Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T15:08:42.730Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Depressive symptoms in adolescence: The role of perceived parental support, psychological control, and proactive control in interaction with 5-HTTLPR

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2020

E. Van Assche ,
T. Moons ,
K. Van Leeuwen ,
H. Colpin ,
K. Verschueren ,
W. Van Den Noortgate ,
L. Goossens  and
S. Claes
E. Van Assche*
Affiliation:
GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
T. Moons
Affiliation:
GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium OPZ Geel, Dr. Sanodreef 4, Geel, Belgium
K. Van Leeuwen
Affiliation:
Department of Parenting and Special Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
H. Colpin
Affiliation:
Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
K. Verschueren
Affiliation:
Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
W. Van Den Noortgate
Affiliation:
Department of Methodology of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
L. Goossens
Affiliation:
Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
S. Claes
Affiliation:
GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
*
* Corresponding author. at: Kapucijnenvoer 33g, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.E-mail address:Evelien.vanassche@uzleuven.be(E. Van Assche).
Get access

Abstract

Background

Parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. We investigated the role of perceived parenting dimensions and gene-environment interactions between these perceived parenting dimensions and five well-known variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs): 5-HTTLPR, STin2, DAT1, DRD4, and MAO-A, in depressive symptoms.

Methods

From a non-clinical sample of 1111 Belgian adolescents (mean age: 13.79 years, SD = .94; 51% boys), 1103 adolescents consented for genetic research. Five VNTRs were analyzed using DNA from saliva samples. Perceived parenting dimensions (i.e., support, proactive control, psychological control, punishment, and harsh punishment) were examined using self-report scales completed by adolescents and their parents. Depressive symptoms were investigated using the CES-D self-report scale. Statistical analyses were performed in R using linear regression.

Results

Parental support, as perceived by the adolescent, was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (CES-D) and psychological control was positively associated with these symptoms. The only interaction effect withstanding correction for multiple testing was observed for 5-HTTLPR and the difference in proactive control as perceived by adolescents in comparison to parents. Short-allele carriers showed more depressive symptoms when there was a higher discrepancy in proactive control as perceived by adolescents versus parents.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that perceived parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms, as measured by the CES-D. We only found modest evidence for 5-HTTLPR as a moderator in the association between the difference in perception of proactive control (adolescents vs. parents) and depressive symptoms.

Keywords

Depressive symptomsParentingAdolescenceG × E5-HTTLPR
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 35 , May 2016 , pp. 55 - 63
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatry 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

