This bibliography on rice leaffolders contains 886 published and unpublished references for the period 1854 to June 1987. References are arranged alphabetically by the name of author and also classified by subjects. A distribution map, tables of alternate host plants, outbreaks, resistant rice varieties, resistant wild rices, natural enemies and developmental stages, and a brief description of current status of the leaffolders are also provided.

The effect of exposing 1, 3 and 5 days old pupae to 10°C for periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days on the emergence, pre-oviposition and fecundity of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was studied. The emergence was delayed significantly when 1 and 3 days old pupae were subjected to 10°C for 28 days when compared to 5 days old pupae. The initiation of oviposition was delayed with the prolongation of holding time. The fecundity of females emerging from 5 days old pupae subjected to 10°C for 21 days was found to be significantly higher than in any other treatment.

Various aspects of the morphology, life cycle and several natural enemies of Heteronygmia dissimilis, a lymantriid defoliator of African mahogany, Khaya nyasica, were studied in Morogoro, Tanzania. This insect is a multivoltine species with at least four overlapping generations a year, all stages of which can be found from March to October. November to February are apparently spent in pupal aestivation. The September/October generation completed its life cycle from egg to adult in an average of 41 and 45 days for males (five moults) and females (six moults), respectively. On the average females produced 200 eggs. Larvae occurred in two colour variations. They are generally nocturnal feeders, skeletonizing leaflets while in the early instars and resting on foliage or bark during the day. Adults exhibit sexual dimorphism in terms of size, colour and shape. The sex factor was close to 0.5. Four species of hymenopterous parasites belonging to four families (Chalcidae, Encyrtidae, Eurytomidae and Ichneu-monidae), as well as two species of dipterous parasites (Tachinidae) were obtained from eggs, prepupae and pupae of H. dissimilis. During the rainy season, the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus was epidemic among pupae.

Urticating spicules of Hylesia moth of Guyana (H. metabus Cramer = H. urticans Floch et Abonnenc) are produced by trichogen and tormogen cells which form a monolayer hypoderm similar to that which produces scales. Urticating spicules are interpreted as modified scales.

Studies were carried out in 1983 to determine the relative abundance and species composition of three lepidopterous stem borers in upland and irrigated rice at Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The relationship between irrigated rice crop phenology and the population of the borers and stalk-eyed fly was also studied.

White stem borer, Maliarpha separatella was the predominant species in upland and irrigated rice, followed in upland rice by pink stem borer, Sesamia calamistis, and striped stem borer, Chilo zacconius and in irrigated rice by C. zacconius and S. calamistis. The proportion of M. separatella was higher in irrigated rice than upland. Three population peaks were observed annually in both upland and irrigated rice.

Studies on the relationship between irrigated rice phenology and field population of lepidopterous borers and a dipteran borer showed that the stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis spp., occurred before 20 days after transplanting (DAT) in ITA 212 and continued up to 90 DAT: the peak was observed at 40 DAT. The lepidopterous borers did not appear until 40 DAT and populations peaked at 80 DAT.

Pheromone traps were used for monitoring flight activity of peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella (Zeller), during a 3 year period between 1983–1985 in Iraq at Tarmiya and Madain regions, and cumulative emergence was related to physiological time (degree-days, DDs). Data of moth catches indicated the presence of two generations per year and perhaps a partial third generation. Flight in both regions peaked from April to mid-May and from early June to mid-June. First capture of peach twig male ranged from 16 to 29 March and corresponded to a mean DD accumulation from 1 March of 138 in Tarmiya and 127 in Madain. Such results are very important for managing this pest.

The potential egg production and egg viability of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) was significantly lowered when moths of either sex were exposed in 250 ml glass jars to vapours of orange peel oil emanating from 160 μ oil. Oviposition and egg hatching was totally inhibited when female moths of both sexes were exposed to 220 μl of the oil.

Detailed cytological survey of the developmental stages of Zonocerus variegatus L. revealed major aberrations like lagging, precocious activity of chromosomes, X-autosome associations, pseudochiasmata, deletions, etc. Chiasmata were found to be largely terminally localized and meiosis commences as early as the third instar stage. Models for autocidal control are proposed based on these findings.

The seed oils (petroleum ether extract) of three plants, Azadirachta indica, Annona squamosa and Pongamia pinnata were tested against the cyclops, Mesocyclops leuckarti sensu lato. Out of the seed oils tested, oil of Pongamia pinnata produced excellent cyclopicidal action followed by Annona squamosa. There was, however, no activity with Azadirachta indica oil. Further examination of Chromatographic fractions of P. pinnata oil narrowed down activity to one of four fractions.

