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I. Marlborough in Exile, 1712–1714

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 February 2009

Edward Gregg
Edward Gregg
Affiliation:
University of South Carolina
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Extract

John and Sarah Churchill, first duke and duchess of Marlborough, carefully destroyed most of the correspondence they received during the two years of their self-imposed continental exile. Historians, forced to rely mainly upon the Hanoverian and Jacobite papers published by Macpherson in 1775, have reached radically different conclusions on the central question of Marlborough's loyalty to the Hanoverian succession between 1712 and 1714. Klopp, Trevelyan, and J. H. and Margaret Sherman maintained that Marlborough was ‘the greatest of all trimmers’.2 On the other hand, Sir Winston Churchill, emphasizing ‘the frauds and injuries which Marlborough perpetrated upon the House of Stuart’, contended that the exiled general ‘never swerved from his fidelity to the Protestant Succession.’ A search of Hanoverian, French, and British archives has yielded new material which illuminates Marlborough's political activities during his exile.

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Articles
Information
The Historical Journal , Volume 15 , Issue 4 , December 1972 , pp. 593 - 618
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1972

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References

1 Macpherson, James, Original Papers (2 vols., London, 1775).Google Scholar

2 Klopp, Onno, Der Fall des Hauses Stuart, XIV (Vienna, 1888), 408–10;Google ScholarTrevelyan, G. M., England under Queen Anne, III (London, 1934; Fontana edition, 1965), 290;Google ScholarJ. H., and Shennan, Margaret, ‘The Protestant Succession in English Politics, April 1713-September 1715’, William III and Louis XIV, ed. Hatton, R. M. and Bromley, J. S. (Liverpool, 1968), 255.Google Scholar

3 Churchill, Winston S., Marlborough: His Life and Times, IV (London, 1939; First Sphere Books edition, 1967), 494–5.Google Scholar

4 The major foreign sources are the Niedersächsisches Staatsarchiv (NSA), Hanover, and the Archive des Affaires Etrangères (AAE), Paris.Google Scholar

5 Legg, L. G. Wickham, ‘Extracts from Jacobite Correspondence, 1712–1714’, EHR, XXX (July 1915), 502: James to Torcy, 21 Oct. 1712. All dates in this paper are New Style, unless otherwise stated.Google Scholar

6 (Russell, Lord John, ed.), Private Correspondence of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough (London, 1838), 1, 367: Marlborough to Sarah, 21 Aug. 1710.Google Scholar

7 Klopp, XIV, 672–7: Robethon to the elector, 21 Mar. 1711.

8 Blenheim Archives, B, 11, 24: Robethon to Marlborough, 19 Feb. 1712; General Schulenburg to Marlborough, 29 Jan. 1712, Hanover. I am grateful to His Grace, the duke of Marlborough, for permission to use the manuscripts in the Blenheim muniment room.

9 For discussions of the peculation charge, see Churchill, IV, 434–5; Ashley, Maurice, Marlborough (London, 1939), pp. 135–6. Immediately after the Commons' condemnation, the ministry permitted Marlborough's successor, the duke of Ormonde, to accept the same prerequisites.Google Scholar

10 Churchill, IV, 379: Marlborough to Sarah, 22 Oct. 1711.

11 For Marlborough's reasons, see H.M.C., Bath, 1, 225: Marlborough to Oxford, 4–15 Dec. 1712, Antwerp. For ministerial belief that Marlborough was going to Italy, see earl Stanhope, History of England Comprising the Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht, 1701–1713 (London, 1870), p. 539: Gaultier to Torcy, 11 Nov. 1712. All contemporary sources, while explaining Marlborough's departure in terms of domestic politics, mention ‘health’ and ‘Italy’: B.M. Add. MSS 17,677 FFF, fo. 394b: L'Hermitage to States-General, 28 Oct.-8 Nov. 1712; ibid., fo. 399b: Borssele to States, 4–15 Nov. 1712; NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 107 A, fos. 348–9: Kreyenberg to Bernstorff, 28 Oct.–8 Nov. 1712; Scott, cf. Temple, ed., The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, II: The Journal to Stella (London, 1913), 390: 28 Oct.–8 Nov. 1712.Google Scholar

12 The passports were requested through Sarah's Whig confidant, Arthur Maynwaring: H.M.C., Portland, v, 238: Maynwaring to Oxford, 18–29 Oct. 1712, St Albans. For Oxford's replies, see Coxe, William, Memoirs of John, Duke of Marlborough, VI (London, 1820: 2nd edn), 221.Google Scholar

13 NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 113, fos. 15–18: Marlborough to Eugene (Bothmer's Copy), 20 Dec. 1712, Antwerp.

