¹ Hebrew ‘Arava, Arabic ‘Araba. Due to the historical importance of Israel/Palestine, many places have common English names, and I use these whenever available. Otherwise, I use modern Hebrew or Arabic place-names, indicating alternatives when relevant.

² Goldreich, Yair and Karni, Ora, “Climate and Precipitation Regime in the Arava Valley, Israel,” Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 2 (2001): 53–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ilani, Giora, Ma'ale Namer: Zikhronot Zo'olog Yisra'eli (Bnei Brak, Israel: Sifriat Po'alim, 2004)Google Scholar; Oren, O., Yechieli, K., Böhlke, J. K., and Dody, A., “Contamination of Groundwater under Cultivated Fields in an Arid Environment, Central Arava Valley, Israel,” Journal of Hydrology 290, no. 3 (2004): 312–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ginat, Hanan, Shlomi, Yanai, Batarseh, Sawsa, and Vogel, Justin, “Reduction in Precipitation Levels in the Arava Valley (Southern Israel And Jordan), 1949–2009,” Journal of Dead Sea and Arava Research 1 (2011): 1–7Google Scholar; Bruins, H. J., Sherzer, Z., Ginat, H., and Batarseh, S., “Degradation of Springs in the Arava Valley: Anthropogenic and Climatic Factors,” Land Degradation & Development 23, no. 4 (2012): 365–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stavi, I., Ragolsky, G., Shem-Tov, R., Shlomi, Y., Ackerman, O., Rueff, H., and Lekach, J., “Ancient through Mid-Twentieth Century Runoff Harvesting Agriculture in the Hyper-Arid Arava Valley of Israel,” CATENA 162 (2018): 80–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ragolsky, Gidon, Atarei Tarbut Adam ba-‘Arava ha-Tikhona (Sapir, Israel: Central Arava Regional Council, 2019)Google Scholar.

³ This term refers approximately to the area currently controlled by Israel, including the Occupied Territories of the Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. Minus the Golan, this territory is identical to that referred to as “Palestine” by the Palestinian national movement. In this article I use “Palestine” to mean this territory prior to 1948, “Israel/Palestine” to refer to it in the period since then, and “Israel” for the state. “Palestinians” refers to the Arab inhabitants of the country, and “Israelis” to all citizens, including the minority of Palestinian citizens.

⁴ Kanafani, Ghassan, The 1936–39 Revolt in Palestine (London: Tricontinental Society, 1972), 23Google Scholar.

⁵ Foster, John Bellamy, Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000)Google Scholar.

⁶ Banaji, Jairus, Theory as History: Essays on Modes of Production and Exploitation (Leiden: Brill, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Abdo, Nahla, “Colonial Capitalism and Agrarian Social Structure: Palestine: A Case Study,” Economic and Political Weekly 26, no. 30 (1991): 77Google Scholar.

⁷ Avishai Ehrlich, “The Crisis in Israel: Danger of Fascism?” Khamsin, no. 5 (1978), tinyurl.com/ehrlich-crisis.

⁸ Wolfe, Patrick, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” Journal of Genocide Research 8, no. 4 (2006): 387–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Areej Sabbagh-Khoury, “Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel,” Politics & Society (2021): 0032329221999906.

⁹ Lockman, Zachary, Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906–1948 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996)Google Scholar; Brenna Bhandar and Rafeef Ziadah, “Acts and Omissions: Framing Settler Colonialism in Palestine Studies,” Jadaliyya, 4 January 2016, tinyurl.com/bhandar-ziadah; Englert, Sai, “Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession,” Antipode 52, no. 6 (2020): 1647–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁰ Doumani, Beshara, Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700–1900 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995), 68–78, 201–4Google Scholar; Tamari, Salim, Mountain against the Sea: Essays on Palestinian Society and Culture (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2008), ch. 2CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ Mundy, Martha, “Qada ‘Ajlun in the Late Nineteenth Century: Interpreting a Region from the Ottoman Land Registers,” Levant 28, no. 1 (1996): 86–87CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹² Doumani, Rediscovering.

¹³ Gerber, Haim, The Social Origins of the Modern Middle East (New York: ACLS, 2005), 43–50Google Scholar.

