Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T23:21:28.126Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

European Citizenship Rights and European Fiscal Politics After the Crisis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

Abstract

The economic effects of the financial crisis in the eurozone have been much studied, but the impact of political and institutional changes made amidst crisis conditions have been less studied. This article examines the changes in the EU since 2008 through the lens of T.H. Marshall’s concept of citizenship, gauging the effects of different changes in the EU polity on the citizenship rights of individuals. The key changes are in fiscal governance, which includes a new treaty as well as substantial legislation changing the balance of powers within and competencies of the EU institutions, the European Central Bank’s role and the Troika arrangements for countries in crisis. We find that while the EU’s contribution to civil citizenship in Europe is relatively intact, the development of its fiscal governance is bringing serious negative consequences for political and social citizenship in all member states. The EU is adopting policies that entrust more power to less democratically accountable institutions with the objective of fiscal rigour rather than social citizenship.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s). Published by Government and Opposition Limited and Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Scott L. Greer is Associate Professor of Health Management and Policy in the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan. Contact email: slgreer@umich.edu.

Holly Jarman is Assistant Professor in the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan. Contact email: hjarman@umich.edu.

References

Adnett, N. and Hardy, S. (2005), The European Social Model: Modernisation or Evolution? (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar).Google Scholar
Adolph, C. (2013), Bankers, Bureaucrats, and Central Bank Politics: The Myth of Neutrality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Alber, J. (2006), ‘The European Social Model and the United States’, European Union Politics, 7: 393419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Azoulai, L. and de Vries, K. (eds) (2014), EU Migration Law: Legal Complexities and Political Rationales (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Azzopardi-Muscat, N., Clemens, T., Stoner, S. and Brand, H. (2015), ‘EU Country Specific Recommendations for Health Systems in the European Semester Process: Trends, Discourse and Actions’, Health Policy, 119: 375383.Google Scholar
Bank of Greece (2015), ‘The Bank of Greece Report on Monetary Policy 2014–2015’, Bank of Greece, press release, 17 June, www.bankofgreece.gr/Pages/en/Bank/News/PressReleases/DispItem.aspx?Item_ID=4988&List_ID=1af869f3-57fb-4de6-b9ae-bdfd83c66c95&Filter_by=DT.Google Scholar
Bastasin, C. (2015), Saving Europe: Anatomy of a Dream (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution).Google Scholar
Bauböck, R. and Guiraudon, V. (2009), ‘Introduction: Realignments of Citizenship: Reassessing Rights in the Age of Plural Memberships and Multi-level Governance’, Citizenship Studies, 13: 439450.Google Scholar
Bauer, M.W. and Becker, S. (2014), ‘The Unexpected Winner of the Crisis: The European Commission’s Strengthened Role in Economic Governance’, Journal of European Integration, 36: 213229.Google Scholar
BBC News. (2014a), ‘Germany Announces New Rules to Fight EU “Benefit Tourism”’, BBC News, 27 August, www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28955443.Google Scholar
BBC News. (2014b), ‘David Cameron Urges EU Support for Migration Plans’, BBC News, 28 November, www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-30224493.Google Scholar
Bellamy, R. (2008), ‘Evaluating Union Citizenship: Belonging, Rights and Participation Within the EU’, Citizenship Studies, 12: 597611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellamy, R. (2012), ‘The Liberty of the Moderns: Market Freedom and Democracy Within the EU’, Global Constitutionalism: Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law, 1(1): 141172.Google Scholar
Breiner, P. (2006), ‘Is Social Citizenship Really Outdated? T. H. Marshall Revisited’, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Hyatt Regency Albuquerque, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 17 March, www.allacademic.com/meta/p97572_index.html.Google Scholar
Bruter, M. (2005), Citizens of Europe? The Emergence of a Mass European Identity (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).Google Scholar
Bulmer, M. and Rees, A.M. (1996)(eds), Citizenship Today: The Contemporary Relevance of TH Marshall (London: UCL Press).Google Scholar
Burke, S., Thomas, S., Barry, S. and Keegan, C. (2014), ‘Indicators of Health System Coverage and Activity in Ireland During the Economic Crisis 2008–2014: From “More with Less” to “Less with Less”’, Health Policy, 117: 275278.Google Scholar