14 P.R.O., SP 103/101: Plenipotentiaries to Louis XIV, 11 Nov. 1712, Utrecht.

15 AAE, CP Angleterre 240, fos. 180–1: Torcy to Gaultier, 27 Nov. 1712; fo. 193: Gaultier to Torcy, 24 Nov.; tome 243, fos. 198–9: Torcy to Gaultier, 25 Feb. 1713; fo. 200: Torcy to Shrewsbury, 25 Feb.

16 Stanhope, 539.

17 B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 92–3: Marlborough and Sarah to Craggs, 23 May 1714 [Antwerp].

18 H.M.C., Bath, 1, 225: Marlborough to Oxford, 4–15 Dec. 1712, makes special reference to his avoidance of ‘Bridges and Gant’. Even on his return to England, when travelling from Antwerp to Ostend, Marlborough avoided these cities: P.R.O., SP, Flanders 77/63, fos. 204–5: Laws to Bromley, 28 July 1714.

19 H.M.C., Stuart, 1, 254: Berwick to James, 27 Nov. 1712.

20 AAE, CP Lorraine 85, fo. 126: Louis to d'Audiffret, 16 Mar. 1713, ordering him to watch Marlborough's movements; CP Hollande 254, fos. 34–5, 121–4: Chevalier de Rossi to Torcy, 2, 11 Aug. 1713; tome 255, fos. 59–61, 66–9: Rossi to Torcy, 8, 12 Sept. 1713, all relaying reports from ‘L'ami de Frankfort’ on Marlborough.

21 AAE, CP Angleterre 245, fos. 58–61: Louis to d'Aumont, 22 May 1713; fos. 108–12: d'Aumont to Louis, 1 June 1713; fos. 116–18, 179–83: Louis to d'Aumont, 7 June, 2 July; tome 246, fos. 133–6: Louis to d'Aumont, 3 Sept. 1713.

22 Churchill, iv, 481, quoting Sarah's Conduct; Coxe, vi, 224; Abel Boyer, The History of Queen Anne (London, 1735), p. 611.Google Scholar

23 Green, David, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough (London, 1967), pp. 182–5.Google Scholar

24 NSA, Hannover 92, in A, no. 13, fos. 43, 48–52, 62–3, 88–9: Cadogan to Bothmer, 21 Apr., 11, 28 May, 9 July 1713, all mentioning Sarah's news from London. A few fragments survive in Private Correspondence, 11, 84–98.

25 NSA, ibid. fos. 62–3: Cadogan to Bothmer, 28 May 1713.

26 Ibid. fos. 15–16: Cadogan to Bothmer, 2 Feb. 1713, Brussels; H.M.C., Portland, v, 257–8: Cadogan to Oxford, (?) Dec. 1712.

27 Cadogan's letters to Bothmer, and Sunderland's to Bothmer and Marlborough are found in NSA, Hannover 92, in A, no. 13.

28 AAE, CP Angleterre, 250, fo. 44: Berwick to Torcy, 31 Oct. 1713.

29 B.M., Stowe 225, fo. 214–15: Schütz to Robethon, 7–18 Nov. 1713.

30 NSA, Hannover 92, m A, no. 13, fos. 15–16: Cadogan to Bothmer, 2 Feb. 1713, Brussels; B.M. Add. MSS 17677 GGG, £0. 45: L'Hermitage to States-General, 20–31 Jan. 1713. Cadogan was ordered to sell his regiment for £3,500 rather than £7,000, as originally agreed with the purchaser. His offices included Quartermaster of the Army and Lieutenant of the Tower.

31 NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 113, fos. 1–4: Bothmer to the elector, 3 Jan. 1713; B.M., Stowe 227, fos. 152–5: Bothmer to Robethon, 23 June 1714, The Hague.

32 H.M.C., Portland, v, 364: John Drummond to Oxford, 8 Dec. 1713; AAE, CP Angleterre 250, fos. 103–5: Gaultier to Torcy, 23 Nov. 1713.

33 See Green, pp. 105–6, 186–8, for Craggs' connexion with the Marlboroughs.

34 The Marlboroughs' surviving letters to Craggs are in B.M., Stowe 751: those of Sarah must rank among the great examples of vituperative literature. There is no extant cypher for key figures. The following is my own deciphering: names in Roman type are those which the context makes clear beyond doubt; those in italics are probably correct. In cases of less certainty, I have added a question mark.

