¹ See Arts 2292–7 Louisiana CC and Coastal Environmental Specialists v Chem-Lig 818 So (2d) 12 (2001).

² See eg other than the jurisdictions discussed in detail Arts 6:198–6:202 Dutch Civil Code — translation [1994] RLR 202, commentary E Schrage ‘Restitution in the New Dutch Civil Code’ [1994] RLR 208.

³ Birks, PBHUnjust Enrichment (2nd ednClarendon Press Oxford 2005) 24;CrossRefGoogle ScholarKortmann, JAltruism in Private Law (OUP Oxford 2005) part 2; Mollgaard v Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Corpn [1999] 3 NZLR 735. See s Stoljar ‘Negotiorum Gestio’ ch 17, vol X International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law 3, but also 176.Google Scholar

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⁷ In Civilian system such as Louisiana this does not seem to matter.

⁸ See eg Klug & Klug v Penkin [1932] CPD 401; Williams Estate v Mollenschoot and Schep [1939] CPD 360; Standard Bank Financial Services v Taylam (1979) 2 SA 383 (C) (extracted at Beatson, J and Schrage, E (eds) Cases Materials and Texts on Unjustified Enrichment (Hart Publishing Oxford 2003) 415–21). Contrast Stoljar (n 3) 8.Google Scholar

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¹¹ ibid 433. Art 2293 Louisiana CC also provides ‘A management of affairs is subject to the rules of mandate to the extent they are compatible’.

¹² § 9941 BGB. Louisiana law recognizes an equivalent concept Louisiana CC Arts 486, 529; Green v Moore 11 So 223 (1892); Willenzik, DS ‘The Possessor's Right to Compensation’ (1971) 31 Louisiana L Rev 491. This came from French and ultimately Roman law.Google Scholar

¹³ Which includes one in possession after the start of proceedings relating to the possession.

¹⁴ § 994II BGB.

¹⁵ Krebs, T ‘Unrequested Benefits in German Law’ in Neyers, J (ed) Understanding Unjust Enrichment (Hart Publishing Oxford 2004) 247, 255. There is some debate as to how this is achieved. This is not a controversy we need to enter.Google Scholar

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¹⁷ § 687 BGB.

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²² Encyclopaedia of South African Law (n 21) para 21. But see Palandt (n 21) 1066 where it seems any such act will do.

²³ Zimmermann (n 10) 441–2; Stoljar (n 3) 20.

²⁴ Jauernig, OBürgerliches Gesetzbuch (8 Auflage Beck München 1997) 733; Palandt (n 21) 1062–3.Google Scholar

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²⁷ Larenz (n 25) 351.

²⁸ Dannemann, GMarkesinis, B, and Lorenz, KGerman Law of Obligations Vol I: A Comparative Introduction: The Law of Contracts and Restitution (Clarendon Press Oxford 1997) 44, Kortmann (n 3) 107.Google Scholar

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³⁰ § 677 BGB.

³¹ Kortmann (n 3) 178.

³² BGHZ 40, 28. For duties under foreign law see NJW 1971, 609 (extracted Beatson and Schrage (n 8) 549–52). See Dawson (n 6) 1108, Kortmann (n 3) 107. For a similar rule in Israeli law see [2002] RLR 203.

³³ Standard Bank Financial Services v Taylam (1979) 2 SA 383 (C)

³⁴ §685 BGB.

³⁵ Larenz (n 25) 355, Kortmann (n 3) 109.

³⁶ Palandt (n 21) 1068; Stoljar (n 3) 12, 49–51.

³⁷ Voet's Commentarius ad Pandectas 3.5.9.

³⁸ Dawson (n 9) 822–3.

³⁹ They also claimed under §812 BGB for the cost of the flight out.

⁴⁰ NJW 1971, 609.

⁴¹ D.3.5.44 for example.

⁴² See Palandt (n 21) 1068 and Jauernig (n 24) 737 where the word chosen is nützlich. Van Zyl talks of utiliter coeptum (n 19) ch 1.

⁴³ Jauernig (n 24) 737.

⁴⁴ Menalco Solis (n 9) 118. He too talks of utiliter coeptum.

⁴⁵ Art 2295 Louisiana CC coastal Environmental Specialits v Chem-Lig 818 So (2d) 12 (2001). For similar rules in Scots law see Bannatine v Cunninghame (1872) 10 M 319; Erskine 3.3.52–3.