¹⁴ See Alff, Kristen, “Levantine Joint-Stock Companies, Trans-Mediterranean Partnerships, and Nineteenth-Century Capitalist Development,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 60, no. 1 (2018): 150–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁵ Yael Allweil, “Plantation: Modern-Vernacular Housing and Settlement in Ottoman Palestine, 1858–1918,” Architecture beyond Europe, no. 9–10 (2016), tinyurl.com/allweil; Kabha, Mustafa and Karlinsky, Nahum, The Lost Orchard: The Palestinian-Arab Citrus Industry, 1850–1950 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2021)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Matan Kaminer, “Behind the Well Houses: The Saknat of Abu Kabir,” Maarav, no. 30 (2021), tinyurl.com/behind-well-houses.

¹⁶ Nadan, Amos, “Colonial Misunderstanding of an Efficient Peasant Institution: Land Settlement and Mushaʿ Tenure in Mandate Palestine, 1921–47,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46, no. 3 (2003): 320–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

¹⁷ This term only became prevalent during the Mandate. See Ahmad Amara, “Governing Property: The Politics of Ottoman Land Law and State-Making in Southern Palestine, 1850–1917” (PhD diss., New York University, 2016), ch. 1.

¹⁸ Gideon Kressel, Joseph Ben-David, and Khalil Abu-Rabi'a, “Changes in the Land Usage by the Negev Bedouin since the Mid-19th Century: The Intra-Tribal Perspective,” Nomadic Peoples, no. 28 (1991): 28–55; Kasaba, Reşat, A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009)Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Rogan, Eugene, Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Bailey, Clinton, “Relations between Bedouin Tribes on Opposite Sides of the Wadi Arabah, 1600–1950,” in Crossing the Rift: Resources, Routes, Settlement Patterns, and Interaction in the Wadi Arabah, ed. Bienkowski, Piotr and Galor, Katharina (Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, 2006), 251–58Google Scholar; Nasasra, Mansour, The Naqab Bedouins: A Century of Politics and Resistance (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁰ Goldreich and Karni, “Precipitation”; Bruins et al., “Degradation.”

²¹ Piotr Bienkowski, “The Wadi Arabah: Meanings in a Contested Landscape”; Michaël Jasmin, “The Emergence and First Development of the Arabian Trade across the Wadi Arabah”; and Donald Whitcomb, “Land behind Aqaba: The Wadi Arabah during the Early Islamic Period,” in Crossing, 7–28, 143–50, 239–42.

²² Stavi et al., “Runoff”; Ragolsky, “Atarei,” 36, 66, 68.

²³ Bailey, “Relations”; Eveline J. van der Steen, “Nineteenth-Century Travellers in the Wadi Arabah,” in Crossing, 243–50.

²⁴ Nasasra, Bedouins, 83–91; Assi, Seraje, The History and Politics of the Bedouin: Reimagining Nomadism in Modern Palestine (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2018), ch. 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁵ ‘Arif al-‘Arif, Toldot Beer Sheva’ u-Shvatea, trans. Eliyahu Nawi (Jerusalem: Ariel, 2000 [1934]), 130–36.

²⁶ Weitz, Yosef, “Emeq ha-‘Arava mi-Behina Hakla'it,” in Ha-Ma'avak ‘al ha-‘Adama (Tel Aviv: N. Tversky, 1950), 304–5Google Scholar. The estimate for human residents is based on the number of livestock, which suggests that a “tent” or household comprised around five people (Geoffrey Hughes, personal communication, 17 September 2020).

²⁷ Davis, Diana, The Arid Lands: History, Power, Knowledge (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²⁸ Olsvig-Whittaker, L., Frankenberg, E., Perevolotsky, A., and Ungar, E., “Grazing, Overgrazing and Conservation: Changing Concepts and Practices in the Negev Rangelands,” Science et Changements Planetaires 17, no. 1 (2006), 195–99Google Scholar; Wehrden, Henrik von, Hanspach, J., Kazcensky, P., Fischer, J., and Wesche, K., “Global Assessment of the Non-Equilibrium Concept in Rangelands,” Ecological Applications 22, no. 2 (2012): 393–99Google Scholar; No'am Seligman, “The Environmental Legacy of the Fellaheen and the Bedouin in Palestine,” in Between Ruin and Restoration: An Environmental History of Israel, ed. Daniel Orenstein, Alon Tal, and Char Miller (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013), 29–52.