I, Stanhope; 2, Craggs, Sr.; 3, Sunderland; 7, the queen; 8, elector of Hanover; 9, electoral prince; 10, Electress Sophia; 11, the pretender; 12, king of France; 15, Prince Eugene; 16, Cadogan; 17, Oxford; 18, Bolingbroke; 19, Harcourt; 26, Marlborough; 33, Lord Cowper (?); 36, Lady Masham; 37, Duchess of Somerset; 38, Sarah; 40, the queen; 41, Mr. Sweet (?); 42, Marlborough; 43, the emperor; 46 & 47, Houses of Lords and Commons; 48, The Peace; 50, Jacobites (?); 57, Bothmer; 58, Dutch Republic; 59, England; 73, Cadogan; 81, the ministry; 85, The Whigs; 89, The Tories; 91, duke of Argyll; 92, earlof Islay; 95, Dawes, Archbishop of York (?); 99, duke of Somerset; 102, earl of Anglesey; 108, parliament.

35 Ibid. fos. 67–8: Marlborough to Craggs, 22 June 1713 [Frankfort]. For Senserf, see Hatton, R. M., ‘John Drummond in the War of the Spanish Succession’, Studies in Diplomatic History, ed. Hatton, R. M. and Anderson, M. S. (London, 1970), pp. 80, 86–7.Google Scholar

36 NSA, Hannover 92, m A, no. 13, fos. 158–60: Cadogan to Bothmer, 25 Jan. 1714, Antwerp. Klopp, xiv, 511–12, prints one of these letters, where the addressee is incorrectly presumed to be Gaul tier.

37 B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 37–8: Marlborough to Craggs, 9 May 1713, Frankfort; Coxe, vi, 231–5, prints Marlborough's written vindication.

38 NSA, Hannover 92, in A, no. 13, fos. 71–5: Cadogan to Bothmer, 22 June 1713, Frankfort; B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 37–8, 67–8, 69–70, 73, 76, 78: Marlborough to Craggs, 9 May, 22, 24 June, 2, 13, 23 July 1713.

39 Coxe, VI, 217–18; Churchill, IV, 475–7.

40 Coxe, VI, 247.

41 Coxe, VI, 251; Blenheim, B, 11, 26: Sinzendorf to Marlborough, 15 Feb. 1713, Utrecht; Max Braubach, Prinz Eugen von Savoyen, III (Munich, 1964), 420, fn. 145: Charles VI to Eugene, (?) July 1713.Google Scholar

42 Coxe, VI, 246–51

43 Churchill, iv, 442–3; H.M.C., Marlborough, 16a: George Louis to Marlborough, 23 Mar. 1713; NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 38–9: Cadogan to Bothmer, 10 Apr. 1713; Macpherson, H, 487: Marlborough to the elector, 10 Apr. 1713.

44 NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 113, fos. 15–18: Marlborough to Eugene, 20 Dec. 1712, Antwerp. Eugene, at Marlborough's request, burned this letter after showing it to the emperor (Coxe, VI, 229: Eugene to Marlborough, 25 Jan. 1713). The extant copy was dictated by Cadogan to Bothmer: NSA, ibid. fos. 1–4: Bothmer to the elector, 3 Jan. 1713.

45 NSA, ibid. fos. 1–4: Bothmer to the elector, 3 Jan. 1713.

46 NSA, Hannover 92, 111 A, no. 13, fos. 177–8, 212–13: [Sunderland] to Bothmer, 10–21 Feb., 6–17 Apr. 1713.

47 NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 113, fos. 1–4: Bothmer to the elector, 3 Jan. 1713.

48 H.M.C., Portland, v, 261–2: John Drummond to Oxford, 9–20 Jan. 1713, The Hague.

49 Ottocar Weber, Der Friede von Utrecht (Gotha, 1891), p. 366, for Sinzendorf's letter of 4 Jan. 1713, containing Marlborough's advice conveyed by Cadogan; Coxe, VI, 229: Eugene to Marlborough, 25 Jan. 1713.Google Scholar

50 Hatton, R. M., Diplomatic Relations between Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, 1714–21 (London, 1950), p. 10; NSA, Hannover 92, m A, no. 13, fos. 90–3, 97–8: Cadogan to Bothmer, 16, 23 July 1713, Frankfort.Google Scholar

51 Macpherson, n, 472–3: Robethon to de Grote, 17 Feb. 1713; cf. B.M., Stowe 225, fos. 47–50: Robethon to de Grote, 21 Feb. 1713; Stowe 751, fos. 48–51: Sarah to Craggs, 2–13 June 1714, Antwerp.

52 B.M., Stowe 225, fos. 67–8: Robethon to Bothmer, 7 Mar. 1713; Macpherson, 11, 475–7: Robethon to de Grote, 10 Mar. 1713

53 B.M., Stowe 225, fos. 78–81: Bothmer's Memoire [to Robethon], 18 Mar. 1713, The Hague: summarized in Macpherson, 11, 477–9; NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 31–2: Cadogan to Bothmer, 16 Mar. 1713, The Hague.