⁴⁶ § 680 BGB.

⁴⁷ § 683I BGB.

⁴⁸ § 683II BGB.

⁴⁹ This is called unberechtigte Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag in German law. § 684 BGB; Palandt (n 21) 1070; Jauernig (n 24) 738. In South African law see Van Zyl (n 19) 87–95; Encyclopaedia of South African Law (n 24) paras 35–40; Williams Estate v Mollenschoot & Schep [1939] CPD 360; D.3.5.5. This surfaced in scots law in Bankton 1.9.2, but has not featured since.

⁵⁰ Van Zyl (n 19) 105–10.

⁵¹ C.2.18.42. See also D.3.5.8.3, 17.1.40, 3.5.6.3, 12.1.23. The exceptions were the payment of funeral expenses and the repair of a road outside a rented property.

⁵² Larenz (n 25) 353; Müunchener Kommentar (n 25) 266.

⁵³ Encyclopaedia of South African Law (n 21) vol 9, para 76; there is no general enrichment action in South African law. Nortije v Pool (1966) 3 SA 96 (A).

⁵⁴ CL Martin ‘Louisiana State Law Institute Proposes Revision of Negotiorum Gestio and Codification of Unjust Enrichment’ (1994) 69 Tulane L Rev 181.

⁵⁵ ibid 200. Art 2292 Louisiana CC.

⁵⁶ Zimmermann (n 10) 444.

⁵⁷ Huber's Jurisprudence 1.28.6; Martin (n 54) 198.

⁵⁸ Larenz (n 25) 355; Kortmann (n 3) 110.

⁵⁹ Stair's Institutes 1.8.3; this was a departure from the Roman law Leslie (n 19) 21. Walker suggests remuneration is not available in the modern law. Walker, DPrinciples of Scottish Private Law (4th ednClarendon Press Oxford 1988) 514.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ See Dawson (n 9) 836.

⁶¹ D.3.5.2; Stoljar (n 3) 153–75.

⁶² Edelman, JGain-Based Damages (Hart Publishing Oxford 2002) 136–45.Google Scholar

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⁶⁵ ibid 565–7.

⁶⁶ Clerk and Lindsell on Torts (17th ednSweet & Maxwell London 2001) para 3.102. For the corresponding test positive relief see Phelps James & Co v Hill [1891] 1 QB 605Google Scholar

⁶⁷ Southwark LBC v Williams [1971] 1 Ch 734; Cope v Sharpe (no 2) [1912] 1 KB 496.

⁶⁸ (1886) 34 Ch D 234; Foskett v McKeown [2001] 1 AC 103 (HL) 118–19.

⁶⁹ ibid 248.

⁷⁰ Which lies behind many other doctrines—such as that burdens cannot be imposed on third parties by contracts.

⁷¹ (1886) 34 Ch D 234, 241.

⁷² ibid 243, Kortmann (n 3) 113.

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⁷⁶ See for earlier hostile dicta Re Tharp (1852) 2 SM & G 578, 65 ER 533, and later dicta Re de Teissier's Settled Estate [1893] 1 Ch 153.

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⁷⁸ Dagan (n73) 130–1.

⁷⁹ Van Zyl (n 19) 105–10. South Africa does not recognize the jurisdictional split between law and equity and therefore these lines are possessory. The availability of a lien is a feature of South African unjustified enrichment law.

⁸⁰ [1939] ch 286.

⁸¹ ibid 321–2.

⁸² (1884) 15 QBD 60

⁸³ ibid 64–5.

⁸⁴ Birks, PBHAn Introduction to the law of Restitution (rev ednClarendon Press Oxford 1989) 101–3.Google ScholarPalmer, GEThe Law of Restitution (Little Brown & Co Boston 1978) vol II 359.Google Scholar

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⁹⁰ A Debate reged in the 19th century; Dawson (n 9) 821–2.

⁹¹ Zimmermann and du Plessis (n 16) 30. The concern is long standing. BGHZ 47, 370, 371–2; Larenz (n 25) 345.

⁹² Dagan (n 73) 99–101. On altruism as its own reward see 103–6, and Kortmann (n 3) 88.

⁹³ Burrows (n 4) ch 9. For an alternative and much criticized view see Stoljar, S ‘Unjust Enrichment and Unjust Sacrifice’ (1987) 50 MLR 603, Stoljar (n 3) 12–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁹⁴ Birks (n 84) 21–2.