WHO World Health Organization – Health for the world’s adolescents a second chance in the second decade 2014 [accessed May 15, 2014] http://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/Google Scholar
Pine, DSCohen, ECohen, PBrook, JAdolescent depressive symptoms as predictors of adult depression: moodiness or mood disorder?. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 133–135http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.1.133CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, DMBoden, JMHorwood, LJRecurrence of major depression in adolescence and early adulthood, and later mental health, educational and economic outcomes. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: 335–342http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036079CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, CAdolescent depression: stressful interpersonal contexts and risk for recurrence. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2009; 18: 200–204http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01636.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, OSByrne, MLSimmons, JGWhittle, SDudgeon, PYap, MBHet al.Parenting during early adolescence and adolescent-onset major depression: a 6-year prospective longitudinal study. Clin Psychol Sci 2013; 2: 272–286http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702613505531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, BDWeisz, JRWood, JJExamining the association between parenting and childhood depression: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2007; 27: 986–1003http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, CThe social context of adolescent depression: vulnerabilities and consequences. J Exp Psychopathol 2012; 3: 739–749CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, JClarke, GNWeersing, VRBeardslee, WRBrent, DAGladstone, TRGet al.Prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 301: 2215–2224http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.788CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammen, CHazel, NABrennan, PANajman, JIntergenerational transmission and continuity of stress and depression: depressed women and their offspring in 20 years of follow-up. Psychol Med 2012; 42: 931–942http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001978CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mandelli, LPetrelli, CSerretti, AThe role of specific early trauma in adult depression: a meta-analysis of published literature. Childhood trauma and adult depression. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30: 665–680http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.04.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vachon, DDKrueger, RFRogosch, FACicchetti, DAssessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment. JAMA Psychiatry 2015; 72(11): 1135–114210.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boudreault-Bouchard, A.-M.Dion, JHains, JVandermeerschen, JLaberge, LPerron, MImpact of parental emotional support and coercive control on adolescents’ self-esteem and psychological distress: results of a four-year longitudinal study. J Adolesc 2013; 36: 695–704http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.05.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whittle, SLichter, RDennison, MVijayakumar, NSchwartz, OByrne, MLet al.Structural brain development and depression onset during adolescence: a prospective longitudinal study. Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171: 564–571http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070920CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schwartz, OSDudgeon, PSheeber, LBYap, MBHSimmons, JGAllen, NBParental behaviors during family interactions predict changes in depression and anxiety symptoms during adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2012; 40: 59–71http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9542-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, ECBrown, RCDai, YRosand, JNugent, NRAmstadter, ABet al.Genetic determinants of depression. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2015; 23: 1–18http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monroe, SMSimons, ADDiathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: implications for the depressive disorders. Psychol Bull 1991; 110: 406–425http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.406CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pluess, MBelsky, JVantage sensitivity: individual differences in response to positive experiences. Psychol Bull 2013; 139: 901–916http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030196CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, JJonassaint, CPluess, MStanton, MBrummett, BWilliams, RVulnerability genes or plasticity genes?. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14: 746–754http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barber, BKMaughan, SLOlsen, JAPatterns of parenting across adolescence. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2005; 2005: 5–16http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cd.124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssens, AGoossens, LVan Den Noortgate, WColpin, HVerschueren, KVan Leeuwen, KParents’ and adolescents’ perspectives on parenting: evaluating conceptual structure, measurement invariance, and criterion validity. Assessment 2014; 22(4): 473–48910.1177/1073191114550477CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belsky, JBeaver, KMCumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52: 619–626http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02327.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hankin, BLNederhof, EOppenheimer, CWJenness, JYoung, JFAbela, JRZet al.Differential susceptibility in youth: evidence that 5-HTTLPR × positive parenting is associated with positive affect “for better and worse”. Transl Psychiatry 1 2011 e4410.1038/tp.2011.44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJvan Ijzendoorn, MHDifferential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopamine-related genes: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2011; 23: 39–52http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000635CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, DRogosch, FASturge-Apple, MLInteractions of child maltreatment and serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A polymorphisms: depressive symptomatology among adolescents from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. Dev Psychopathol 2007; 19: 1161–1180http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407000600CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caspi, ASugden, KMoffitt, TETaylor, ACraig, IWHarrington, Het al.Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 2003; 301: 386–389http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1083968CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rocha, T.B.-M.Hutz, MHSalatino-Oliveira, AGenro, JPPolanczyk, GVSato, JRet al.Gene-environment interaction in youth depression: replication of the 5-HTTLPR moderation in a diverse setting. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172(10): 978–98510.