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Distribution and abundance, in maize and sorghum, of lepidopteran stemborers and associated indigenous parasitoids in Zanzibar

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 September 2011

E. I. Niyibigira ,
Z. S. Abdallah ,
W. A. Overholt ,
V. Y. Lada  and
A. Van Huis
E. I. Niyibigira
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
Z. S. Abdallah
Affiliation:
Plant Protection Division of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 1062, Zanzibar, Tanzania
W. A. Overholt
Affiliation:
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
V. Y. Lada
Affiliation:
Plant Protection Division of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 1062, Zanzibar, Tanzania
A. Van Huis
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract

Studies to determine the relative abundance and distribution of stemborer species and their associated parasitoids in maize and sorghum were carried out during the 1995–1996 and 1999–2000 cropping seasons on Unguja and Pemba, the two main islands of Zanzibar. Three stemborer species were found on both islands in maize and sorghum, with the exotic species Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) being the most abundant and widely distributed species, accounting for 75.3 % of stemborer attack. It was followed by Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) and Ch. orichalcociliellus Strand (Crambidae). Stemborer abundance was significantly higher in Pemba (1.47 ± 0.20) than Unguja (0.85 ± 0.05). Overall stemborer density in Zanzibar, during the period of study, was 1 03 ± 0.08 stemborers per plant. Stemborer infestation was significantly higher during the short rainy season than long rainy season but it did not vary between maize and sorghum or coral rag and plantation areas. The indigenous parasitoids recorded included ten larval parasitoids: Bassus sp., Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron), Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday), Dolichogenidea sp., Dolichogenidea aethiopica Wilkinson, Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker, Megaselia sp. and an unidentified Tachinidae. Among these, the braconid Co. sesamiae was the most common parasitoid, attacking all the stemborer species and recorded from 85.2 % of parasitised larvae. However, parasitism was low— 3.9 % on Unguja and 1.9 % on Pemba. In addition, the efficiency of Co. sesamiae was reduced by two hyperparasitoids—Aphagnomus fijiensis Ferrière and Elasmus sp. Seven pupal parasitoids were recorded, namely Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich, Brachymeria sp. Westwood, Brachymeria olethria Waterston, Pediobius furvus Gahan, Psilochalcis soudanensis Steffan, Syzeuctus ruberrimus Benoit and an unidentified Chalcididae. The differences in species diversity between the two islands are discussed in the context of the equilibrium theory of biogeography and the geographical size. Classical biological control of the introduced stemborer Ch. partellus using the exotic parasitoid Co. flavipes to supplement the indigenous parasitoids in population regulation is proposed as a potentially useful option for Zanzibar.

Résumé

Pendant les périodes culturales de 1995–1996 et 1999–2000, des études ont été menées sur la l'abondance relative et la répartition des espèces de foreurs et leur ennemis naturels trouvés sur maïs et sorgho dans Unguja et Pemba deux îles de Zanzibar. Trois espèces ont été trouvés sur le maïs et le sorgho sur les deux îles. Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Crambidae) était le plus abondant et plus largement réparti. Il comptait pour 75.3% des infestations des borers, suivit par Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) et Ch. orichalcociliellus Strand (Crambidae). L'abondance des borers était plus élevé dans l'île de Pemba (1.47 ± 0.20) que dans celle d'Unguja (0.85 ± 0.05). En général la densité des borers à Zanzibar pendant la période d'étude était de 1.03 ± 0.08 foreurs par plant. L'infestation par les borers étaient particulièrement élevé pendant la courte saison des pluies, mais n'a pas variée entre le maïs, le sorgho, ou entre les plantations et les bancs de coraux. Dix parasitoids locaux ont été collectés parmi lesquels, Bassus sp., Chelonus sp., Cotesia sp., Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron), Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday), Dolichogenidea sp., Dolichogenidea aethiopica Wilkinson, Dolichogenidea polaszeki Walker, Megaselia sp., et un Tachinidae non identifié. Le Braconidae Co. sesamiae était le plus abondant et a été collecté à partir 85.2% de larves parasites, toutes les espèces de foreurs confondues. Toutefois, le parasitisme était bas, 3.9 sur Unguja et 1.9 % sur Pemba. L'efficacité des parasitoïdes était réduite par deux hyperparasitoïdes—Aphagnomus fijiensis Ferrière et Elasmus sp. Sept parasitoïdes de pupes ont aussi été collectés, notemment Dentichasmias busseolae Heinrich, Brachymeria sp. Westwood, Brachymeria olethria Waterston, Pediobhts farvtis Gahan, Psilochalcis soudanensis Steffan, Syzeuctus ruberrimus Benoit et un Chalcididae non identifié. Les differences en diversités spécifiques entre les deux îles sont discutées dans le contexte de la théorie de l'équilibre des biogéographie et des étendues géographiques. La lutte biologique classique du foreur introduit Ch. partellus qui utilise le parasitoïde exotique Co. flavipes pour renforcer l'action régulatrice des parasitoïdës locaux des borers est préconisée comme option utile pour Zanzibar.

Keywords

stemborerChilo partellusSesamia calamistisChilo orichalcociliellusindigenous parasitoidsCotesia sesamiaehyperparasitismbiological controlmaizesorghumZanzibarforeurChilo partellusSesamia calamistisChilo orichalcociliellusparasitoides locauxCotesia sesamiaehyperparasitismelutte biologiquemaïssorghoZanzibar
Type
Research Articles
Information
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , December 2001 , pp. 335 - 346
Copyright
Copyright © ICIPE 2001

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