Caporaso, J.A. and Tarrow, S. (2009), ‘Polanyi in Brussels: Supranational Institutions and the Transnational Embedding of Markets’, International Organization, 63: 593620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrel, P., Barkin, N. and Breidthardt, A. (2012), ‘Inside Mario Draghi’s Euro Rescue Plan’, Reuters, 26 September, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/26/us-ecb-draghi-plan-idUSBRE88O09A20120926.Google Scholar
Clift, B. (2007), ‘Europeanizing Social Models?’, Journal of European Integration, 29: 249254.Google Scholar
Crowley, J. (1998), ‘The National Dimension of Citizenship in TH Marshall’, Citizenship Studies, 2: 165178.Google Scholar
Crum, B. (2013), ‘Saving the Euro at the Cost of Democracy?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 51: 614630.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delanty, G. (2007), ‘European Citizenship: A Critical Assessment’, Citizenship Studies, 11: 6372.Google Scholar
Díez Medrano, J. (2000), Framing Europe: Attitudes to European Integration in Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom (Princeton: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar
Draxler, J. and Van Vliet, O. (2010), ‘European Social Model: No Convergence From the East’, European Integration, 32: 115135.Google Scholar
Dyson, K. (2014), States, Debt and Power: ‘Saints’ and ‘Sinners’ in European History and Integration (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Eder, K. and Giesen, B. (eds) (2001), European Citizenship: National Legacies and Transnational Projects (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Faist, T. (2001), ‘Social Citizenship in the European Union: Nested Membership’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 39: 3758.Google Scholar
Ferrera, M. (2005), The Boundaries of Welfare: European Integration and the New Spatial Politics of Social Protection (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Giddens, A., Diamond, P. and Little, R. (2006), Global Europe, Social Europe (Cambridge: Polity).Google Scholar
Goetschy, J. (2006), ‘Taking Stock of Social Europe: Is There Such a Thing As a Community Social Model?’, in M. Jepsen and A.S. Pascual (eds), Unwrapping the European Social Model (Bristol: Policy Press): 4772.Google Scholar
Greer, S.L. (2009), ‘Ever Closer Union: Devolution, the European Union, and Social Citizenship Rights’, in S.L. Greer (ed.), Devolution and Social Citizenship Rights in the United Kingdom (Bristol: Policy Press): 175196.Google Scholar
Greer, S.L. (2014), ‘Structural Adjustment Comes to Europe: Lessons for the Eurozone From the Conditionality Debates’, Global Social Policy, 14(1): 5171.Google Scholar
Greer, S.L. and Mätzke, M. (2009), ‘Introduction’, in S.L. Greer (ed.), Devolution and Social Citizenship in the United Kingdom (Bristol: Policy Press): 120.Google Scholar
Greer, S.L., Fahy, N., Elliott, H., Wismar, M., Jarman, H. and Palm, W. (2014), Everything You Always Wanted to Know about European Union Health Policy but Were Afraid to Ask (Brussels: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies).Google Scholar
Hancké, B. (2013), Unions, Central Banks, and EMU: Labour Market Institutions and Monetary Integration in Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Hansen, P. and Hager, S.B. (2012), The Politics of European Citizenship: Deepening Contradictions in Social Rights and Migration Policy (New York: Berghahn Books).Google Scholar
Hemerijck, A. (2011), Changing Welfare States (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Hopkin, J. (2012), ‘A Slow Fuse: Italy and the EU Debt Crisis’, International Spectator, 47: 3548.Google Scholar
Isin, E.F. and Turner, B.S. (2007), ‘Investigating Citizenship: An Agenda for Citizenship Studies’, Citizenship Studies, 11: 517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, E. (2012), ‘Italy’s Sovereign Debt Crisis’, Survival, 54: 83110.Google Scholar
Kassam, A. (2015), ‘#ThisIsACoup: How a Hashtag Born in Barcelona Spread across Globe’, The Guardian, 13 July, www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/13/greek-supporters-social-media-backlash-germany.Google Scholar
Kentikelenis, A. (2015), ‘Bailouts, Austerity and the Erosion of Health Coverage in Southern Europe and Ireland’, European Journal of Public Health, 25(3): 365366.Google Scholar
Kentikelenis, A., Karanikolos, M., Reeves, A., McKee, M. and Stuckler, D. (2014), ‘Greece’s Health Crisis: From Austerity to Denialism’, Lancet, 383: 748753.Google Scholar
Koutantou, A. and Tagaris, K. (2015), ‘Greece Readies Reform Plans to First Signs of Leftist Unrest’, Reuters, 23 February, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/02/23/uk-eurozone-greece-idUKKBN0LR0ZR20150223.Google Scholar
Ladi, S. and Tsarouhas, D. (2014), ‘The Politics of Austerity and Public Policy Reform in the EU’, Political Studies Review, 12: 171180.Google Scholar
de la Porte, C. and Heins, E. (2014), ‘A New Era of European Integration?: Governance of Labour Market and Social Policy since the Sovereign Debt Crisis’, Comparative European Politics, 13: 828.Google Scholar
