Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-cjp7w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-23T10:47:21.288Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The View from the Edge: The Indian Ocean's Middle East

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 September 2016

Nile Green*
Affiliation:
Department of History, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif.; e-mail: green@history.ucla.edu

Extract

I first encountered the Indian Ocean on the shores of Makran. I thought I was at land's end, Asia's edge. The ocean hadn't entered my thoughts except as non plus ultra, an ending void. The map said Baluchistan, and I had come to find the Baluch. But I soon found Africans and Zikris, palm-frond huts and Omani passports, old soldiers (or mercenaries) from an overseas foreign legion and smugglers of whiskey, opium, and pharmaceuticals. Now China has built a port there; then, less than twenty years ago, they were still making dhows, subtle smuggling ships. Yet it was far from romantic. It was a rough and hard place where traders and fishers eked a marginal existence from the watery edge of a dust-powder desert. Karachi was thirty-six hours by bus then truck. But Pakistan was an abstract and suspect idea; locals talked more of Muscat. A year or two later, in the Tihama of Yemen, I watched as boatloads of Africans (refugees? job hunters? all men at any rate) ran ashore through the surf. My Arab colleagues, all from the highlands, said they arrived every day, and spoke ill of them. A while after that, in Muscat, I listened with curiosity to Arabic laced with Urdu (or was it Hindi, or Gujarati? They were just nouns, Wanderwörter: terms that travel). In Iran, it was different sounds of the ocean I heard when urban friends gave me tapes of bandarī, the music of the ports.

Type
Roundtable
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

1 Green, Nile, “Re-Thinking the ‘Middle East’ after the Oceanic Turn,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 34 (2014): 556–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Freitag, Ulrike, Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland (Leiden: Brill, 2003)Google Scholar.

3 Roy Bar Sadeh, “‘Transnationalizing Arabness’: The Interface between al-Manar’s Milieu and Indian Intellectuals, 1898–1935” (MA thesis, Tel Aviv University, 2015).

4 Aubin, Jean, “La ruine de Siraf et les routes du Golfe Persique aux XIe et XIIe siècles,” Cahiers de civilisation médiévale 2 (1959): 295301 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Breen, Colin, Forsythe, Wes, Smith, Laurence, and Mallinson, Michael, “Excavations at the Medieval Red Sea Port of Suakin, Sudan,” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 46 (2011): 205–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Khan, Sultan Mahmud, Jeddah Old Houses: A Study of Vernacular Architecture of the Old City of Jeddah, ed. Goodfellow, Ronald (Jeddah: S. M. Khan, 1981)Google Scholar.

5 Bowersock, Glen W., The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)Google Scholar.

6 Doumato, Eleanor Abdella, Getting God's Ear: Women, Islam, and Healing in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000)Google Scholar; Lewis, I. M., Al-Safi, Ahmed, and Hurreiz, Sayyid, eds., Women's Medicine: The Zar-Bori Cult in Africa and Beyond (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991)Google Scholar; Saʿidi, Ghulam Husayn, Ahl-i Hava (Tehran: Chapkhana-yi Danishgah, 1345/1966)Google Scholar. On the parallel African religious input into India, see Basu, Helene, Habshi-Sklaven, Sidi-Fakire: Muslimische Heiligenverehrung im westlichen Indien (Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1995)Google Scholar.

7 Farsy, Abdallah Salih, The Shafiʿi ʿUlama of East Africa, c. 1830–1970: A Hagiographic Account, trans. and ed. Pouwels, Randall L. (Madison, Wis.: African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1989)Google Scholar; Ghazal, Amal N., Islamic Reform and Arab Nationalism: Expanding the Crescent from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, 1880s–1930s (London: Routledge, 2010)Google Scholar; Ghazal, “Transcending Area Studies: Piecing Together the Cross-Regional Networks of Ibadi Islam,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 34 (2014): 582–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Martin, B. G., “Notes on Some Members of the Learned Classes of Zanzibar and East Africa in the Nineteenth Century,” African Historical Studies 4 (1971): 525–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Prestholdt, Jeremy, “From Zanzibar to Beirut: Sayyida Salme bint Said and the Tensions of Cosmopolitanism,” in Global Muslims in the Age of Steam and Print, 1850–1930, ed. Gelvin, James L. and Green, Nile (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2014)Google Scholar.

8 Abu-Manneh, Butrus, “The Naqshbandiyya-Mujaddidiyya in the Ottoman Lands in the Early 19th Century,” Die Welt des Islams 22, 1–4 (1982): 136 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Green, Nile, Bombay Islam: The Religious Economy of the West Indian Ocean, 1840–1915 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hourani, Albert, “Shaikh Khalid and the Naqshbandi Order,” in Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition, ed. Stem, S. M., Hourani, A., and Brown, V. (London: Luzac, 1972)Google Scholar.

9 Laffan, Michael F., “An Indonesian community in Cairo: Continuity and Change in a Cosmopolitan Islamic Milieu,” Indonesia 77 (2004): 126 Google Scholar; Reichmuth, Stefan, The World of Murtada al-Zabidi (1732–91): Life, Networks and Writings (Cambridge: Gibb Memorial Trust, 2009)Google Scholar.

10 Benite, Zvi Ben-Dor, “Taking ʿAbduh to China: Chinese–Egyptian Intellectual Contact in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Global Muslims, 249–68Google Scholar; Birks, J. S., “The Mecca Pilgrimage by West African Pastoral Nomads,” Journal of Modern African Studies 15 (1977): 4758 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; LeCocq, Baz, “The Hajj from West Africa from a Global Historical Perspective (19th and 20th Centuries),” African Diaspora 5 (2012): 187214 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Green, Nile, “The Hajj as Its Own Undoing: Infrastructure and Integration on the Muslim Journey to Mecca,” Past & Present 226 (2015): 193226 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Koyagi, Mikiya, “The Hajj by Japanese Muslims in the Interwar Period: Japan's Pan-Asianism and Economic Interests in the Islamic World,” Journal of World History 24 (2013): 849–76CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Papas, Alexandre, Welsford, Thomas, and Zarcone, Thierry, eds., Central Asian Pilgrims: Hajj Routes and Pious Visits between Central Asia and the Hijaz (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2012)Google Scholar; Tagliacozzo, Eric, ed., Southeast Asia and the Middle East: Islam, Movement, and the Longue Durée (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2009)Google Scholar.

12 Margariti, Roxani E., Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade: 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2007)Google Scholar; Regourd, Anne, “Trade on the Red Sea during the Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods: The Quṣeir Paper Manuscript Collection 1999–2003, First Data,” Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 34 (2004): 277–92Google Scholar.

13 Huber, Valeska, Channelling Mobilities: Migration and Globalisation in the Suez Canal Region and Beyond, 1869–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Studies of earlier ports are no less important. See, for example, Peacock, A. C. S., “Suakin: A Northeast African Port in the Ottoman Empire,” Northeast African Studies 12 (2012): 2950 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Green, Nile, “Spacetime and the Muslim Journey West: Industrial Communications in the Making of the ‘Muslim World,’” American Historical Review 118 (2013): 401–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Keshavarzian, Arang and Hazbun, Waleed, eds., “Transnational Connections in the Middle East: Political Economy, Security and Geopolitical Imaginaries,” special issue, Geopolitics 15, 2 (2010)Google Scholar.