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Nexus of self-organization: the expansion of collective responsibility networks among boatmen in nineteenth-century Chongqing

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2021

Yiying Pan Open the ORCID record for Yiying Pan [Opens in a new window]
Yiying Pan*
Affiliation:
New York University Shanghai, 1555 Century Avenue, Pudong Xinqu, Shanghai 200122, PRC
*
Author for correspondence: Yiying Pan, E-mail: yp2164@nyu.edu
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Abstract

This article investigates the collective responsibility organizations among boatmen in nineteenth-century Chongqing, when the city became one of the most important metropolises on the southwest Qing frontier. It also introduces two successive turning points in self-organization that were associated with two different classes of boatmen – skippers and sailors. First, in 1803, skippers gained the authority to institutionalize their organizations through their negotiations with the local state regarding official services and service fees. Second, when similar service and fiscal tensions emerged between skippers and sailors in the mid-nineteenth century, the skippers facilitated and supervised the institutionalization of collective responsibility organizations that were run by the sailors themselves. By contextualizing this expansion of collective responsibility organizations within the multilayered interactions between skippers and sailors, this article proposes that the perspective of interclass networks is crucial for deepening the study of state−society interactions, the capital−labor relationship, as well as the tension between imperial integration and regional diversity in early modern China.

Keywords

Chongqingcollective responsibility networkmigrant laborernineteenth centuryriver transportation
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 20 , Issue 1 , January 2023 , pp. 115 - 136
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