54 For these commissions, see Pauli, R., ‘Aktenstiicke zur Thronbesteigung des Welfenhauses in England’, Zeitschrift des historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (Hannover, 1883), p. 56; Klopp, MV, 452–3.Google Scholar

55 NSA, Hannover 92, m A, no. 13, fos. 149–53: Cadogan to Bothmer, 18 Jan. 1714, Antwerp; the requested commissions, of which there are no extant copies, were accordingly dispatched: Macpherson, H, 570: Marlborough to Robethon, 26 Feb. 1714.

56 Macpherson, 11, 488: Marlborough to the elector, 11 Apr. 1713; NSA, Hannover 92, in A, no. 13, fos. 38–9: Cadogan to Bothmer, 10 Apr. 1713.

57 NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 113, fos. 15–18: Marlborough to Eugene (Bothmer's copy), 20 Dec. 1712; NSA, Hannover 92, HI A, no. 13, fos. 88–9: Cadogan to Bothmer, 9 July 1713.

58 B.M., Stowe 225, fos. 67–8: Robethon to Bothmer, 7 Mar. 1713.

59 NSA, Hannover 92, in A, no. 13, fos. 94–6: Cadogan to Bothmer, 20 July 1713, Frankfort.

60 NSA, ibid. fos. 92–3, 94–6: Cadogan to Bothmer, 16, 20 July 1713, Frankfort.

61 Braubach, III, 183–4.

62 B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 67–8: Marlborough to Craggs, 22 June 1713 [Frankfort]; fos. 48–51: Sarah to Craggs, 2–13 June [1714, Antwerp]. Cf. NSA, Hannover 92, in A, no. 13, fos. 88–9: Cadogan to Bothmer, 9 July 1713, Frankfort.

63 Braubach, in, 166, fn. 77: Eugene to Sinzendorf, 28 July 1713.

64 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 97–8, 99–102, 104–5: Cadogan to Bothmer, 23, 27, 30 July 1713, Frankfort.

65 NSA, ibid. fos. 64–6: Cadogan to Bothmer, 4 June 1713, Frankfort.

66 NSA, ibid. fos. 78–81: Cadogan to Bothmer, 2 July 1713.

67 NSA, ibid. fos. 90–3, 97–8: Cadogan to Bothmer, 16, 23 July 1713, Frankfort.

68 Braubach, III, 184.

69 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 106–9, 112–13: Cadogan to Bothmer, 3, 13 Aug. 1713, Frankfort.

70 Letters of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough…at MaJresfield Court (London, 1875), p. 75: Sarah to Robert Jenyns, 26 Sept.–6 Oct. [1713], Antwerp.Google Scholar

71 H.M.C., Stuart, 1, 274: Queen Mary to William Dicconson, 31 Aug. 1713, indicates that she, and not Marlborough, initiated discussions by sending Tunstal on an exploratory mission.

72 AAE, CP Angleterre 250, fos. 61–2, 130: James to Torcy, 1 Nov., 2 Dec. 1713; tome 261, fos. 319–21: James to Torcy, 15 Mar. 1714.

73 H.M.C., Stuart, I, 274: Mary to Dicconson, 31 Aug. 1713.

74 AAE, CP Angleterre 250, fo. 48: Torcy to James, 7 Nov. 1713.

75 H.M.C., Stuart, 1, 278, 279–80. Berwick to James, 10, 17 Oct. 1713.

76 Ibid. 279–80: Berwick to James, 17 Oct. 1713.

77 This letter, no copy of which has survived, was sent via Gaultier: AAE, CP Angleterre 247, fo. 31: Torcy to Gaultier, 20 Oct. 1713; tome 250, fo. 38: Gaultier to Torcy, 24 Oct. 1713, London.

78 AAE, ibid. 250, fo. 44: Berwick to Torcy, 31 Oct. 1713.

79 Ibid. fos. 38, 42–3, 103–5: Gaultier to Torcy, 24, 31 Oct., 23 Nov. 1713.

80 Ibid. fos. 50–I: Torcy to Gaultier, 9 Nov. 1713.

81 AAE, ibid. 247, fo. 139: Torcy to Gaultier, 19 Dec. 1713.

82 Ibid. fo. 198: Gaultier to Torcy, 29 Dec. 1713.

83 AAE, ibid. 261, fos. 118–23, 126–9: Gaultier to Torcy, 26, 31 Jan. 1714.

84 Calendar of State Papers, Treasury Books 1713, ed. Shaw, W. E. (London, 1955), p. 62; Longleat Archives, Portland MSS, IV, fos. 257–8: Oxford to Marlborough [draft], 25 Dec. 1713 [OS]: After announcing the payment, the Treasurer continued: ‘The meeting of the Parliament being very near, I can assure your Grace, that in al those whom I converse with there is a resolution not to give your Grace the least disturbance, which I beleive will be a great disappointment to some people who would faine serve themselves at the expense of your Grace's repose. I cannot suspect any change in this resolution, if there should I beleive your Grace wil have early notice of it.’ Professor Henry L. Snyder (Kansas) kindly brought this reference to my attention and generously provided me with a transcript of Oxford's draft. I am also grateful to the Marquis of Bath for permission to quote.Google Scholar