²⁹ Seligman, “Legacy,” 42; Ragolsky, “Atarei,” 34.

³⁰ John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1952 [1689]); Fields, Gary, Enclosure: Palestinian Landscapes in a Historical Mirror (Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³¹ Cronon, William, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York: Hill and Wang, 2003)Google Scholar; Fields, Enclosure, 126–31.

³² Cronon, Changes, 118.

³³ Bhandar, Brenna, Colonial Lives of Property: Law, Land, and Racial Regimes of Ownership (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2018), ch. 3Google Scholar.

³⁴ Matan Kaminer, “Saving the Face of the Arabah: Thai Migrant Workers, Their Employers and the Asymmetries of Community in an Israeli Agricultural Settlement,” American Ethnologist, forthcoming.

³⁵ Shafir, Gershon, Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989)Google Scholar.

³⁶ Susan Lees, “The Moshav: An Introduction,” in Rural Cooperatives in Socialist Utopia: Thirty Years of Moshav Development in Israel, ed. Gideon Kressel, Susan Lees, and Moshe Schwartz (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995), xiii–xx.

³⁷ Shalev, Michael, Labour and the Political Economy in Israel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1992)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³⁸ Bunton, Martin, “‘Home,’ ‘Colony,’ ‘Vilayet’: Frames of Reference for the Study of Land in Mandate Palestine,” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21, no. 1 (2020)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. doi:10.1353/cch.2020.0008

³⁹ Sufian, Sandra, Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920–1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Edward E. Curtis IV, “The Ghawarna of Jordan: Race and Religion in the Jordan Valley,” Journal of Islamic Law and Culture 13, no. 2–3 (2011): 193–209.

⁴⁰ Kanafani, Revolt, 20; Nadan, “Misunderstanding”; Assi, History, ch. 4.

⁴¹ Bunton, “‘Home,’” 8.

⁴² Tamari, Mountain, 18; Braverman, Irus, Planted Flags: Trees, Land, and Law in Israel/Palestine (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press), 2014, chs. 3–4Google Scholar; Kedar, Alexandre, Amara, Ahmad, and Yiftachel, Oren, Emptied Lands: A Legal Geography of Bedouin Rights in the Negev (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018), 79–80Google Scholar.

⁴³ Alatout, Samer, “Bringing Abundance into Environmental Politics: Constructing a Zionist Network of Water Abundance, Immigration, and Colonization,” Social Studies of Science 39, no. 3 (2009): 373, 379–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁴ Assi, History, 70–-71.

⁴⁵ United Nations Special Committee on Palestine Report, ch. 6, part 2, sec. “The Jewish State,” 1947, https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3.

⁴⁶ Khalidi, Walid, All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2006)Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Rabinowitz, Dan and Khawalde, Sliman, “Demilitarized, then Dispossessed: The Kirad Bedouins of the Hula Valley in the Context of Syrian-Israeli Relations,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 4 (2000): 511–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Khawalde, Sliman and Rabinowitz, Dan, “Race from the Bottom of the Tribe That Never Was: Segmentary Narratives amongst the Ghawarna of Galilee,” Journal of Anthropological Research 58, no. 2 (2002): 225–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁸ Mauro van Aken, François Molle, and Jean-Phillipe Venot, “Squeezed Dry: The Historical Trajectory of the Lower Jordan River Basin,” in River Basin Trajectories: Societies, Environments and Development, ed. François Molle and Philippus Wester (Wallingford, UK: IWMI, 2009), 20–46; Samer Alatout, “Hydro-Imaginaries and the Construction of the Political Geography of the Jordan River: The Johnston Mission, 1953–56,” in Environmental Imaginaries of the Middle East and North Africa, ed. Diana Davis and Edmund Burke III (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2011), 218–45; Matan Kaminer, “In the Shadow of the Mountains: The Jordan Valley and Israel/Palestine's Marginalized East,” Jadaliyya, 9 September 2020, tinyurl.com/kaminer-shadow.

