Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-t5pn6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T17:58:55.965Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Six-year follow-up study of combined type ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: Predictors of functional impairment and comorbid symptoms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2020

T Cadman ,
J. Findon ,
H. Eklund ,
H. Hayward ,
D. Howley ,
C. Cheung ,
J. Kuntsi ,
K. Glaser ,
D. Murphy  and
P. Asherson
T Cadman*
Affiliation:
Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
J. Findon
Affiliation:
Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
H. Eklund
Affiliation:
Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
H. Hayward
Affiliation:
Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
D. Howley
Affiliation:
Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
C. Cheung
Affiliation:
King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
J. Kuntsi
Affiliation:
King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
K. Glaser
Affiliation:
Department of Social Science, Health and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
D. Murphy
Affiliation:
Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment and Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
P. Asherson
Affiliation:
King’s College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
*
* Corresponding author. Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK. E-mail address:tim.cadman.12@ucl.ac.uk (T. Cadman).
Get access

Abstract

Background

ADHD in childhood is associated with development of negative psychosocial and behavioural outcomes in adults. Yet, relatively little is known about which childhood and adulthood factors are predictive of these outcomes and could be targets for effective interventions. To date follow-up studies have largely used clinical samples from the United States with children ascertained at baseline using broad criteria for ADHD including all clinical subtypes or the use of DSM III criteria.

Aims

To identify child and adult predictors of comorbid and psychosocial comorbid outcomes in ADHD in a UK sample of children with DSM-IV combined type ADHD.

Method

One hundred and eighteen adolescents and young adults diagnosed with DSM-IV combined type ADHD in childhood were followed for an average of 6 years. Comorbid mental health problems, drug and alcohol use and police contact were compared for those with persistent ADHD, sub-threshold ADHD and population norms taken from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Study 2007. Predictors included ADHD symptomology and gender.

Results

Persistent ADHD was associated with greater levels of anger, fatigue, sleep problems and anxiety compared to sub-threshold ADHD. Comorbid mental health problems were predicted by current symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not by childhood ADHD severity. Both persistent and sub-threshold ADHD was associated with higher levels of drug use and police contact compared to population norms.

Conclusions

Young adults with a childhood diagnosis of ADHD showed increased rates of comorbid mental health problems, which were predicted by current levels of ADHD symptoms. This suggests the importance of the continuing treatment of ADHD throughout the transitional years and into adulthood. Drug use and police contact were more common in ADHD but were not predicted by ADHD severity in this sample.

Keywords

ADHDComorbidityBehavioural problemsFollow-up
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 35 , May 2016 , pp. 47 - 54
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatry 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Contributed equally to this work.