85 HMC Stuart, 1, 293–4: Berwick to James, 28 Jan. 1714.

86 AAE, CP Angleterre 253, fos. 218–22: Torcy to Gaultier, 8 Feb. 1714. Torcy sent Oxford copies of a letter from Tunstal to Berwick and of short ‘credentials’ which Marlborough had dictated to Tunstal. Neither document, of course, was in Marlborough's own hand. For the complicity of James and Mary, see ibid, tome 250, fo. 130: [James to Torcy, 2 Dec. 1713] ‘Note à part’.

87 Parke, Gilbert, ed., Bolingbroke Correspondence (London, 1798), IV, 453–4: Bolingbroke to Strafford, 20 Feb.-3 Mar. 1713.Google Scholar

88 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 33–4: Cadogan to Bothmer, 30 Mar. 1713, Brussels. Cadogan's lesser agents are cited in Macpherson, 11, 479; see B.M., Stowe 225, fos. 99–100: Bothmer to Robethon, 25 Mar. 1713, for correction of Macpherson's ‘Sapporin’ to Jaupain, postmaster of Brussels, who was to forward Jacobite intelligence to Bothmer. For examples of their reports, see Macpherson, 11, 480–1; NSA, ibid. fos. 80–1, 82–3, 88–9: Cadogan to Bothmer, 2, 9 July 1713.

89 AAE, CP Lorraine 86, fos. 16–22, 31–9: d'Audiffret to Louis, 21 Apr., 9 May 1713, Nancy.

90 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 33–4: Cadogan to Bothmer, 30 Mar. 1713, Brussels.

91 AAE, CP Angleterre 259, fo. 25: d'lberville to Torcy, 3 Oct. 1714: earl Poulett, who had previously promised to support James, asked Gaultier not to refer to him in conversations wfth Berwick, ‘scachant que Mylord Marlborough a este informe par luy de beaucoup de choses qu'il seroit bon qu'il ignorat’.

92 AAE, ibid. 257, fo. 42–4: Gaultier to Torcy, 6 July 1714; cf. B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 29–31, 48–51, 71–2: Sarah to Craggs, 3 May [1713], Frankfort; 2–13 June [1714, Antwerp]; 30 June [1714, Antwerp]; fos. 74–5: Marlborough to Craggs, 9 July 1713.

93 H.M.C., Stuart, 1, 308: Berwick to James, 13 Mar. 1714.

94 AAE, CP Angleterre 261, fos. 229–31, 269–71: James to Torcy, 26 June, 10 July 1714.

95 AAE, CP Lorraine 90, fos. 115–20: d'Audiffret to Louis, 9 Aug. 1714. There is no corroborating evidence for this assurance in French, Jacobite or Lorraine archives. Torcy apparently did not take Leopold's information seriously. Although he received d'Audiffret's letter on 13 Aug., Torcy's letter to James of 15 Aug. does not mention Marlborough: CP Angleterre 262, fos. 367–9.

96 AAE, CP Angleterre 262, fos. 358–60, 380–1: James to Torcy, 3, 10 Aug. 1714.

97 AAE, ibid. 250, fos. 74–5: Berwick to Torcy, 9 Nov. 1713.

98 Churchill, rv, 492; Klopp, XIV, 408–10.

99 H.M.C., Stuart, 1, 307: Berwick to James, 11 Mar. 1714.

100 Macpherson, n, 515–17: Marlborough to Robethon, 30 Nov. 1713; for Cadogan's activities in England, see ibid. 506; B.M., Stowe 225, fos. 194–5, 219–20: Schütz to Robethon, 15–26 Sept., 6–17 Oct. 1713.

101 Macpherson, H, 519–20: Bothmer to Bernstorff, 16 Dec. 1713.

102 ibid. 543–4: Marlborough to Robethon, 6 Jan. 1714; cf. B.M., Stowe 225, fos. 345–7: Bothmer to Bernstorff, 23 Dec. 1713; Hatton, Diplomatic Relations, pp. 13–14, for the general Dutch attitude towards the Protestant Succession during the first part of 1714.

103 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 143–4: Cadogan to Bothmer, 15 Jan. 1714, Brussels.

104 Macpherson, 11, 543–4: Marlborough to Robethon, 6 Jan. 1714.

105 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 158–60, 183–4, 201–3: Cadogan to Bothmer, 25 Jan., 1 Mar. 1714, with news of French troop movements.