⁴⁹ Bernstein, Deborah and Swirski, Shlomo, “The Rapid Economic Development of Israel and the Emergence of the Ethnic Division of Labour,” British Journal of Sociology 33, no. 1 (1982): 64–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁵⁰ Neal Sherman and Moshe Schwartz, “The Effects of Public Assistance on the Management of Moshav Economic Affairs,” in Cooperatives, 35; Elmaliach, Tal, Anshei ha-Etmol: Ha-Kibbutz Ha-Artzi ve-Mapam, 1956–1977 (Sde Boker, Israel: Ben Gurion Institute, 2018)Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Ze'ev Zivan, Mi-Nitzana ‘ad Eilat: Sipuro shel ha-Negev ha-Dromi, 1949–1957 (Sde Boker, Israel: Ben Gurion University Press, 2012), 142; Nasasra, Bedouins, 109–10.

⁵² Weizman, Eyal and Sheikh, Fazal, The Conflict Shoreline: Colonization as Climate Change in the Negev Desert (Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2015)Google Scholar; Kedar et al., Lands, ch. 4.

⁵³ Zivan, Mi-Nitzana., 7, 24, 157; Ilani, Ma'ale, 43–47.

⁵⁴ Ha-Shkhenim Shelanu, Ha-Bedu'im Shel Ha-‘arava, AravaTV, 2018, tinyurl.com/ha-shkhenim; Gidon Ragolsky, “’Al Ha-Bedu'im Ha-Hayim Ba-’Arava,” accessed 6 October 2021, tinyurl.com/ragolsky-bedouin.

⁵⁵ Ilani, Ma'ale, 46.

⁵⁶ Ibid., 57–58.

⁵⁷ Zivan, Mi-Nitzana, 52–83; Shai Ben-Eliyahu, “Ben-Gurion Mesayea‘ be-Hakamat ‘Ein Yahav,” in Arava En Ketz: Nof, Teva ve-Adam ba-‘Arava, ed. Yair Giladi, H. Levita, M. Marcus, A. Navon, G. Slevin, and Y. Gil'adi (Ein Yahav, Israel: Arava, 2012), 172–81.

⁵⁸ NAHAL, an acronym for “fighting pioneer youth,” is an IDF brigade in which regular military service is combined with settlement activity.

⁵⁹ Ha-Shkhenim, AravaTV; Gidon Ragolsky, “ha-Bedu'im”; Netta Amar, advocate, personal communication, 16 June 2021.

⁶⁰ Ami Shacham, “Mayim ba-‘Arava,” in Arava, 216–31.

⁶¹ Shnider, Avi, “Gendered Division of Labor in a Post-Privatization Moshav: A Case Study of Moshav Tzin in Southern Israel,” Journal of Rural Cooperation 42, no. 2 (2014): 181–97Google Scholar; Matan Kaminer, “By the Sweat of Other Brows: Thai Migrant Labor and the Transformation of Israeli Settler Agriculture” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 2019), 32–35.

⁶² Weizman, Eyal, Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation (London: Verso, 2007)Google Scholar; Clarno, Andy, Neoliberal Apartheid: Palestine/Israel and South Africa after 1994 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶³ Shlomo Fox, “The Settlement Department Unsettled,” in Cooperatives, 55–62; Gershon Shafir, “From Overt to Veiled Segregation: Israel's Palestinian Arab Citizens in the Galilee,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 1 (2018): 1–22.

⁶⁴ Dror Etkes, “Israeli Settlers’ Agriculture as a Means of Land Takeover in the West Bank,” (report, Kerem Navot, Jerusalem, 2013), tinyurl.com/kerem-takeover; Monterescu, Daniel and Handel, Ariel, “Terroir and Territory on the Colonial Frontier: Making New-Old World Wine in the Holy Land,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 62, no. 2 (2020), 222–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, “Seker Koah Adam 2018” (Jerusalem: State of Israel, 2020), tinyurl.com/cbs-seker-2018, 18, 272.

⁶⁵ Moshe Schwartz, “The Decooperativization of Israel's Moshavim, 1985–1994,” in Cooperatives, 223–44; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, “OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Israel 2010,” 2010, tinyurl.com/OECD-israel.

