Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T01:26:37.156Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Nosocomial Candidemia: An Ounce of Prevention Is Better Than a Pound of Cure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Daniel J. Diekema*
Affiliation:
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
Michael A. Pfaller
Affiliation:
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa
*
C 606 GH, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Editorial
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America 2004

References

1.Puzniak, L, Teutsch, S, Powderly, W, Polish, L. Has the epidemiology of nosocomial candidemia changed? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:628633.Google Scholar
2.Rex, JH, Pfaller, MA. Has antifungal susceptibility testing come of age? Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:982989.Google Scholar
3.National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 2004. Approved guideline M44-A.Google Scholar
4.National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts: Approved Standard, ed. 2. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards; 2002. Document M27-A2.Google Scholar
5.Pappas, PG, Rex, JH, Sobel, JD, et al.Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:161189.Google Scholar
6.Marr, KA, Seidel, K, Slavin, MA, et al.Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2000;96:20552061.Google Scholar
7.Winston, DJ, Pakrasi, A, Busuttil, RW. Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:729737.Google Scholar
8.McNeil, MM, Nash, SL, Hajjeh, RA, et al.Trends in mortality due to invasive mycotic diseases in the United States, 1980-1997. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:641647.Google Scholar
9.Trick, WE, Fridkin, SK, Edwards, JR, Hajjeh, RA, Gaynes, RP, the NNIS System hospitals. Secular trend of hospital acquired candidemia among intensive care unit patients in the U.S. during 1989-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:627630.Google Scholar
10.Pfaller, MA, Messer, SA, Hollis, RJ, Jones, RN, Diekema, DJ. In vitro activities of ravuconazole and voriconazole compared with those of four licensed systemic antifungal agents against 6,970 clinical isolates of Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:17231727.Google Scholar
11.Diekema, DJ, Beekmann, SE, Chapin, K, Morel, K, Munson, E, Doern, GV. Epidemiology and outcome of nosocomial and community onset bloodstream infection. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:36553660.Google Scholar
12.Edmond, MB, Wallace, SE, McClish, DK, et al.Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three years' analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:239244.Google Scholar
13.Gottfredsson, M, Vredenburgh, JJ, Xu, J, Schell, WA, Perfect, JR. Candidemia in women with breast carcinoma treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplant. Cancer 2003;98:2430.Google Scholar
14.Gudlaugsson, O, Gillespie, S, Lee, K, et al.Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:11721177.Google Scholar
15.Fraser, VJ, Jones, M, Dunkel, J, Storfer, S, Medoff, G, Dunagan, WC. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:414421.Google Scholar
16.Harvey, RL, Myers, JP. Nosocomial fungemia in a large community teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:21172120.Google Scholar
17.Horn, R, Wong, B, Kiehn, TE, Armstrong, D. Fungemia in a cancer hospital: changing frequency, earlier onset, and results of therapy. Rev Infect Dis 1985;7:646655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Klein, JJ, Watanakunakorn, C. Hospital-acquired fungemia: its natural course and clinical significance. Am J Med 1979;67:5158.Google Scholar
19.Marsh, PK, Tally, FP, Kellum, J, Callow, A, Gorbach, SL. Candida infections in surgical patients. Ann Surg 1983;198:4247.Google Scholar
20.Wey, SB, Mori, M, Pfaller, MA, Woolson, RF, Wenzel, RP. Hospital acquired candidemia: attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:26422645.Google Scholar
21.Mora-Duarte, J, Betts, R, Rotstein, C, et al.Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:20202029.Google Scholar
22.Rex, JH, Bennett, JE, Sugar, AM, et al.A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994;331:13251330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23.Pittet, D, Li, N, Woolson, RF, Wenzel, RP. Microbiological factors influencing outcome of nosocomial bloodstream infection: a 6-year validated, population-based model. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:10681078.Google Scholar
24.Weinstein, MP, Towns, ML, Quartey, SM, et al.The clinical significance of positive blood cultures in the 1990s: a prospective comprehensive evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiology, and outcome of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:584602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Rex, JH, Pappas, PG, Karchmer, AW, et al.A randomized and blinded multicenter trial of high-dose fluconazole plus placebo versus fluconazole plus amphotericin B as therapy for candidemia and its consequences in nonneutropenic subjects. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:12211228.Google Scholar
26.Wey, SB, Mori, M, Pfaller, MA, Woolson, RF, Wenzel, RP. Risk factors for hospital-acquired candidemia: a matched case-control study. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:23492353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Blumberg, HM, Jarvis, WR, Soucie, JM, et al.Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:177186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Pittet, D, Monod, M, Suter, PM, Frenk, E, Auckenthaler, R. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 1994;220:751758.Google Scholar
29.Saiman, L, Ludington, E, Dawson, JD, et al.Risk factors for Candida species colonization of neonatal intensive care unit patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:11191124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30.Shin, JH, Kim, M-N, Shin, DH, et al.Genetic relatedness among Candida tropicalis isolates from sporadic cases of fungemia in two university hospitals in Korea. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:634640.Google Scholar
31.Posteraro, B, Bruno, S, Boccia, S, et al.Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infection in pediatric oncology patients: results of an epidemiologic investigation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:641645.Google Scholar
32.Diekema, DJ, Messer, SA, Hollis, RJ, Wenzel, RP, Pfaller, MA. An outbreak of Candida parapsilosis endocarditis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;29:147153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33.Sanchez, V, Vazquez, JA, Barth-Jones, D, Dembry, L, Sobel, JD. Nosocomial acquisition of Candida parapsilosis: an epidemiologic study. Am J Med 1993;94:577582.Google Scholar
34.Doebbeling, BN, Hollis, RJ, Isenberg, HD, Wenzel, RP, Pfaller, MA. Restriction fragment analysis of a Candida tropicalis outbreak of sternal wound infections. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:12681270.Google Scholar
35.Marco, F, Lockhart, SR, Pfaller, MA, et al.Elucidating the origins of nosocomial infections with Candida albicans by DNA fingerprinting with the complex probe Ca3. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:28172828.Google Scholar
36.McGinley, KJ, Larson, EL, Leyden, JJ. Composition and density of micro-flora in the subungual space of the hand. J Clin Microbiol 1988;26:950953.Google Scholar
37.Strausbaugh, LJ, Sewell, DL, Ward, TT, Pfaller, MA, Heitzman, T, Tjoelker, R. High frequency of yeast carriage on hands of hospital personnel. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:22992300.Google Scholar
38.Boyce, JM, Pittet, D. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. MMWR 2002;51(RR-16):145.Google Scholar
39.O'Grady, NP, Alexander, M, Dellinger, EP, et al.Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. MMWR 2002;51(RR-10):129.Google Scholar
40.Coopersmith, CM, Rebmann, TL, Zack, JE, et al.Effect of an education program on decreasing catheter-related bloodstream infections in the surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2002;30:5964.Google Scholar
41.Garbino, J, Lew, DP, Romand, JA, Hugonnet, S, Auckenthaler, R, Pittet, D. Prevention of severe Candida infections in nonneutropenic, high-risk, critically-ill patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients treated by selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:17081717.Google Scholar
42.Pelz, RK, Hendrix, CW, Swoboda, SM, et al.Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent candidal infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg 2001;233:542548.Google Scholar
43.Sobel, JD, Rex, JH. Invasive candidiasis: turning risk into a practical prevention policy? Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:187190.Google Scholar