106 NSA, ibid. fos. 2–6a: ‘Projet touchant les mesures à prendre en cas de la mort de la Reine de la Grande Bretagne’, in Cadogan's hand; cf. NSA, Hannover 92, 12 A, II–II, vol. 1, fos. 106–12: Bothmer to the elector, 20 Feb. 1714.

107 Macpherson, 11, 569–71: Marlborough to Robethon, 26 Feb. 1714; NSA, Hannover 92, 12 A, II–II , vol. 1, fos. 106–12: Bothmer to the elector, 20 Feb. 1714.

108 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 185–6: Bothmer to Bernstorff [draft], 10 Mar. 1714; cf. Macpherson, 11, 578–80: Bothmer to Cadogan, 20 Mar. 1714; for the electoral response to Harley's mission, see ibid. 608.

109 J. H. and Margaret Shennan, 259.

110 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 206–7: Marlborough to Bothmer, 3 May 1714; Macpherson, II, 605–7: Marlborough to Robethon, 5 May 1714.

111 B.M., Stowe 751, fo. 106: Sarah to Craggs, 3–14 July [1714, Antwerp].

112 Ibid. fos. 102–3: Sarah to Craggs, 23 June 1714.

113 Macpherson, 11, 520: Bothmer to Bernstorff, 16 Dec. 1713; B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 100–1: Sarah to Craggs, 17 June [1714, Antwerp].

114 B.M., ibid. fo. 104: Marlborough to Craggs, 28 June 1714; fos. 102–3, 108: Sarah to Craggs, 23 June, 4 July 1714. Berwick left Paris on 22 June: Berwick's Mémoires, ed. Monmerqué, A. Petitot et, Collection des Mémoires relatifs a l'Histoire de France (Paris, 1828, 2e série), LXVI, 202–3.Google Scholar

115 Macpherson, 11, 626–7: Marlborough to Robethon, 18 June 1714; cf. NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fo. 260: Marlborough to Bothmer, 18 June 1714; Blenheim, B, II, 26: Eugene to Marlborough, 5 Aug. 1714, replying to Marlborough's of 21 June.

116 P.R.O., SP France 78/158, fos. 193–4: Prior to Bolingbroke, 11–22 June 1714, quoting Torcy: cf. NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 113 A, fos. 295–6: Greyenberg to the elector, 20 June 1 July 1714.

117 AAE, CP Angleterre 257, fos. 213–14: Gaultier to Torcy, 30 July 1714; fo. 254: d'lberville to Torcy, 7 Aug. 1714.

118 AAE, ibid. fo. 215: Torcy to Gaultier, 7 Aug. 1714; fos. 181–2: Torcy to d'lberville, 7 Aug. 1714.

119 Bolingbroke Correspondence, IV, 579: Prior to Bolingbroke, 7 Aug. 1714.

120 NSA, Hannover 93, 12 A, II–II, vol. 1, fos. 354–5: Kreyenberg to the elector, 27 July–7 Aug. 1714; fos. 370–5: Bothmer to the elector, 30 July–10 Aug. 1714, London: cf. NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fos. 231–4: Cadogan to Bothmer, 15–26 May 1714, London; Macpherson, 11, 619–20.

121 Kreyenberg and Bothmer letters, fn. 120 above; H. N. Fieldhouse, ‘Bolingbroke and the d'lberville Correspondence, August 1714–June 1715’. EHR, LII (1937), 680.

122 NSA, Hannover 93, 12 A, II–II, vol. 1, fos. 370–5: Bothmer to the elector, 30 July–10 Aug. 1714.

123 NSA, Hannover 92, m A, no. 13, fos. 231–4: Cadogan to Bothmer, 15–26 May 1714, London; the ‘vrais sentiments’ of the Lord Treasurer were given by the auditor to general Earle, who repeated them to Cadogan; cf. Macpherson, 11, 619–20.

124 Macpherson, II, 532: In 1725, Lord Lansdowne recalled Marlborough's statement that he loved Harry St John as his own son.

125 NSA, Cal.Br. 24, England 113, fos. 1–4: Bothmer to the elector, 3 Jan. 1713; B.M., Stowe 751, fo. 106: Sarah to Craggs, 3–14 July [1714, Antwerp].

126 B.M., ibid. fos. 102–3: Sarah to Craggs, 23 June 1714.

127 Ibid. fos. 92–3, 100–1: Sarah to Craggs, 23 May, 17 June 1714.

128 Ibid. fos. 48–51: Sarah to Craggs, 2–13 June [1714, Antwerp], replying to Craggs' letter of 22 May–2 June containing news of Walpole's secret meeting with Oxford.