A comparison was made of the EAG responses of repleted males and females of Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, G. tachinoides Westwood, G. fuscipes fuscipes Newstead, G. morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. austeni Newstead to the odour of various concentrations of acetone, 4-heptanone, 3-nonanone and l-octen-3-ol. The stimulatory effectiveness of these substances increased in the order: acetone < 4-heptanone < 3-nonanone < l-octen-3-ol. Amounts of acetone 103–104 times greater and of 4-heptanone and 3-nonanone 10–100 times greater than those of l-octen-3-ol were required to obtain similar EAG responses. These results are discussed in relation to the behavioural effects of the odours of these substances on tsetse in wind tunnel experiments in the laboratory and catching experiments in the field. In G. m. morsitans and G. tachinoides, the EAG responses of males were somewhat higher than those of females. In G. austeni, G. f. fuscipes and G. palpalis gambiensis, however, the reverse occurred. All species were equally tuned to the four odour substances, which indicates that these odours do not determine host specificity.

Laboratory studies were carried out in Egypt to examine the effects of treatment of the nymphs of Schistocerca gregaria during the later period of third instar with different dosages of gamma radiation ranging from 1000 to 3000 rad. The data indicate that treatment with a dose of 3000 rad induced complete mortality for all treated nymphs. However, irradiation with a dose of 2000 rad produced fourth instar nymphs which enter a state of suspended development for about 14 days. Exposure to a dose of 1000 rad induced three types of response associated with the endocrine activities. Some of the treated nymphs developed to the fifth instar with soft and thin cuticle without tanning or darkening, these nymphs did not survive more than a few hours after ecdysis. Other treated nymphs became fifth instar with anomalous wings and normal cuticle which survived about 18 days as permanent fifth instar nymphs before dying, while the rest of the treated nymphs moulted to permanent fourth instar which survived more than 1 month and eventually died. Corpora allata (CA) volumes in the permanent nymphs were estimated by planimeter method, revealing a pronounced reduction in their size in comparison with the untreated controls. It reflects a sharp inhibition in their synthetic activity of juvenile hormone (JH).

We deduce that the permanent nymphs may be produced as a result of a direct inhibition on the cerebral neurosecretory cells of the brain, the source of stimulating factors for JH and ecdysone production. Gamma rays prevented the production of the tanning and darkening factor (Bursicon Hormone) in these cells.

Six foliar insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in the control of different stages of Clavigralla tomentosicollis, the most important cowpea coreid in Nigeria.

Monocrotophos was highly effective in controlling adults for up to 16 DAT and was statistically better than cypermethrin + dimethoate (Sherpa Plus(R)), deltamethrin, endosulfan and deltamethrin + endosulfan 8 days after treatment. Comparative overall results were obtained between monocrotophos and the mixture of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos. The best control of nymphs was obtained with monocrotophos, cypermethrin + dimethoate and endosulfan, while the mixtures of cypermethrin + dimethoate and cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos completely inhibited egg hatch. More than 78% egg hatch was obtained from monocrotophos and deltamethrin, while the water-treated control had 96% hatch.

These findings are discussed in the light of product toxicity, residual action and overall reduction of the pod bug populations.

The toxicity of dursban, reldan and abate were tested against the larvae of Culex pipiens L. and Aedes aegypti (L.), in addition to evaluating effect of two bacterial toxins (Bacillus thuringiensis H-14, and B. sphaericus 1593) against C. pipiens larvae.

The synergistic effects of bacterial toxin-insecticide combinations were calculated and the new LCp-lines were determined by using a sublethal toxin dose of B. thuringiensis and B. sphaericus in combination with the three tested insecticides against Culex pipiens larvae, which was the most tolerant mosquito species.

Bacterial toxins potentiated the three used insecticides at different levels of potentiation, depending on the chemical structure of the insecticide used.

The insecticide activity of synthetic pyrethroids to Triatoma infestans was tested by topical application. Deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, bioresmethrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, d-phenothrin and cyphenothrin showed the highest activity.

The susceptibility to poisoning of adult insects by these pyrethroids (except bioresmethrin) was increased by cotreatment with profenofos or with piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Assayed pyrethroids synergized by PBO showed similar general structure.

The vinyl cyano pyrethroids showed a knockdown effect with a delayed recovery. During 15 days after intoxication with deltamethrin, insect recovery was observed. Recovery blockage by PBO was observed in cyphenothrin and deltamethrin poisoning at low doses.

After the rinderpest panzootic of the late last century, Southern Mozambique appeared to have become free of Glossina morsitans and G. pallidipes. However, since the 1940s a gradual advance of tsetse into Southern Mozambique has been observed. Anti tsetse measures were taken during the 1950s and 1960s along the southern front of the tsetse belt to stop the advance of the fly into tsetse free cattle grazing areas.