⁹⁵ Birks (n 3) 99. See also Krebs, T ‘A German Contribution to English Enrichment Law’ [1999] RLR 271, 278, discussing S Meier's doctoral thesis in GermanGoogle ScholarMeier, SIrrtum und Zweckfehlung; Das System der Unjust-Gründe bei rechtgrundlosen Leistungen im englischen Recht (JCB Mohr Tübingen 1999);Google ScholarMeier, S and Zimmermann, R ‘Judicial Development of the Law Error Juris, and The Law of Unjustified Enrichment–A View from Germany’ (1999) 155 LQR 556.Google Scholar

⁹⁶ Owen v Tate [1976] QB 402 (CA), but see Mercantile Law Amendment Act 1856, s 5.

⁹⁷ Mitchell, CThe Law of Contribution and Reimbursement (OUP Oxford 2003) para 3.28. It is sometimes called legal compulsion Burrows (n 4) ch 8;Google ScholarVirgo, GThe Principles of the Law of Restitution (OUP Oxford 1999) 223–48.Google Scholar

⁹⁸ Moule v Garret (1872) LR 7 Exch 101 would otherwise seem hard to explain or to reconcile with Owen v Tate.

⁹⁹ Gebhardt v Saunders [1892] 2 QB 452. Burrows (n 4) 294. Jenkins v Tucker (1788) 1 H B1 90, 126 ER 55 would also fit into this category—legal liability to bury the deceased was taken on by another.

¹⁰⁰ Birks (n 3) 124.

¹⁰¹ [1987] 1 Lloyd's Rep 151.

¹⁰² ibid 156.

¹⁰³ Birks (n 3) 46.

¹⁰⁴ Barker, K ‘Riddles Remedies and Restitution: Quantifying Gain in Unjust Enrichment Law’ [2001] CLP 255.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁵ See generally Burrows (n 4) 18; Dagan (n 73) 140–8.

¹⁰⁶ McInnes, M ‘Enrichment Revisited’ in Neyers, J (ed) Understanding Unjust enrichment (Hart Publishing Oxford 2004) 165, 169.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁷ Virgo (n 97) 39–40.

¹⁰⁸ Mc Innes (n 106) 180.

¹⁰⁹ Dagan (n 73) 109.

¹¹⁰ ibid 186–7.

¹¹¹ Virgo (n 97) 62.

¹¹² Dawson (n 6) 1115–16

¹¹³ ibid 1116. We value life under the Fatal Accidents Act 1976, for example, but refuse to value it in other areas, such as the ‘wrongful life cases’. See McKay v Essex AHA [1982] QB 116 (CA).

¹¹⁴ Degeling, SRestitutionary Right to Share in Damages (CUP Cambridge 2002) 53–71; Kortmann (n 3) 170.Google Scholar

¹¹⁵ Degeling (n 114) 109–10.

¹¹⁶ [1960]2 QB 430; Wilson v McLay (1961) 106 CLR 523.

¹¹⁷ (1960) 76 LQR 187.

¹¹⁸ Burrows (n 4) 314–16; Kortmann (n 3) 155.

¹¹⁹ Surrey Breakdown Ltd v Knight [1999] RTR 84.

¹²⁰ Birks (n 84) 195–202.

¹²¹ Burrow (n 4) 315.

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¹²⁴ I.3.27.1.

¹²⁵ Re F [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL) 75.

¹²⁶ Phelps James & Co v Hill [1891] 1 QB 605.

¹²⁷ The Victor (1865) 13 LT 21.

¹²⁸ Birks (n 84) 104; id ‘In Defence of Free Acceptance’ in Burrows, AS (ed) Essays on the Law of Restitution (Clarendon Press Oxford 1991) 105.Google ScholarFor Criticism of free acceptance see Burrows, AS ‘Free Acceptance and the Law of Restitution’ (1988) 104 LQR 572.Google Scholar

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¹³⁴ §679 BGB.

¹³⁵ Larenz (n 25) 352.

¹³⁶ Palandt (n 21) 1068; §683 BGB. This is mirrored in Art 2294 Louisiana CC. For breach of this obligation in German law see BGHZ 65, 354.

¹³⁷ Aitken (n 88) 566.

¹³⁸ ibid 567.

¹³⁹ Kortmann (n 3) 164–5.

¹⁴⁰ See Street (n 63) 94–6.

¹⁴¹ For a discussion of the tort of negligence and the standard see ibid 247–54.