⁶⁶ Farsakh, Leila, Palestinian Labour Migration to Israel: Labour, Land and Occupation (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁶⁷ During this period, the kibbutzim of the southern Arabah opted to switch to less labor-intensive crops or to discontinue agriculture altogether. For these settlers “agriculture was a means and not an end,” and they preferred to continue pooling resources at a modest standard of living rather than import large numbers of migrant workers. Failing moshav farmers, on the other hand, “left the area,” leaving the Central Arabah “populated almost exclusively by successful farmers.” See Marjorie Strom, “The Thai Revolution: The Changes in Agriculture in the Kibbutzim and Moshavim of the Arava in the 1990s,” in One Hundred Years of Kibbutz Life: A Century of Crises and Reinvention, ed. Michal Palgi and Shulamit Reinharz (Milton Park, UK: Routledge, 2011), 297–98.

⁶⁸ Yair Levi, “The Moshav Overseas: Revisiting Issues Rather than Settlements,” in Cooperatives, 199–221; Eitan Bar-Yosef, Vila ba-Jungel: Afrika ba-Tarbut ha-Yisra'elit (Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute, 2013); Rivi Gillis, “Pituah ha-Zehut: Hakshara shel Afrika'im be-Yisra'el, 1958–1980” (PhD diss., Tel Aviv University, 2017).

⁶⁹ Yahel Kurlander, Mishur ha-Hagira: ‘Al Tzmihata, Sigsuga ve-Shinuya shel Ta'asiyat ha-Giyus veha-Tivukh le-Hagirat ‘Avoda mi-Tailand le-Yisra'el (PhD diss., University of Haifa, 2019); Kaminer, “Sweat,” 50–60.

⁷⁰ Rebeca Raijman and Adriana Kemp, “The New Immigration to Israel: Becoming a De-Facto Immigration State in the 1990s,” in Immigration Worldwide, ed. U. Segal, N. Mayadas, and D. Elliot (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 227–43; Kurlander, Mishur.

⁷¹ My calculations from data in Marjorie Strom, “The Thai Revolution: The Development of Agriculture in the Arava in the 1990s” (MA thesis, Hebrew University, 2004), 13, 24, 25, 27.

⁷² Rotem Streckman, “Pilpelim ‘Atzuvim: Kakh Karas Mikhre ha-Zahav shel Hakla'ei ha-‘Arava,” TheMarker, May 2014, tinyurl.com/sad-peppers; Itamar Levi, “Skirat ‘Onat ha-Yitzu 2017–18,” (Hatzeva, Israel: Arava, Vidor Center, 2018), 5; Yoram Tsvieli, “Skirat ‘Onat ha-Gidul: Sikum ‘Onat Yerakot 2018/19 ‘Arava ve-Kikar Sdom” (Hatzeva, Israel: Central and Northern Arabah Research and Development Center, 2019), 3, 6.

⁷³ See Alessandra Corrado, “Migrant Crop Pickers in Italy and Spain” (Berlin: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2017), tinyurl.com/corrado-agri.

⁷⁴ Matan Kaminer, “At the Zero Degree/Below the Minimum: Wage as Sign in Israel's Split Labor Market,” Dialectical Anthropology 43, no. 3 (September 2019): 317–32.

⁷⁵ For a wealth of corroborating evidence, see Kaminer, “Saving,” n5.

⁷⁶ Or Kashti, “Thai Workers Employed in Pest Extermination without Training or Protection,” Haaretz, 10 March 2017, tinyurl.com/kashti-safety; Kaminer, Matan, “Giving Them the Slip: Israeli Employers’ Strategic Falsification of Pay Slips to Disguise the Violation of Thai Farmworkers’ Right to the Minimum Wage,” Journal of Legal Anthropology 3, no. 2 (2019): 124–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁷⁷ Central Arava Regional Council, “Ze Pashut lo ‘Oved bli Yadayim ‘Ovdot!” 1 August 2006, 4.

⁷⁸ Kaminer, “Sweat,” 49.

⁷⁹ Shnider, “Gendered;” Kaminer, “Sweat,” 73–76.