To reassess the extent of the fly front in Inhambane Province, a tsetse survey using bait oxen was made in the Muabsa area during 1981 and 1982. G. m. morsitans, G. pallidipes and G. austeni were found, although not always sympatrically. It appeared that the G. morsitans and G. pallidipes front in the study area had been stable since 1969. The front is situated along a line of marked changes in soil and vegetation types and it is concluded that this may be the reason why these tsetse did not advance further south. G. austeni was found throughout the study area in a less well defined belt. The populations of G. m. morsitans and of G. pallidipes in the study area form the most southerly distributed populations of these species known in Africa today.

The green cassava mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) and the red spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch infest all varieties of cassava in Sierra Leone. Both tetranychid species are widely distributed in the country and are causing severe damage to the crop mainly in the major cassava producing areas in the north-western regions. M. tanajoa caused chlorosis and 91° loss in photosynthetic area of the attacked leaves and defoliation of the plant either by acting alone or in concert with T. urticae. Late planted crop was particularly vulnerable to the infestation. M. tanajoa and T. urticae appeared to avoid severe interspecific competition on the plant by habitat stratification.

In a screen cage study, the pattern of flower and pod development at the various flowering nodes of three cowpea varieties with known susceptibility to the pod-borer Maruca testulalis, was mapped out. The period of flower opening over the whole plant spanned an average of 13 days in TVu946, 17 days in ICV-2 and 18 days in Vita-1 with 85–100° of the pods retained to maturity coming from flowers opening within 8 days of anthesis. The efficiency of pod production from open flowers was highest in TVu 946 (54°), lowest in Vita-1 (11°) and median in ICV-2 (31°). However, as a consequence of the individual pod size, the overall pod and seed characteristics in decreasing order were Vita-1, ICV-2 and TVu 946. The bulk of flowers and pods on the plants were produced at the basal plant nodes where primary branches were developed.

Pod elongation and enlargement were initially rapid in all varieties, but the TVu 946 pods reached physiological maturity 2 days before the other two varieties. The eventual pod size and rate of pod growth appear to be important factors in the susceptibility of cowpea to the pod-borer attack.

The effect of growing cowpeas mixed with either beans or maize on population densities of Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) was investigated. Also investigated was the effect of varying the cropping densities of the host plants on the pest populations.

There was a significantly lower population of M. sjostedti in cowpea/maize, bean/maize, and cowpea/bean/maize mixed stands as compared with that in either cowpea/bean stands or monoculture stands of cowpeas and beans. Increasing the cropping densities of the host crops increased the abundance of the pest in non-maize based mixed stands, but this effect was not observed in the maize-based mixed stands.

The results indicate that with regard to infestation by M. sjostedti, the practice of mixed cropping beans with cowpeas confers no advantage to either crop with respect to attack by M. sjostedti. On the contrary, combining the two crops attracted infestation levels similar to those attracted by either crop grown in monoculture. But the inclusion of a non-host plant (maize) in the mixture, significantly reduces infestation.

Studies have shown that the East African mosquito strain, Culex pipiens fatigans, is attracted to a synthetic oviposition attractant pheromone in the laboratory. Chemical analysis has shown that the main volatile component of the apical droplets is (—)-(5R,6R) erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide. In contrast to the lack of response in the Sri Lankan strain of the same mosquito, the East African strain shows remarkable similarity in attraction response to the West African, American and Japanese strains of C. p. fatigans.

In the laboratory, adults of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) preferred artificially or naturally (insect) damaged maize kernels to sound kernels when adults were tested individually or in groups. Survival of P. truncatus was similar when 1, 10, 40 or 80 adults were fed 100 g of shelled maize for 20 days; but more kernels were damaged at the highest adult density in comparison to the other densities of adults. Single P. truncatus adults on average damaged 9 maize kernels, but 10, 40, and 80 adults damaged approximately 15, 21 and 45 kernels, respectively, indicating that adults confined their feeding to only specific kernels. Survival of adults and number of kernels damaged were significantly affected when different quantities of shelled maize (25–500 g) were infested with 25 adults of P. truncatus. Adult surv at 25, 50, 100, and 200 g of maize/0.95–1 jar was similar (70.7–76.0%), but the number of kernels dama increased significantly from approximately 15 at 25 g to 61 at 200 g. These results suggested that shelled maize grain compaction, which is influenced by the quantity of grain, may affect survival of and damage by adults of P. truncatus. Adults of P. truncatus successfully infested 25 g of shelled maize and damaged about 15 kernels, indicating that adults could temporarily survive on such small quantities of grain spilled in and around storages before infesting stored-maize.