129 These letters are printed in Macpherson, II, 624, and Tindall, N., Continuation of Rapin's History of England (London, 1751), pp. 357–8.Google Scholar

130 Coxe, VI, 281–3; cf. NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fo. 260: Marlborough to Bothmer, 18 June 1714.

131 Macpherson, 11, 627: Marlborough to Robethon, 18 June 1714; B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 48–51: Sarah to Craggs, 2–13 June [1714, Antwerp].

132 NSA, Hannover 92, III A, no. 13, fo. 260: Marlborough to Bothmer, 18 June 1714; cf. B.M., Stowe 227, fos. 231–4: Bothmer to Robethon, 20–31 July 1714, London: Bothmer had just learned - but did not state - the provenance of the printed copies. This letter was written in response to Robethon's inquiries about who was responsible for publishing the letters.

133 Michael, W., England under George I: The Beginnings of the Hanoverian Dynasty (London, 1936), p. 34; Klopp, XIV, 622–3. Initially, it was assumed that Bothmer had printed the letters, but his denials must suffice (Macpherson, n, 633; B.M., Stowe 227, fos. 194–5, 201–2: Bothmer to Robethon, 2–13, 6–17 July 1714, London). The French envoy later reported that the Marlboroughs were responsible (AAE, CP Angleterre 257, fos. 163–5: d'lberville to Torcy, 15–26 July 1714). Sarah wrote Craggs that Marlborough intended to send the letters to Cadogan (B.M., Stowe 751, fos. 48–51: 2–13 June) and by 22 June–2 July, she assumed that her cousin had already seen them {letters … at Madresfield Court, II0).Google Scholar

134 H.M.C., Portland, v, 662: Auditor Harley's ‘Memoirs’; in the Harley papers (B.M. Loan 29/137/1), there is a copy, unsigned and unaddressed, of Molyneux's letter of 7 June to Sarah (printed, Coxe, VI, 281–3); this copy, dated ‘Thursday, 17 June 1714’, is in the hand of Francis Gastrell, bishop of Chester.

135 NSA, Hannover 93, 12 A, II–II, vol. i, fos. 370–5: Bothmer to the elector, 30 July–10 Aug. 1714; cf. fos. 354–5: Kreyenberg to the elector, 27 July–7 Aug. 1714.

136 Macpherson, II, 504: Schütz to Robethon, 26 Sept. 1713; we may assume this was what Cadogan told Schütz. In fact, Bolingbroke only wrote the queen (20 Sept.–1 Oct.): ‘I find he [Cadogan] intends to ask the Duke of Ormonde to present him to your Majesty.’ Bolingbroke Correspondence, IV, 296.

137 B.M., Stowe 751, fo. 27: Marlborough to Craggs, 20 Apr. 1713; Blenheim, E, 44: Lady Cowper to Sarah, 26 June [1714, London]. The St John family's departure from England was popularly attributed to their fear of a forthcoming civil war, in which Bolingbroke would play a leading role.

138 Craggs' last recorded letter to the Marlboroughs in exile was 25 June–6 July, but there is nothing in their replies which indicates negotiations with Bolingbroke: B.M., Stowe 751, fo. 112: Marlborough to Craggs, 18 July 1714, Antwerp.

139 Fieldhouse, 680.

140 NSA, Hannover 93, 12 A, II–II, vol. 1, fos. 354–5: Kreyenberg to the elector, 27 July–7 Aug. 1714.

141 For Bolingbroke's plan for a rapproachement with Hanover, see Hatton, R. M., ‘John Drummond in the War of the Spanish Succession’, Studies in Diplomatic History, ed. Hatton, R. M. and Anderson, M. S. (London, 1970), p. 95;Google Scholar Macpherson, 11, 530, 532–3, for Lord Lansdowne's recollections of Bolingbroke's ‘Hanover game’ during the last month of the queen's life; cf. George Lockhart of Carnwath, The Lockhart Papers (London, 1817), I, 460–1.Google Scholar

142 Fieldhouse, 680

143 Despite Bolingbroke's denials (Bolingbroke Correspondence, IV, 567: Bolingbroke to Strafford, 14–25 July 1714), by the end of the month Strafford was proclaiming in The Hague that the Secretary and Lady Masham had summoned Marlborough home: B.M., Stowe 227, fos. 225–6: Klinggräff to Robethon, 31 July 1714, The Hague; AAE, CP Hollande 266, fos. 182–7, 207–9: Chateauneuf to Louis XIV, 24, 31 July 1714, The Hague.

144 Buckingham sent the pretender a courier with a message that Bolingbroke and Marlborough had been reconciled: AAE, CP Angleterre 262, fos. 380–1: James to Torcy, 10 Aug. 1714; sec fos. 367–9: Torcy to James, 15 Aug. for identification of Buckingham as James' source of information.