⁸⁰ Shani, Liron, “Of Trees and People: The Changing Entanglement in the Israeli Desert,” Ethnos 83, no. 4 (2017): 1–19Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Oren et al., “Contamination”; Bruins et al., “Degradation”; Stavi et al., “Runoff”; Amos de Winter, “Hakla'im Tze'irim ba-‘Arava: Hamisha Haklai'm Tze'irim Mesaprim ma Hiniya’ otam Lakhzor,” Kenes Media, 6 February 2020, tinyurl.com/young-farmers-return.

⁸² Central Arabah Agricultural Committee, “Nehtam Heskem Hadash ‘im Memshelet Tailand,” Aravot, August 2020, 13.

⁸³ Rainwater, Katie and Williams, Lindy Brooks, “Thai Guestworker Export in Decline: The Rise and Fall of the Thailand-Taiwan Migration System,” International Migration Review 53, no. 2 (2019): 371–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kurlander, Yahel, Niezna, Maayan, and Shamir, Hila, “Mahalot Reka’: Ha'amakat Ha-Mishur Shel Mehagrei ’Avoda ve-Hafarot Hofesh Ha-Tnu'a Be-’Idan Ha-Korona,” Sotzioloigia Yisra'elit 21, no. 2 (2021)Google Scholar.

⁸⁴ Hochman, Assaf, Mercogliano, P., Pinhas, A., and Saaroni, H., “High-Resolution Projection of Climate Change and Extremity over Israel Using COSMO-CLM,” International Journal of Climatology 38, no. 14 (2018)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁵ Ginat et al., “Reduction.”

⁸⁶ Günel, Gökçe, Spaceship in the Desert: Energy, Climate Change, and Urban Design in Abu Dhabi (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019)Google Scholar.

⁸⁷ Group, Tahal, Tokhnit Av Ezorit le-Mayim ba-‘Arava Tikhona ve-Kikar Sdom, Duah Mesakem (Tel Aviv: State of Israel Water Administration, 2013)Google Scholar; Tomer Rabinowitz, Haspakat Mayim la-‘Arava Tikhona ve-Ne'ot ha-Kikar, Shlav Miyadi (Tel Aviv: Mekorot, 2014); Shani Ashkenazi, “Tamhil Ha-Energia ‘ad 2030 Ushar Ba-Memshala: 70% Gaz, 30% Energia Mithadeshet,” Globes, October 25, 2020; Gil Slevin, CEO, Arabah Drainage and Streams Authority, personal communication, 10 June 2021.

⁸⁸ See Amara, Ahmad, “The Negev Land Question: Between Denial and Recognition,” Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no. 4 (2013): 27–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸⁹ Stavi et al., “Runoff,” 86.

⁹⁰ See Gutkowski, Natalia, “Governing through Timescape: Israeli Sustainable Agriculture Policy and the Palestinian-Arab Citizens,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 3 (2018): 471–92CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a discussion of the similarly wary response of Negev bedouin to eco-nostalgic discourses, see McKee, Emily, Dwelling in Conflict: Negev Landscapes and the Boundaries of Belonging (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016), ch. 5Google Scholar.

⁹¹ Tsing, Anna, The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015)Google Scholar.

⁹² Tsafrir Rinat, “Duah: Hafakat Energia Solarit Rak ‘al Gagot Ta‘ane 'al Ye‘adei ha-Memshala,” Haaretz, 23 October 2017.

⁹³ Ragolsky, “Atarei,” 68–69; Michal Wasserman and Avidor Schwartman, “Ketzad Hafkha Ha-’arava Le-Ma'atzmat Kanabis Refu'i,” KAN English News, Israeli public radio, 10 February 2020, tinyurl.com/arabah-kanabis; Roy Galili, “Hitporerut,” Aravot, August 2020, 20–23. For bedouin as reluctant drug producers, see Gilbert, Hilary, “‘This Is Not Our Life, It's Just a Copy of Other People's’: Bedu and the Price of ‘Development’ in South Sinai,” Nomadic Peoples 15, no. 2 (2011): 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar. It should be noted that Jewish farmers in the Arabah receive licenses to grow cannabis legally.

⁹⁴ Ahmad H. Sa'di, “Israel's Settler-Colonialism as a Global Security Paradigm,” Race & Class (2021): 0306396821996231, doi: 10.1177/0306396821996231.