¹ They included, inter alia, the affirmation that the General Assembly could participate in deciding from which territories information should be submitted to the Secretary-General, the recommendation that the administering authorities submit information on political developments, an invitation to promote the use of indigenous languages in the colonies, especially in the schools, pressure to implement equality in education for indigenous and non-indigenous inhabitants, and a request that the colonial powers cooperate with the specialized agencies in eliminating illiteracy and providing adequate training facilities for colonial students in numerous fields. At the same session resolutions were adopted concerning the trust territories which were also highly controversial. One, dealing with administrative unions of trust territories with adjacent colonies, expressed the desire that the administering authorities inform the Trusteeship Council before establishing new unions or extending old ones. See International Organization, IV, p. 93–100.

² In respect to trust territories the administering authorities' obligations were much greater and the Trusteeship Council's supervision, as contemplated in the Charter, much closer.

³ Whether or not the British complaints are legitimate is irrelevant here; the fact that they are acutely dissatisfied is the important point, for a very large part of the colonial world is British.

⁴ This phrase from Article 22 of the League Covenant was translated into other terms in the United Nations Charter.

⁵ Hall, H. Duncan, Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship. Washington, Camegie Endowment for International Peace, 1948, p. 15Google Scholar.

⁶ Professor William E. Rappard of Switzerland was outstanding as an ideally disinterested expert.

⁷ See for example New York Times, November 20, 1949.

⁸ The Soviet Union has played its customary role of opposition to any conciliation, but it has usually abstained from voting on the Council's reports to the General Assembly concerning the reports from the administering authorities, Through 1949 only one report was held up and that only temporarily because of conflct with the Soviet Union. To that extent at least it has not hamstrung the Trusteeship Council's operations.

⁹ Cf. opinion to this effect in Hailey, Lord, An African Survey, London, Oxford University Press, 1938, p. 219–20Google Scholar.

¹⁰ Indeed, natives in Papua were better treated in some respects than those in the mandated territory. Cf. Mair, L. P., Australia in New Guinca, London, Christopher, 1948, especially p. 14–15Google Scholar.

¹¹ Cf. Finkelstein, Lawrence S., “Trusteeship in Action: The United Nations Mission to Western Samoa,” International Organization, II, p. 268–82Google Scholar.

¹² Cf. Report of the Committee on Higher Education in Trust Territories, document T/369; also document T/SR. 188.

¹³ Cf. Report of the Committee on Administrative Unions document T/338; also the interim report, document T/263, and document T/379, for resolution passed by the Council.

¹⁴ During the mandate period the Mandates Commission did not take very seriously the German danger in South-West Africa. Cf. Permanent Mandates Commission, Minutes of the Thirty-Fourth Session (League of Nations VI.A. Mandates) 06 8 to 23, 1938, p. 74–6Google Scholar, and Minutes of the Thirty-Sixth Session, June 8 to 29, 1939, p. 17–21. This helps explain South Africa's drive to complete control over this territory.

¹⁵ Other territories having some administrative connection with adjacent colonies are the British Cameroons (Nigeria) and British Togoland (Gold Coast), which are closely integrated; Ruanda-Urundi (Belgian Congo); and Australian New Guinea (Papua), a long over-due union only recently created.

¹⁶ SirCameron, Donald, My Tanganyika Service and Some Nigeria, London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1939, p. 125–26Google Scholar, 226, 232. Cf. also Hailey, , op. cit., p. 185 and 1642Google Scholar; Leubuscher, Charlotte, Tanganyika Territory, London, Oxford University Press, 1944, p. 102–18Google Scholar; and Observations of the United Kingdom on Report of the Committee on Administrative Unions, document T/355.

¹⁷ Cf. Report of Visiting Mission to Tanganyiko, document T/218; United Kingdom Observations on the Report, document T/333; and Costa Rica Reply to United Kingdom Observations, document T/364.

¹⁸ Cf.Logan, Rayford W., The African Mandates in World Politics, Washington, Public Affairs Press, 1948Google Scholar, for documents on the political discussions of the time.

¹⁹ The British reply was in contrast to a brief Belgian observation on the Ruanda-Urundi report. The Belgian government gave instances in which the suggestions were being carried Out, while maintaining its full responsibility for administering the territory and declaring that ostensible short-comings were not its fault. (Document T/361/Add. 1).

²⁰ A Constitutional Development Committee has since been established to consider the whole governmental structure of the territory. On the other hand, the 33-year limitation on leases to non-African settlers has been increased to 99 years, with certain restrictions to safeguard native interests.

²¹ This attitude did not at all affect the reception given the mission in Tanganyika, which was completely cooperative. The second mission, which went to West Africa in 1949, made a very conciliatory report on territories which, it is true, differed greatly from Tanganyika. The British officials received this report in far friendlier fashion than in the case of the East African report. Noteworthy also was the West African mission's broad and objective view of the administrative unions it observed.

²² For a brief interval it did send in reports en the administration of the area. In 1949 the General Assembly voted to submit the case to the International Court of Justice.

²³ The Trusteeship Council has noted that simply because an elite is far removed from the masses it should not be regarded as unworthy of attention.

²⁴ A symbol of this impulse was the General Assembly resolution at its fourth session calling for the United Nations flag to be flown beside that of the administering authority in every trust territory.

²⁵ An unwritten rule that the results of a Latin American caucus will be accepted in appointing new members has resulted in the replacement of the retiring Mexico and Costa Rica by two dictatorships, Argentina and the Dominican Republic.

²⁶ United Nations, Non-Self-Governing Territories. Summaries and Analysis of Information Transmitted to the Secretary-General During 1948. Lake Success, 1949, p. 6–7Google Scholar.

²⁷ For example, Arab states seized the opportunity during the fourth session of the General Assembly to assail the French about Morocco and Tunisia. Central American republics praised their own efforts through the Organization of American States to end “colonialism” (European rule of New World dependencies) in the Caribbean. Guatemala brought up its conflict with Great Britain over British Honduras; Argentina reiterated its claim to the Falkland Islands. Illustrative of the Soviet bloc's participation was the Polish representative's reference to “those powers, who in a revolutionary age of social change, are trying to uphold the heritage of the Dark Ages of colonial exploitation.” Document A/PV.262, p. 126.

²⁸ Even so responsible a journal as the London Economist mixed them up in an attack on the present state of United Nations supervision of the colonies (December 3, 1949, p. 1218–20) to the prejudice of the Trusteeship Council's serious work.

²⁹ It has made more easily available for public scrutiny much material formerly buried in colonial offices.

³⁰ UNESCO has aided the British in studying mass education in Africa. A few UNESCO-sponsored scholarships have also been awarded individuals from dependencies. On the other hand, negotiations between the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the British Colonial Development Corporation collapsed when the British objected to the stringent requirements for supervision over its expenditure of the loan.

³¹ There is, however, practically no representation of the Soviet bloc in the specialized agencies. Although British explanations of their government's attitude emphasize the obstructiveness of the Soviet states, the repetition of Lord Listowel's reference to “fifty-eight backseat drivers” is symptomatic of a broader objecttion.

³² Cf. Bough, James A., “Caribbean Commision,” International Organization, III, p. 643–655Google Scholar.

³³ The South Pacific Commission is just moving into the operative stage, but most of the following observations apply to its functioning up to now.

³⁴ Some proponents believe that this restriction promotes their ability to discuss technical problems fruitfully.