Type
Research Article
Information
International Review of the Red Cross , Volume 105 , Issue 922: Persons with disabilities in armed conflict , April 2023 , pp. 252 - 277
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the ICRC.

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Footnotes

The advice, opinions and statements contained in this article are those of the author/s and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ICRC. The ICRC does not necessarily represent or endorse the accuracy or reliability of any advice, opinion, statement or other information provided in this article.

References

1 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, Oslo, 18 September 1997 (entered into force 1 March 1999) (Mine Ban Treaty).

2 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, New York, 13 December 2006 (entered into force 3 May 2008).

3 Convention on Cluster Munitions, Dublin, 30 May 2008 (entered into force 1 August 2010).

4 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, New York, 7 July 2017 (entered into force 22 January 2021).

5 Humanitarian Disarmament, “About Humanitarian Disarmament”, available at: https://humanitariandisarmament.org/about/ (all internet references were accessed in September 2022). See, generally, Docherty, Bonnie, “Ending Civilian Suffering: The Purpose, Provisions, and Promise of Humanitarian Disarmament Law”, Austrian Review of International and European Law, Vol. 15, 2010Google Scholar.

6 Kenneth R. Rutherford, Disarming States: The International Movement to Ban Landmines, Praeger Security International, Santa Barbara, CA, 2010, pp. 91–105.

7 Jerry White and Ken Rutherford, “The Role of the Landmine Survivors Network”, in Maxwell A. Cameron, Robert J. Lawson and Brian W. Tomlin (eds), To Walk Without Fear: The Global Movement to Ban Landmines, Oxford University Press, Toronto, 1998, pp. 99–117.

8 K. R. Rutherford, above note 6, p. 66; J. White and K. Rutherford, above note 7, p. 105.

9 J. White and K. Rutherford, above note 7.

10 University of Pennsylvania – African Studies Center, “Final Declaration of the 4th International NGO Conference on Landmines: Toward a Mine Free Southern Africa”, Maputo, Mozambique, 25–8 February 1997, available at: www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic_32197.html.

11 J. White and K. Rutherford, above note 7, p. 111.

12 Mine Ban Treaty, above note 1, preamble.

13 Interview with Janet E. Lord, Senior Fellow, Harvard Law School Project on Disability, and formerly with the Landmine Survivors Network, online, August 2022 (on file with the authors).

14 First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines on Their Destruction, “Nairobi Action Plan 2005–2009”, 29 November–3 December 2004, Action 38, available at: www.icbl.org/media/933290/Nairobi-Action-Plan-2005.pdf (Nairobi Action Plan).

15 Ibid., Action 39.

16 Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Final Report, UN Doc. APLC/CONF/2009/9, 17 June 2010, para. 100 (Cartagena Final Report). See, also, First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines on the Their Destruction, Final Report, UN Doc. APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, para. 68 (Nairobi Final Report) (calling for the “non-discrimination of victims”).

17 Mine Ban Treaty, above note 1, preamble.

18 South African Ambassador Jacob Selebi, who served as president of the final negotiations, stated that including provisions for victim assistance as well as clearance obligations were “central to the comprehensiveness of the treaty”. Jacob S. Selebi, “Foreword by Ambassador Jacob S. Selebi, South Africa”, in Louis Maresca and Stuart Maslen (eds), The Banning of Anti-Personnel Landmines: The Legal Contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross 1955–1999, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000, p. xxii.

19 Mine Ban Treaty, above note 1, preamble.

20 Ibid., Art. 6(3).

21 Ibid.

22 Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, Action 33.

23 Nairobi Final Report, above note 16, para. 68.

24 The International Disability Alliance, “History”, available at: www.internationaldisabilityalliance.org/content/history.

25 UN General Assembly, Comprehensive and Integral International Convention to Promote and Protect the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities, UN Doc. A/RES/56/168, 19 December 2001, para. 1.

26 Kayess, Rosemary and French, Phillip, “Out of Darkness into Light? Introducing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities”, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008, p. 16CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For example, see Disabled Peoples’ International, “Position Paper Regarding a New International Human Rights Convention for Disabled People”, 25 February 2003, available at: www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/rights/contrib-dpi.htm.

27 Theresia Degener and Andrew Begg, “From Invisible Citizens to Agents of Change: A Short History of the Struggle for the Recognition of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities at the United Nations”, in Valentina Della Fina, Rachele Cera and Giuseppe Palmisano (eds), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: A Commentary, Springer, Cham, 2017, p. 19.

28 Ibid., p. 22.

29 R. Kayess and P. French, above note 26, pp. 20–33.

30 Interview with Janet E. Lord, above note 13.

31 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Art. 3.