145 NSA, Hannover 93, 12 A, II–II, vol. 1, fos. 370–5: Bothmer to the elector, 30 July–10 Aug. 1714, London; cf. AAE, CP Angleterre 257, fos. 257–61: d'lberville to Torcy, 29 July–9 Aug. 1714, for Cadogan's displeasure at Bolingbroke's triumph.

146 NSA, Hannover 93, III A, no. 13, fo. 208: Marlborough to Bothmer, 16 Apr. 1714.

147 Green, David, Queen Anne (London, 1970), p. 317, citing the diary of the queen's physician, Dr David Hamilton.Google Scholar

148 NSA, Hannover 93, 12 A, II–II, vol. 1, fos. 370–5: Bothmer to the elector, 30 July–10 Aug. 1714, London.

149 Bolingbroke was assured of victory by 19–30 July: John, Lord Campbell, Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England, IV (London, 1846), 477–8: Bolingbroke to Harcourt, 19 July 1714 [OS]. The Marlboroughs were expected at Ostend on 18–29 July and hoped to be in London by 21 July (the day after the last Cabinet meeting before Oxford's dismissal): B.M. Add. MSS 32,686, fos. 16–17: James Craggs junior to Lord Pelham, 15 July 1714 [OS], London; B.M., Stowe 751, fo. 112: Marlborough to Craggs, 18 July 1714; AAE, CP Angleterre 257, fos. 244–5: Newsletter, marked ‘Journal extraordinaire’ by d'lberville, 26 July–6 Aug. 1714, London.Google Scholar

150 B.M. Add. MSS 22,202, fos. 148–54: Newsletter from London, 3–14 Aug. 1714; AAE, CP Angleterre 262, fos. 321–4: unsigned, undated newsletter reporting the queen's last days; cf. fo. 379: d'Aumont to Torcy, 19 Aug. 1714, Paris.

151 B.M., Stowe 227, fos. 171–2: Kreyenberg to Robethon, 22 June–3 July 1714 London: cyphered words are printed in italics.

152 H.M.C., Portland, v, 662: Auditor Harley's ‘Memoirs’, claiming to have this information from Cadogan and the duke of Somerset.

153 AAE, CP Angleterre 257, fos. 264–5: Gaultier to Torcy, 29 July–9 Aug. 1714.

154 Macpherson, II, 636–7: Bothmer to Robethon, 16–27 July 1714: even Sunderland denied knowledge of Marlborough's reasons for returning.

155 Although Oxford was possibly referring to copies of Tunstal's letters which Torcy had sent him (fn. 86 above), Bothmer wrote that both Halifax and Poulett specifically referred to originals of a direct, personal Marlborough-James correspondence, no trace of which survives in Franco- Jacobite records. Although Oxford claimed that he had sent these ‘originals’ (of which there are no copies in the Harley papers) to Hanover via his cousin, there is no hint of this in his correspondence with Thomas Harley (B.M. Add. MSS 40,621) nor trace of the letters in Hanoverian records. We may conclude, with Bothmer, that these ‘originals’ were either forgeries (perhaps based on letters Oxford himself had received from the pretender) or manufactured from thin air.

156 NSA, Hannover 93, 12 A, II–II, vol. 1, fos. 370–5: Bothmer to the elector, 30 July–10 Aug. 1714; Poulett later told d'lberville the same story (AAE, CP Angleterre 258, fos. 75–7: d'lberville to Torcy, 24 Aug. 1714). Bolingbroke had also accused Oxford of sending Marlborough's ‘letters to Berwick’ to Hanover (ibid. fo. 115: d'lberville to Torcy, 31 Aug. 1714).

157 NSA, ibid.; cf. Macpherson, 11, 637: Bothmer to Robethon, 30 July–10 Aug. 1714.

158 Pauli, op. cit. 56: Leadham, I. S., Political History of England, 1702–1760 (London, 1921), p. 224.Google Scholar

159 Blenheim, B, II, 26: Robethon to Marlborough, 20 Aug. 1714; Monsieur Reck to Marlborough, 3 Sept. 1714, Ratisbon.

160 AAE, CP Angleterre 258, fos. 40–2: Gaultier to Torcy, 5–16 Aug. 1714.

161 Bod., Carte 211, fo. 320: ‘Mr. Dicconson's Account of the Duke of Lorrain's Gold & other mony of the King's, March 1716’. ‘The Lawier’, who made two separate payments of $2,000 each, is the Jacobite code name for Marlborough.

162 Churchill, IV, 529–30.

163 Blenheim, B, II, 24: H. Burnary to Marlborough, 13 Oct. 1712 [OS], Bamstead Downs.