¹⁴² Ersk 3.3.52.

¹⁴³ Birks and Mitchell (n 130) para 15.160.

¹⁴⁴ Goff and Jones (n 129) 458–9; McInnes, M ‘Restitution and Rescue of Life’ (1994) 37 Alberta L Rev 37, 65–6; Dawson (n 6) 1097.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁵ Dagan (n 73) 115–17.

¹⁴⁶ Zimmermann (n 10) 445–7.

¹⁴⁷ Dagan (n 73) 118.

¹⁴⁸ ibid 120.

¹⁴⁹ Reynolds, FMB (ed) Bowstead and Reynolds The Law of Agency (17th ednSweet & Maxwell London 2001) para 4.002.Google Scholar

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¹⁵³ [1913] 1 KB 103; Munro v Willmott [1949] 1 KB 295. For the modern statutory authority for bailees to sell see Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977, ss 12–13.

¹⁵⁴ Goode, RCommercial Law (3rd ednPenguin London 2004) 167; Treitel (n 150) 721.Google Scholar

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¹⁵⁶ [1982] AC 939.

¹⁵⁷ The Unique Mariner [1978] 1 Lloyd's Rep 438.

¹⁵⁸ The Choko Star [1990] 1 Lloyd's Rep 513; Bowstead and Reynolds, however, doubt that the distinction should make such a difference (n 149) para 4.008; Guest, AG (ed) Chitty an Contracts (29th ednSweet & Maxwell London 2004) para 31.033.Google Scholar

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¹⁶² Rhodes v Fielder Jones & Harrison (1919) 89 LJKB 15. Conversely reimbursement is unavailable where the party exceeds his actual authority. Barron v Fitzgerald 1840 6 Bing NC 201, 133 ER 79.

¹⁶³ Brown (n 159) 419. This would parallel the Pflicht zur Hilfeleistung in German law.

¹⁶⁴ ibid para 4.005; Goff and Jones (n 129) 450.

¹⁶⁵ Aitken (n 88) 586.

¹⁶⁶ ibid 586.

¹⁶⁷ Bowstead and Reynolds (n 149) para 4.006; Chitty (n 158) para 31.036.

¹⁶⁸ Bowstead and Reynolds (n 149) para 4.002

¹⁶⁹ Ersk III.3.16; Art 2297 Louisiana CC.

¹⁷⁰ Lorenzen (n 27) 198. Note however, that Roman law did not have a concept of true agency, or ‘direct representation’ Zimmermann (n 10) 421.

¹⁷¹ Müchener Kommentar (n 25) Band 1 § 164. The rules of ‘agency’ or Vertretungsrecht can be found in § 164ff BGB.

¹⁷² Markesinis (n 28) 72, but see Kortmann (n 3) 110. This separation also exists in South African law Encyclopaedia of South African Lae (n 21) vol 1 para 17. On the separation in Scots law see Walker (n 59) 213–15.

¹⁷³ Jebara v Ottoman Bank [1927] 2 KB 254.

¹⁷⁴ AG Ceylon v de Silva [1953] AC 461; United Bank of Kuwait v Hammond [1988] 1 WLR 1051.

¹⁷⁵ Kortmann (n 3) 134–6

¹⁷⁶ ibid 186.

¹⁷⁷ Stewart (n 18) 173.

¹⁷⁸ Walker (n 59) 218.

¹⁷⁹ Bills of Exchange Act 1882, s 66.

¹⁸⁰ Goff and Jones (n 129) 461.

¹⁸¹ Bills of Exchange Act 1882, s 68(5).

¹⁸² See Guest, AG (ed) Chalmers and Guest on Bills of Exchange, Cheques and Promissory Notes (15th ednSweet & Maxwell London 1998) paras 1718–23;Google ScholarElliott, N, Odgers, J, and Phillips, JM (eds) Byles on Bills of Exchange and Cheques (27th ednSweet & Maxwell London 2002) para 13.17; Kortmann (n 3) 134.Google Scholar

¹⁸³ Chitty (n 158) para 34.145.

¹⁸⁴ McCamus (n 123) 320.

¹⁸⁵ (1841) 7 M&W 595, 151 ER 903.

¹⁸⁶ Aitken (n 88) 577–80.

¹⁸⁷ D.11.7.12.

¹⁸⁸ Aitken (n 88) 571. It provides an exception to the general rule against recovery where the payment was against the express wishes of principal, as did repairs to the outside a rented house D.43.10.3.