32 Ibid., Art. 4. In addition, Article 33(3) mandates that “[c]ivil society, in particular persons with disabilities and their representative organizations shall be involved and participate fully” in the process of monitoring the convention's implementation. Ibid., Art. 33(3).

33 Ibid., Arts 6 and 7.

34 Ibid., Art. 5.

35 R. Kayess and P. French, above note 26, p. 3.

36 Theresia Degener, “A New Human Rights Model of Disability”, in V. Della Fina et al. (eds), above note 27, p. 42.

37 R. Kayess and P. French, above note 26, p. 3.

38 Ibid.

39 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 2(1).

40 Markus Reiterer and Tirza Leibowitz, “Article 5: Victim Assistance”, in Gro Nystuen and Stuart Casey-Maslen (eds), The Convention on Cluster Munitions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, Oxford, October 2010, p. 328.

41 Docherty, Bonnie, “Breaking New Ground: The Convention on Cluster Munitions and the Evolution of International Law”, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2009, p. 941CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 Human Rights Watch, Meeting the Challenge: Protecting Civilians through the Convention on Cluster Munitions, November 2010, pp. 122–4, available at: www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/armsclusters1110webwcover.pdf.

43 See, for example, Closing Statement by the United Kingdom to the Dublin Diplomatic Conference for the Adoption of a Convention on Cluster Munitions, 30 May 2008 (thanking the CMC despite the “vigorous discussions” they had had); Statement by New Zealand to the Convention on Cluster Munitions Signing Conference, Oslo, 3 December 2008 (welcoming the role of civil society and stating, “The constructive relationship we have built demonstrates what is achievable when we work together.”).

44 Human Rights Watch, above note 42, p. 123.

45 M. Reiterer and T. Leibowitz, above note 40, p. 330.

46 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, preamble.

47 Ibid., Art. 5(2)(f).

48 Ibid., preamble.

49 Ibid., Art. 5(2)(e).

50 Oslo Conference on Cluster Munitions, “Declaration”, 22–3 February 2007, available at: www.clusterconvention.org/files/oslo/Oslo-Declaration-final-23-February-2007.pdf.

51 M. Reiterer and T. Leibowitz, above note 40, p. 338.

52 B. Docherty, above note 41, pp. 949–52.

53 John Borrie, Unacceptable Harm: A History of How the Treaty to Ban Cluster Munitions Was Won, UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), 14 December 2009, p. 52, available at: www.unidir.org/publication/unacceptable-harm-history-how-treaty-ban-cluster-munitions-was-won. Initial organizations included Mines Action Canada, Human Rights Watch, Austrian Aid for Mine Victims, the Belgian and French wings of Handicap International, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (Russia), Landmine Action, the Nepalese Campaign to Ban Landmines, Pax Christi Netherlands, the Landmine Struggle Unit, and the Mennonite Central Committee.

54 Bonnie Docherty, “Completing the Package: The Development and Significance of Positive Obligations in Humanitarian Law”, in Treasa Dunworth and Anna Hood (eds), Disarmament Law: Reviewing the Field, Routledge, Abingdon, 2021, p. 64; R. Kayess and P. French, above note 26.

55 Virgil Wiebe, John Borrie and Declan Smyth, “Introduction”, in Gro Nystuen and Stuart Casey-Maslen, above note 40, pp. 18–19.

56 UN General Assembly, Comprehensive and Integral International Convention to Promote and Protect the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities, UN Doc. A/RES/56/168, 19 December 2001.

57 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5.

58 Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, para. 5 (emphasis added).

59 Ibid., Actions 29–35.

60 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5(1).

61 Mine Ban Treaty, above note 1; Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, Action 31.

62 Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, Action 35; Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5(1).

63 Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, Actions 34 and 35; Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Arts 5(1) and (2)(b).

64 Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, Action 37; Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 7(1)(k).

65 M. Reiterer and T. Leibowitz, above note 40, p. 334.

66 Kenneth Rutherford, Nerina Čevra and Tracey Begley, “Connecting the Dots: The Ottawa Convention and the CCM”, The Journal of ERW and Mine Action, Winter 2008/9, p. 44, available at: https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1560&context=cisr-journal.

67 Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, Action 33.

68 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, preamble.

69 Ibid., Art. 5 (emphasis added).

70 B. Docherty, above note 41, p. 951; Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5.

71 M. Reiterer and T. Leibowitz, above note 40, p. 360; Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, Action 32.

72 M. Reiterer and T. Leibowitz, above note 40, p. 360.

73 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 2(1).

74 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Art. 2.

75 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5(2)(g); Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Art. 33(1).

76 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Arts 6, 7 and 31.