References

Barkley, RAFischer, MThe unique contribution of emotional impulsiveness to impairment in major life activities in hyperactive children as adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010; 49(5): 503–513Google ScholarPubMed
Barkley, RAMurphy, KKwasnik, DPsychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 1996; 1(1): 41–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebbington, PBrugha, TCoid, JCrawford, MDeverill, CD’Souza, Jet al.Adult psychiatric morbidity in England 2007. Results of a household survey The Health & Social Care Information Centre, Social Care Statistics 2009Google Scholar
Biederman, JMick, EFaraone, SVAge-dependent decline of symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157(5): 816–818CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, JMonuteaux, MCMick, ESpencer, TWilens, TESilva, JMet al.Young adult outcome of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study Psychol Med 2006; 36(2): 167–179CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, JPetty, CREvans, MSmall, JFaraone, SVHow persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2010; 177(3): 299–304CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biederman, JPetty, CRWoodworth, KYLomedico, AHyder, LLFaraone, SVAdult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012; 73(7): 941–950CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bush, KKivlahan, DRMcDonell, MBFihn, SDBradley, KAThe, AUDIT.alcohol consumption questions (audit-c): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158(16): 1789–1795CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, WZhou, KSham, PFranke, BKuntsi, JCampbell, Det al.DSM-IV combined type ADHD shows familial association with sibling trait scores: a sampling strategy for QTL linkage. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B(8):1450–1460CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheung, CHRijdijk, FMcLoughlin, GFaraone, SVAsherson, PKuntsi, JChildhood predictors of adolescent and young adult outcome in ADHD. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 62: 92–100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, DAGrant, BFStinson, FSZhou, YEffectiveness of the Derived Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) in screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the US general population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29(5): 844–854CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deb, SBurns, JNeuropsychiatric consequences of traumatic brain injury: a comparison between two age groups. Brain Inj 2007; 21(3): 301–307CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, JNJohnson, DEConners, CKNeuropsychological assessment of response inhibition in adults with ADHD. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2001; 23(3): 362–371CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faraone, SVBiederman, JMick, EThe age-dependent decline of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 2006; 36(2): 159–165CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faraone, SVBiederman, JSpencer, TMick, EMurray, KPetty, Cet al.Diagnosing adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: are late onset and sub-threshold diagnoses valid?. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163(10): 1720–1729 [quiz 859]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fayyad, JDe Graaf, RKessler, RAlonso, JAngermeyer, MDemyttenaere, Ket al.Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Br J Psychiatry 2007; 190: 402–409CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, TWYoungstrom, EAGlutting, JJWatkins, MWADHD and achievement: meta-analysis of the child, adolescent, and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students. J Learn Disabil 2007; 40(1): 49–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, HMcGinnity, Á.Meltzer, HFord, TGoodman, RMental health of children and young people in Great Britain 2004 Palgrave: Macmillan Basingstoke; 2005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holden, SEJenkins-Jones, SPoole, CDMorgan, CLCoghill, DCurrie, CJThe prevalence and incidence, resource use and financial costs of treating people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United Kingdom (1998 to 2010). Child Adolesc Psychiatry Mental Health 2013; 7(1): 34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntley, ZMaltezos, SWilliams, CMorinan, AHammon, ABall, Det al.Rates of undiagnosed attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in London drug and alcohol detoxification units BMC Psychiatry 2012; 6(12): 223–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kooij, SFrancken, M Diagnostic Interview for ADHD (DIVA) in adults2007 Accessed Aug 2007, Available from: www.divacenter.eu 2007Google Scholar
Kooij, SJBejerot, SBlackwell, ACaci, HCasas-Brugue, MCarpentier, PJet al.European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10(1): 67–91CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuntsi, JNeale, BNChen, WFaraone, SVAsherson, PThe IMAGE project: methodological issues for the molecular genetic analysis of ADHD. Behav Brain Funct 2006; 2: 27–40CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Küpper, THaavik, JDrexler, HRamos-Quiroga, JAWermelskirchen, DPrutz, Cet al.The negative impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on occupational health in adults and adolescents Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 85(8): 837–847CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lara, CFayyad, Jde Graaf, RKessler, RAguilar-Gaxiola, SAngermeyer, Met al.Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65(1): 46–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, GPelosi, AJAraya, RDunn, GMeasuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers. Psychol Med 1992; 22(2): 465–486CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtenstein, PHalldner, LZetterqvist, JSjolander, ASerlachius, EFazel, Set al.Medication for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and criminality N Engl J Med 2012; 367(21): 2006–2014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, SKlein, RGBessler, AMalloy, PLaPadula, MAdult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50(7): 565–576CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mannuzza, SKlein, RGMoulton, JLLifetime criminality among boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective follow-up study into adulthood using official arrest records. Psychiatry Res 2008; 160(3): 237–246CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merwood, AChen, WRijsdijk, FSkirrow, CLarsson, HThapar, Aet al.Genetic associations between the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and emotional lability in child and adolescent twins. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53(2):209e4–220e4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mick, EByrne, DFried, RMonuteaux, MFaraone, SVBiederman, JPredictors of ADHD persistence in girls at 5-year follow-up. J Atten Disord 2011; 15(3): 183–192CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Molina, BSPelham, WEJChildhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD. J. Abnorm Psychol 2003; 112(3): 497–507CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, SRGresham, LSBromberg, MBKasarkis, EJSmith, RAA self report measure of affective lability. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63(1): 89–93CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NCCMH, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults Leicester and London: The British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2008Google Scholar
Rosler, MRetz, WFischer, ROse, CAlm, BDeckert, Jet al.Twenty-four-week treatment with extended release methylphenidate improves emotional symptoms in adult ADHD World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11(5): 709–718CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skirrow, CAsherson, PEmotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivitry disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 147(1–3):80–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skirrow, CAsherson, PEmotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 147(1–3):80–86CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skirrow, CMcLoughlin, GKuntsi, JAsherson, PBehavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mood instability. Exp Rev Neurother 2009; 9(4): 489–503CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skirrow, CEbner-Priemer, UWReinhard, IMalliaris, YKuntsi, JAsherson, PEveryday emotional experience of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: evidence for reactive and endogenous emotional lability. Psychol Med 2014; 44: 3571–3583CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, RABerg, JEPope, LECallahan, JDWynn, DThisted, RAValidation of the CNS emotional lability scale for pseudobulbar affect (pathological laughing and crying) in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2004; 10(6): 679–685CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visser, SNDanielson, MLBitsko, RHHolbrook, JRKogan, MDGhandour, RMet al.Trends in the parent report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003–2011. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2014; 53(1):34e2–46e2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, DWechsler Intelligence Scale for Children New York: Psychological Corporation; 1991Google Scholar
Young, SAmarasinghe, JMPractitioner review: non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD: a lifespan approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51(2): 116–133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, SJAdamou, MBolea, BGudjonsson, GMuller, UPitts, Met al.The identification and management of ADHD offenders within the criminal justice system: a consensus statement from the UK Adult ADHD Network and criminal justice agencies. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11(1): 32–46CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.