¹⁸⁹ Marasinghe, ML ‘The Place of Negotiorum Gestio in English Law’ (1976) 8 Ottawa L Rev 573, 577; Kortmann (n 3) 118–20.Google Scholar

¹⁹⁰ (1788) 1 H B1 90, 126 ER 55. See also Nelson v Duncombe (1846) 9 Beav 211, 50 ER 323, Tugwell v Heyman (1812) 3 Camp 299, 170 ER 1389, Rogers v Price (1829) 3 Y&J 28, 148 ER 1080.

¹⁹¹ McInnes (n 144) 54–5.

¹⁹² D.3.5.3.5.

¹⁹³ (1890) 44 Ch D 94; See also Re Gibson (1871) LR 7 Ch App 52, Williams v Wentworth (1842) 5 Beav 325, 49 ER 603. See generally Stoljar (n 3) 76–94.

¹⁹⁴ D.3.5.4.

¹⁹⁵ Treitel (n 150) ch 13.

¹⁹⁶ Ayres and Landry (n 24) 124; Art 2296 Louisiana CC; Leslie (n 19) 34.

¹⁹⁷ Re F [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL) 75–6. This also applies to the defence of necessity Clerk and Lindsell (n 66) para 3, 105–6.

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²⁰⁰ Albert (n 198) 98–9.

²⁰¹ Road Traffic Act 1988, s 158(2).

²⁰² McInnes (n 144) 48.

²⁰³ Albert (n 198) 104; this is a concern shared in Germany see Larenz (n 25) 355.

²⁰⁴ Larenz (n 25) 355–6; this is not easy to justify Markesinis (n 28) 751; Dawson (n 6) 1126.

²⁰⁵ McInnes (n 144) 66–7.

²⁰⁶ Jaffey, P ‘Accident Car Hire and the Recovery Damages’ [2000] LMCLQ 449. He attempts to broaden that to apply it to the hire of car after an accident, commenting on the decision in Dimond v Lovell [2002] 1 AC 384.Google Scholar

²⁰⁷ Degeling (n 114) 95.

²⁰⁸ ibid 97.

²⁰⁹ ibid ch 8; Degeling deals with tort claims and carers at 195–200; Degeling, S ‘A New Rason for Restitution: The Policy against Accumulation’ (2002) 22 OJLS 435, ‘The Defence of Passing On a Policies against Accumulation: Consumers and Unjust Enrichment’ [2004] RLR 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²¹¹ Kortmann (n 3) 176–7.

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²¹⁴ ibid 570.

²¹⁵ Note, however, that in Scots law Walker separates the two—salvage is dealt with Walker (n 59) 514–20; Dawson (n 6) 1098.

²¹⁶ [1988] AC 831 (HL) 857 (Lord Brandon).

²¹⁷ [1987] QB 687 (CA) 709.

²¹⁸ See also The Telemachus [1957] P 47.

²¹⁹ Rose, F ‘Restitution for the Rescuer’ (1989) 9 OJLS 167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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²²¹ McCamus (n 123)315; Sorrel v Paget [1950] 1 KB 252; this is not so in cases of the defence of necessity Clerk and Lindsell (n 64) paras 3, 109–10.

²²² Sachs v Miklos [1948] 2 KB 25; Birks and Mitchell (n 130) para 15.158; Jaffey, PThe Nature and Scope of Restitution (Hart Publishing Oxford 2000) 80.Google Scholar

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²²⁴ (1874) LR 9 Ex 132; Chapman v Champman [1954] AC 429.

²²⁵ [1911] 2 KB 528.

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²³⁰ Hanbury and Martin (n 228) 47–8; Kortmann (n 3) 156–8.

²³¹ Stoljar (n 3) 10.

²³² [1996] 2 All ER 672.

²³³ Now replaced by Trustee Act 2000, s 31(1).

²³⁴ Ersk 3.3.52–4.

²³⁵ [1981] 3 All ER 220.

²³⁶ ibid 223 (Fox LJ).

²³⁷ [1966] 3 WLR 1009 (HL); O'Sullivan v Management Agency [1985] QB 428; contrast Guinness v Saunders [1990] 2 AC 663.

²³⁸ [1964] 1 WLR 993, 1018.

²³⁹ [1989] ch 32.

²⁴⁰ ibid 53.

²⁴¹ Excluding salvage.