Lefkofridi, Z. and Schmitter, P. C. (2015), ‘Transcending or Descending? European Integration in Times of Crisis’, European Political Science Review, 7: 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legido-Quigley, H., Urdaneta, E., Gonzalez, A., La Parra, D., Muntaner, C., Alvarez-Dardet, C., Martin-Moreno, J.M. and McKee, M. (2013), ‘Erosion of Universal Health Coverage in Spain’, Lancet, 382: 1977.Google Scholar
Lister, M. (2005), ‘“Marshall-ing” Social and Political Citizenship: Towards a Unified Conception of Citizenship’, Government and Opposition, 40(4): 471491.Google Scholar
Maas, W. (2007), Creating European Citizens (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield).Google Scholar
Maas, W. (2013) ‘Varieties of Multilevel Citizenship’, in W. Maas (ed.), Multilevel Citizenship (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press): 123.Google Scholar
Mair, P. (2007), ‘Political Opposition and the European Union’, Government and Opposition, 42(1): 117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maresso, A., Mladovsky, P., Thomson, S., Sagan, A., Karanikolos, M., Richardson, E., Cylus, J., Evetovits, T., Jowett, M., Figueras, J. and Kluge, H. (2015) (eds), Economic Crisis, Health Systems and Health in Europe: Country Experiences (Brussels: European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies).Google Scholar
Marshall, T.H. (1950), Citizenship and Social Class (London: Pluto).Google Scholar
Martinsen, D.S. and Vollaard, H. (2014), ‘Implementing Social Europe in Times of Crises: Re-established Boundaries of Welfare?’, West European Politics, 37: 677692.Google Scholar
Matsaganis, M. (2011), ‘The Welfare State and the Crisis: The Case of Greece’, Journal of European Social Policy, 21: 501512.Google Scholar
Neveu, C. (2013), ‘Sites of Citizenship, Politics of Scales’, in W. Maas (ed.), Multilevel Citizenship (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press): 203212.Google Scholar
Newdick, C. (2009), ‘Cross-border Health Care Rights, the European Court of Justice and Social Citizenship: Accidental Death of a Concept?’, Wisconsin International Law Journal, 26: 844868.Google Scholar
Powell, M. (2002), ‘The Hidden History of Social Citizenship’, Citizenship Studies, 6: 229244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, M. (2009), ‘How Uniform Are Uniform Services? Towards a Geography of Citizenship’, in S.L. Greer (ed.), Devolution and Social Citizenship in the United Kingdom (Bristol: Policy Press): 161174.Google Scholar
Reeves, A., McKee, M. and Stuckler, D. (2015), ‘The Attack on Universal Health Coverage in Europe: Recession, Austerity, and Unmet Needs’, European Journal of Public Health, 25(3): 364365.Google Scholar
Salmon, F. (2015), ‘The Greece Deal: Is It a Coup?’, Fusion, 13 July, http://fusion.net/story/165735/the-greece-deal-is-this-a-coup.Google Scholar
Sanders, D., Bellucci, P., Tóka, G. and Torcal, M. (2012), The Europeanization of National Polities? Citizenship and Support in a Post-Enlargement Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
Saward, M. (2013), ‘The Dynamics of European Citizenship: Enactment, Extension and Assertion’, Comparative European Politics, 11: 4969.Google Scholar
Scharpf, F.W. (2002), ‘The European Social Model: Coping with the Challenges of Diversity’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40: 645670.Google Scholar
Schelkle, W. (2009), ‘The Contentious Creation of the Regulatory State in Fiscal Surveillance’, West European Politics, 32: 829846.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. (2007), The Transformation of Citizenship in the European Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Somers, M.R. (2005), ‘Citizenship Troubles: Genealogies of Struggle for the Soul of the Social’, in J. Adams, E.S. Clemens and A.S. Orloff (eds), Remaking Modernity: Politics, History, and Sociology (Durham, NC: Duke University Press): 438469.Google Scholar
Somers, M.R. (2009), Genealogies of Citizenship: Knowledge, Markets, and the Right to Have Rights (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Google Scholar
Stamati, F. and Baeten, R. (2015), Healthcare Reforms and the Crisis (Brussels: European Trades Union Institutes/European Social Observatory).Google Scholar
Toth, F. (2010), ‘Is There a Southern European Healthcare Model?’, West European Politics, 33: 325343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vink, M.P. and De Groot, G.R. (2010), ‘Citizenship Attribution in Western Europe: International Framework and Domestic Trends’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36: 713734.Google Scholar
Wincott, D. (2003), ‘The Idea of the European Social Model: Limits and Paradoxes of Europeanization’, in K. Featherstone and C. Radaelli (eds), The Politics of Europeanization (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 279302.Google Scholar
Wincott, D. (2009), ‘Citizenship in Time and Space: Observations on T.H. Marshall’s Citizenship and Social Class’, in S.L. Greer (ed.), Devolution and Social Citizenship in the UK (Bristol: Policy Press): 3956.Google Scholar