References

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Wang, Wensheng (2014). White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi 徐毅 (2007). “Wanqing lijin zhidu qiyuan lujing xinlun 晚清厘金制度起源路径新论.” Guangxi shifan daxue xuebao (zhexue shehui kexue ban) 广西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版） 43:2, pp. 105–10.Google Scholar
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Zhou, Lin 周琳 (2015). “Zhengli yu longduan: baxian dang'an zhong de wanqing Chongqing guanli yahang 征厘与垄断：巴县档案中的晚清重庆官立牙行.” Sichuan daxue xubao (zhexue shehui kexue ban) 四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版） 200, pp. 59–73.Google Scholar
Zhou, Lin 周琳 (2016). “Chan heyi cun: Qingdai baxian dang'an zhong de hangbang gongchan jiufen 产何以存：清代巴县档案中的行帮公产纠纷.” Wenshizhe 文史哲 6, pp. 116–35.Google Scholar
Zhou, Lin 周琳 (2018). “Oudou de luoji: Qianlong zhi tongzhi shiqi Chongqing de jiaofu zuzhi 殴斗的逻辑：乾隆至同治时期脚夫组织.” Qingshi yanjiu 清史研究 3, pp. 91–106.Google Scholar
Bibliothèque nationale de France. Yu tch'eng Tch'ong-King Pa-hsien tche t'ou. Available at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55009588k (accessed July 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Xie, Minghuang 謝鳴篁. Chuanchuan ji 川船記. (2016). Hangzhou: Zhejiang renmin meishu chuban she.Google Scholar
Qingdai qianjia dao baxian dangan xuanbian 清代乾嘉道巴县档案选编. (1989). Chengdu: Sichuan daxue chuban she.Google Scholar
Yan, Ruyi 嚴如熠 (2013). “Sansheng bianfang beilan 三省邊防備覽.” In Yan Ruyi ji 严如熠集. Vol. 3, eds. Shouhong, Huang 黄守红 and Shuren, Zhu 朱树人. Shangsha: Yuelu shushe pp. 837–1208.Google Scholar
Sichuan Provincial Archives of Ba County 四川省档案馆巴县文献. Available at the Sichuan Provincial Archives.Google Scholar
Li, Xu 黎恂. Wang Gui 王瑰 (ed.) (2018). Yuntong jicheng jiaozhu 运铜纪程校注. Chengdu: Xinan jiaotong daxue chuban she.Google Scholar
Zhu, Zhihong 朱之洪 and Chu, Xiang 向楚. Baxian zhi 巴縣志. 1939 Edition.****Google Scholar
Anthony, Robert J. and Leonard, Jane Kate (2002). Dragons, Tigers, and Dogs: Qing Crisis Management and the Boundaries of State Power in Late Imperial China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Breman, Jan (2009). The great transformation in the setting of Asia. Address delivered on the 57th Anniversary of the International Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, The Netherlands, 29 October 2009. Available at https://www.iss.nl/en/media/bremanaddressweb (accessed April 21, 2021).Google Scholar
Breman, Jan (2010). “Neo-Bondage: A Fieldwork-Based Account.” International Labor and Working-Class History 78, pp. 48–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chabrowski, Igor Iwo (2013). Singing on the River: Sichuan Boatmen and Their Work Songs, 1880s–1930s. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Chen, Feng 陈锋 (1996). “Qingdai caoyun shuishou de jiebang huodong jiqi dui shehui de weihai 清代漕运水手的结帮活动及其对社会的危害.” Shehui kexue zhanxian 2, pp. 140–45.Google Scholar
Chen, Shih-Pei et al. (2017). LoGaRT: Local Gazetteers Research Tools (software). Berlin: Max Plank Institute for the History of Science. Available at http://www.mpwig-berlin.mpg.de/research/projects/logart-local-gazetteers-research-tools (accessed May 14, 2021).Google Scholar
Chiu, Peng-sheng 邱澎生 (2009). Guofa yu banggui: qingdai qianqi Chongqing cheng de chuanyun jiufen jizhi 國法與幫規：清代前期重慶城的船運糾紛解決機制. In Mingqing falü yunzuo zhong de quanli yu wenhua 明清法律運作中的權力與文化, eds. Peng-sheng, Chiu and His-yuan, Chen 陳熙遠, pp. 275–344. Taipei: Lianjing chuban gongsi.Google Scholar
Dai, Yingcong (2001). “The Qing State, Merchants, and the Military Labor Force in the Jinchuan Campaigns.” Late Imperial China 22:2, pp. 35–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykstra, Maura (2014). Complicated Matters: Commercial Dispute Resolution in Qing Chongqing from 1750 to 1911. Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA.Google Scholar
Fan, Jinmin 范金民 (2009). “Bachi yu yingcai: Cong baxian susong dang'an kan qingdai Chongqing de shangmao xingwei 把持与应差：从巴县诉讼档案看清代重庆的商贸行为.” Lishi yanjiu 历史研究 3, pp. 59–81.Google Scholar
Kim, Nanny (2019). Mountain Rivers, Mountain Roads: Transport in Southwest China, 1700–1850. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Philip (1970). Rebellion and Its Enemies in Late Imperial China: Militarization and Social Structure, 1796–1863. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Liang, Yong 梁勇 (2007). “Qingdai kezhang zhi yanjiu 清代客长制研究.” Shixue yuekan 史学月刊 3, pp. 28–35.Google Scholar
Lin, Chengxi 林成西 (1994). “Qingdai qianjia zhiji Sichuan shangye zhongxin de dongyi 清代乾嘉之际四川商业中心的东移.” Qingshi yanjiu 清史研究 3, pp. 62–69.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan (1987). Local Merchants and the Chinese Bureaucracy, 1750–1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Susan and Kuhn, Philip (1978). “Dynastic Decline and the Roots of Rebellion.” In The Cambridge History of China, Volume 10: Late Ch'ing, 1800–1911, ed. Fairbank, John K., pp. 107–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Peng, Xueqin 彭雪芹 (2015). “Qingji xunjingdao de choujian yu waiguan gaizhi 清季巡警道的筹建与外官改制.” Beifang luncong 北方论丛 252, pp. 84–89.Google Scholar
Rowe, William T. (1984). Hankow: Conflict and Community in a Chinese City, 1796–1895. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rowe, William T. (2009). China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, G. William (1986). “Sichuan's Population in the Nineteenth Century: Lessons From Disaggregated Data.” Late Imperial China 7:2, pp. 1–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Paul J. (1988). “Commerce, Agriculture, and Core Formation in the Upper Yangzi, 2 A.D. to 1948.” Late Imperial China 9:1, pp. 1–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Wensheng (2014). White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi 徐毅 (2007). “Wanqing lijin zhidu qiyuan lujing xinlun 晚清厘金制度起源路径新论.” Guangxi shifan daxue xuebao (zhexue shehui kexue ban) 广西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版） 43:2, pp. 105–10.Google Scholar
Zhou, Lin 周琳 (2011). “Chengshi shangren tuanti yu shangye zhixu: yi qingdai Chongqing basheng kezhang tiaochu shangye jiufen huodong wei zhongxin 城市商人团体与商业秩序：以清代重庆八省客长调处商业纠纷活动为中心.” Nanjing daxue xuebao 南京大学学报 2, pp. 80–99.Google Scholar
Zhou, Lin 周琳 (2015). “Zhengli yu longduan: baxian dang'an zhong de wanqing Chongqing guanli yahang 征厘与垄断：巴县档案中的晚清重庆官立牙行.” Sichuan daxue xubao (zhexue shehui kexue ban) 四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版） 200, pp. 59–73.Google Scholar
Zhou, Lin 周琳 (2016). “Chan heyi cun: Qingdai baxian dang'an zhong de hangbang gongchan jiufen 产何以存：清代巴县档案中的行帮公产纠纷.” Wenshizhe 文史哲 6, pp. 116–35.Google Scholar
Zhou, Lin 周琳 (2018). “Oudou de luoji: Qianlong zhi tongzhi shiqi Chongqing de jiaofu zuzhi 殴斗的逻辑：乾隆至同治时期脚夫组织.” Qingshi yanjiu 清史研究 3, pp. 91–106.Google Scholar