77 B. Docherty, above note 41, p. 956.

78 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5(2)(c).

79 Ibid., Art. 5(2)(d).

80 Ibid., Art. 5.

81 Survivor Corps, Connecting the Dots: Victim Assistance and Human Rights, December 2008, p. 31, available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/connecting-dots-victim-assistance-and-human-rights.

82 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Status of Ratification”, available at: https://indicators.ohchr.org/.

83 Cartagena Final Report, above note 16, para. 165.

84 Ibid.

85 M. Reiterer and T. Leibowitz, above note 40, p. 368.

86 Ibid.

87 Cartagena Final Report, above note 16, para. 107.

88 Convention on Cluster Munitions, First Meeting of States Parties, Final Document, UN Doc. CCM/MSP/2010/5, 31 January 2010, Action 23, available at: www.clusterconvention.org/vientiane-action-plan/ (Vientiane Action Plan).

89 Fourth Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Final Document: Oslo Action Plan, UN Doc. APLC/CONF/2019/5/Add.1, 22 January 2020, Action 34 (Oslo Action Plan).

90 Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Conference on Cluster Munitions, Final Report of the Second Review Conference: Lausanne Action Plan, UN Doc. CCM/CONF/2021/6, 6 October 2021, Action 32 (Lausanne Action Plan).

91 UN Mine Action Service, “Victim Assistance in Mine Action”, 1st ed., International Mine Action Standard 13.10, September 2021, available at: www.mineactionstandards.org/fileadmin/user_upload/IMAS_13.10_Ed1_04.pdf.

92 UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Gerard Quinn, UN Doc. A/77/203, 20 July 2022.

93 Interview with Janet E. Lord, above note 13.

94 Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Final Report: Cartagena Action Plan, UN Doc. APLC/CONF/2009/9, 17 June 2010, Action 29 (Cartagena Action Plan).

95 Vientiane Action Plan, above note 88, Action 31.

96 Convention on Cluster Munitions, First Meeting of States Parties, Survivors’ Declaration, UN Doc. CCM/MSP/2010/MISC.2, 11 November 2010.

97 First Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Review of the Vientiane Action Plan, UN Doc. CCM/CONF/2015/3, 12 May 2015, para. 64.

98 Fourth Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Final Document, UN Doc. APLC/CONF/2019/5, 22 January 2020, p. 35, para. 57 (Oslo Final Report).

99 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Art. 4(3).

100 Cartagena Final Report, above note 16, paras 110 and 161.

101 The Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World, “Managua Programme for Victim Assistance Experts”, 24–26 February 2009, available at: www.cartagenasummit.org/regional-workshops/managua-workshop/programme-for-victim-assistance-experts/; The Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World, “Bangkok Programme for Victim Assistance Experts”, 1–3 April 2009, available at: www.cartagenasummit.org/regional-workshops/bangkok-workshop/programme-for-victim-assistance-experts/.

102 Oslo Final Report, above note 98, para. 61.

103 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Art. 8(1)(a).

104 The Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World: the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, “Statement from Sudan”, 30 November 2009, available at: www.cartagenasummit.org/fileadmin/APMBC-RC2/monday/2RC-Item9a-30Nov2009-Sudan.pdf .

105 The Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World: The Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, “Statement from Japan”, 30 November 2009, available at: www.cartagenasummit.org/fileadmin/APMBC-RC2/monday/2RC-Item9a-30Nov2009-Japan-en.pdf .

106 International Campaign to Ban Landmines–Cluster Munition Coalition, Cluster Munition Monitor 2021, September 2021, p. 74, available at: www.the-monitor.org/media/3299952/Cluster-Munition-Monitor-2021_web_Sept2021.pdf.

107 ICRC, “Second Review Conference of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Geneva, 25–27 November 2020: International Committee of the Red Cross Statement on Victim Assistance”, available at: www.clusterconvention.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/CCM-2RC-ICRC-statement-Victim-assistance-updated-version-2-December-2020.pdf.

108 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Arts 20, 25 and 26.

109 International Campaign to Ban Landmines–Cluster Munition Coalition, Landmine Monitor 2021, November 2021, p. 82, available at: www.the-monitor.org/media/3318354/Landmine-Monitor-2021-Web.pdf.

110 Ibid.

111 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Arts 17 and 18.

112 See, for example, Handicap International, Guide on an Integrated Approach to Victim Assistance: By States For States, p. 5, available at: www.clusterconvention.org/files/publications/Guidance-on-an-Integrated-Approach-to-Victim-Assistance.pdf; Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, Frameworks for Victim Assistance: Monitor Key Findings and Observations, December 2013, pp. 15–16, available at: http://the-monitor.org/media/131747/Frameworks_VA-December-2013.pdf .

113 See, for example, Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Review Document of the Dubrovnik Action Plan, UN Doc. CCM/CONF/2020/13, 1 October 2020, paras 68–9.

114 See, for example, Oslo Final Report, above note 98, p. 59; Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor, above note 112, p. 16, describing the success of the “Accessible Tumbes” programme in Peru.

115 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, above note 4, Arts 6–7.

116 Gibbons, Rebecca Davis, “The Humanitarian Turn in Nuclear Disarmament and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons”, The Nonproliferation Review, Vol. 25, No. 1–2, 2018CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

117 Ibid.; see, for example, Karipbek Kuyukov, “Speech by Karipbek Kuyukov, the ATOM Project Ambassador, at the International Conference on the Humanitarian Consequences of Nuclear Weapons”, Oslo, 4–5 March 2013, available at: www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/ud/vedlegg/hum/hum_kuyukov.pdf.

118 Acheson, Ray, Banning the Bomb, Smashing the Patriarchy, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, New York, 2021, pp. 223–58Google Scholar. Statements included an indigenous statement: “Indigenous Statement to the U.N. Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty Negotiations”, UN General Assembly, June 2017, available at: https://icanw.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Indigenous-Statement-June-2017.pdf.

119 R. Acheson, above note 118, p. 228.

120 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, above note 4, preamble.

121 Ibid., Art. 8(5).

122 Ibid., Art. 6(1).

123 Bonnie Docherty, “A ‘Light for All Humanity’: The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons and the Progress of Humanitarian Disarmament”, in Joseph A. Camilleri, Michael Hamel-Green and Fumihiko Yoshida (eds), The 2017 Nuclear Ban Treaty: A New Path to Nuclear Disarmament, Routledge, Abingdon, 2019, pp. 35–6.

124 Matthew Breay Bolton and Elizabeth Minor, “The Agency of International Humanitarian Disarmament Law: The Case of Advocacy for Positive Obligations in the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons”, in Matthew Breay Bolton, Sarah Njeri and Taylor Benjamin-Britton (eds), Global Activism and Humanitarian Disarmament, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020.

125 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, above note 4, Art. 6(1).

126 Ibid.

127 Ibid., Art. 7.

128 Ibid., Art. 7(6).

129 Ibid., Art. 6(1).

130 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5(2)(f); Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Art. 4(3).

131 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, above note 4, preamble and Art. 8(5).

132 First Meeting of States Parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons: Vienna Action Plan, UN Doc. TPNW/MSP/2022/6*, 21 July 2022, Actions 19 and 25 (Vienna Action Plan).

133 Ibid., Actions 21, 22 and 31.

134 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5(1).

135 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Arts 25 and 26.

136 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Initial Report Submitted by Kazakhstan under Article 35 of the Convention, Due in 2017, UN Doc. CRPD/C/KAZ/1, 21 February 2019, p. 33, paras 351 and 353.

137 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York, 16 December 1966 (entered into force 23 March 1976), Art. 2(1).

138 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 5(2); Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 2, Arts 2 and 4; Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, General Comment No. 6 (2018) on Equality and Non-Discrimination, UN Doc. CRPD/C/GC/6, 26 April 2018.

139 See, also, Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, General Comment No. 3 (2016) on Women and Girls with Disabilities, UN Doc. CRPD/C/GC/3, 25 November 2016.

140 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Initial Report Submitted by the Lao People's Democratic Republic under Article 35 of the Convention, Due in 2011, UN Doc. CRPD/C/LAO/1, 6 October 2017; Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Initial Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 35 of the Convention: Austria, UN Doc. CRPD/C/AUT/1, 10 October 2011.

141 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, above note 136.

142 For example, see Mexico's report, which reported conducting the National Survey of Children and Women of 2015 on women and children with disabilities, or New Zealand's report which also notes its gender- and age-disaggregated data collection. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Combined Second and Third Periodic Reports Submitted by Mexico under Article 35 of the Convention, Due in 2018, UN Doc. CRPD/C/MEX/2-3, 19 July 2018; Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Implementation of the Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Initial Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 35 of the Convention: New Zealand, UN Doc. CRPD/C/NZL/1, 31 March 2011.

143 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, above note 4, Arts 6(1) and 7(4).

144 Convention on Cluster Munitions, above note 3, Art. 2(1); Nairobi Action Plan, above note 14, para. 5.

145 Jonas Gahr Støre, “Introductory Remarks at ‘Reaching the Most Vulnerable’”, Conference on Disability in Conflicts and Emergencies, Oslo, 30 May 2011, available at: www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumentarkiv/stoltenberg-ii/ud/taler-og-artikler/2011/introduksjon_vulnerable/id645110/.