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14070896CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, LEKeller, MCA critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 2011; 168: 1041–1049http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesch, K.-P.Balling, UGross, JStrauss, KWolozin, BLMurphy, DLet al.Organization of the human serotonin transporter gene. J Neural Transm 1994; 95: 157–162http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01276434CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramamoorthy, SBauman, LMoore, KRHan, HYang-Feng, TChang, Set al.Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90: 2542–2546CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hranilovic, DStefulj, JSchwab, SBorrmann-Hassenbach, MAlbus, MJernej, Bet al.Serotonin transporter promoter and intron 2 polymorphisms: relationship between allelic variants and gene expression. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55: 1090–1094http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Owens, MNemeroff, CRole of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 288–295CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, PWBharwani, ALee, KRFox, MThomson, JAIs serotonin an upper or a downer? The evolution of the serotonergic system and its role in depression and the antidepressant response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 51: 164–188http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Binelli, CMuñiz, ASanches, SOrtiz, ANavines, REgmond, Eet al.New evidence of heterogeneity in social anxiety disorder: defining two qualitatively different personality profiles taking into account clinical, environmental and genetic factors. Eur Psychiatry 2015; 30: 160–165http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.418CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Risch, NHerrell, RLehner, TLiang, K.-Y.Eaves, LHoh, Jet al.Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression. JAMA 2009; 301: 2462–2471http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.878CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, KSKuhn, JWVittum, JPrescott, CARiley, BThe interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression: a replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 529–535http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munafò, MRDurrant, CLewis, GFlint, JGene X environment interactions at the serotonin transporter locus. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65: 211–219http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ogilvie, ABattersby, SFink, GHarmar, AGoodwin, GBubb, Vet al.Polymorphism in serotonin transporter gene associated with susceptibility to major depression. Lancet 1996; 347: 731–733http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90079-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lasky-Su, JAFaraone, SVGlatt, SJTsuang, MTMeta-analysis of the association between two polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene and affective disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 133B 2005 110–11510.1002/ajmg.b.30104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vandenbergh, DJPerslco, AMHawkins, ALGriffin, CALi, XJabs, EWet al.Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5pl 5.3 and displays a VNTR Genomics 1992; 14(4): 1104–1106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Tol, HHBunzow, JRGuan, HCSunahara, RKSeeman, PNiznik, HBet al.Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 1991; 350: 610–614http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350610a0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuke, SSuo, STakahashi, NKoike, HSasagawa, NIshiura, SThe VNTR polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene affects gene expression. Pharmacogenomics J 2001; 1: 152–156http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Tol, HHWu, CMGuan, HCOhara, KBunzow, JRCivelli, Oet al.Multiple dopamine D4 receptor variants in the human population. Nature 1992; 358: 149–152http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/358149a0Google ScholarPubMed
López León, SCroes, ESayed-Tabatabaei, FClaes, SVan Broeckhoven, Cvan Duijn, CMThe dopamine D4 receptor gene 48-base-pair-repeat polymorphism and mood disorders: a meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57: 999–1003http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJvan Ijzendoorn, MHGene-environment interaction of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and observed maternal insensitivity predicting externalizing behavior in preschoolers. Dev Psychobiol 2006; 48: 406–409http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.20152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabol, SZHu, SHamer, DA functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Hum Genet 1998; 103: 273–279http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004390050816CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fergusson, DMBoden, JMHorwood, LJMiller, ALKennedy, MAMAO-A, abuse exposure and antisocial behaviour: 30-year longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 198: 457–463http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086991CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazary, JLazary, AGonda, XBenko, AMolnar, EJuhasz, Get al.New evidence for the association of the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) haplotypes, threatening life events, and depressive phenotype. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64: 498–504http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.030CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, HLCohen-Woods, SHosang, GMKorszun, AOwen, MCraddock, Net al.Interaction between specific forms of childhood maltreatment and the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) in recurrent depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2013; 145: 136–141http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.032CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Roekel, EEngels, R.C.M.E.Verhagen, MGoossens, LScholte, RHJParental depressive feelings, parental support, and the serotonin transporter gene as predictors of adolescent depressive feelings: a latent growth curve analysis. J Youth Adolesc 2011; 40: 453–462http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9560-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bakermans-Kranenburg, MJvan IJzendoorn, MHParenting matters: family science in the genomic era. Fam Sci 2010; 1: 26–36http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19424620903392424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andreassen, OAHarbo, HFWang, YThompson, WKSchork, AJMattingsdal, Met al.Genetic pleiotropy between multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia but not bipolar disorder: differential involvement of immune-related gene loci. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20: 207–214http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, JYang, B.-Z.Douglas-Palumberi, HHoushyar, SLipschitz, DKrystal, JHet al.Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2004; 101: 17316–17321http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404376101CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champagne, FMashoodh, RGenes in context: gene-environment interplay and the origins of individual differences in behavior. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2009; 18: 127–131http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01622.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sjöberg, RLNilsson, KWNordquist, NOhrvik, JLeppert, JLindström, Let al.Development of depression: sex and the interaction between environment and a promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 9: 443–449http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1461145705005936CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guion, KMrug, SWindle, MPredictive value of informant discrepancies in reports of parenting: relations to early adolescents’ adjustment. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2009; 37: 17–30http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9253-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferdinand, RFvan der Ende, JVerhulst, FCParent–adolescent disagreement regarding psychopathology in adolescents from the general population as a risk factor for adverse outcome. n.d.. J Abnorm Psychol 2004; 113(2): 198–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cools, WVan den Noortgate, WOnghena, PML-DEs: a program for designing efficient multilevel studies. Behav Res Methods 2008; 40: 236–249CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faul, FErdfelder, ELang, A.-G.Buchner, AG*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007; 39: 175–191CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radloff, LSThe CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977; 1: 385–401http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delhaye, MBeyers, WKlimstra, TALinkowski, PGoossens, LThe Leuven Adolescent Perceived Parenting Scale (LAPPS): reliability and validity with French-speaking adolescents in Belgium. Psychol Belg 2012; 52: 289–305http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb-52-4-289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Leeuwen, KGVermulst, AAKroes, GDe Meyer, RNguyen, LVeerman, JWVerkorte Schaal voor Ouderlijk Gedrag (VSOG): Handleiding [Brief Scale of Parental Behavior] Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Praktikon; 2013Google Scholar
Nelson, DACrick, NRParental psychological control: implications for childhood physical and relational aggression Barber, B.K.Intrusive parenting: how psychological control affects children and adolescents 2002 American Psychological Association 161–18910.1037/10422-006Google Scholar
Soenens, BVansteenkiste, MLuyckx, KGoossens, LParenting and adolescent problem behavior: an integrated model with adolescent self-disclosure and perceived parental knowledge as intervening variables. n.d.. Dev Psychol 2006; 42(2): 305–331CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, LWe know some things: parent–adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. J Res Adolesc 2001; 11: 1–19http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.00001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knafo, ASchwartz, SHParenting and adolescents’ accuracy in perceiving parental values. Child Dev 2003; 74: 595–611http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.7402018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stattin, HKerr, MParental monitoring: a reinterpretation. Child Dev 2000; 71: 1072–1085http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00210CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tein, AJRoosa, MWMichaels, MAgreement between parent and child reports on parental behaviors. J Marriage Fam 2012; 56: 341–355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gokturk, CSchultze, SNilsson, KWvon Knorring, LOreland, LHallman, JSerotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) promoter polymorphisms in women with severe alcoholism. Arch Womens Ment Health 2008; 11: 347–355http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-008-0033-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, CNotterman, DBrooks-Gunn, JHobcraft, JGarfinkel, IJaeger, Ket al.Role of mother’s genes and environment in postpartum depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108: 8189–8193http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014129108CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, JJLee, SSInteraction of dopamine transporter (DAT1) genotype and maltreatment for ADHD: a latent class analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 53: 997–1005http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02563.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, Hvan der Zwaluw, CSOverbeek, GGranic, IFranke, BEngels, R.C.M.E.A variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the dopamine D4 receptor gene affects social adaptation of alcohol use: investigation of a gene-environment interaction. Psychol Sci 2010; 21: 1064–1068http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797610376654CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, MCGene × environment interaction studies have not properly controlled for potential confounders: the problem and the (simple) solution. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75: 18–24http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.09.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelernter, JCubells, JFKidd, JRPakstis, JKidd, KKPopulation studies of polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter protein gene. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88: 61–66http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.1998.54543.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sullivan, PFSpurious genetic associations. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61: 1121–1126http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.11.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, GWHarris, TODepression and the serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism: a review and a hypothesis concerning gene–environment interaction. J Affect Disord 2008; 111: 1–12http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belsky, Jvan Ijzendoorn, MHWhat works for whom? Genetic moderation of intervention efficacy. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27: 1–6http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414001254CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cairns, KEYap, MBHPilkington, PDJorm, AFRisk and protective factors for depression that adolescents can modify: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Affect Disord 2014; 169: 61–75http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purcell, SMWray, NRStone, JLVisscher, PMO’Donovan, MCSullivan, PFet al.Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 2009; 460: 748–752http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08185Google ScholarPubMed
Vostanis, PGraves, AMeltzer, HGoodman, RJenkins, RBrugha, TRelationship between parental psychopathology, parenting strategies and child mental health – findings from the GB national study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2006; 41: 509–514http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0061-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yap, MBHPilkington, PDRyan, SMKelly, CMJorm, AFParenting strategies for reducing the risk of adolescent depression and anxiety disorders: a Delphi consensus study. J Affect Disord 2014; 156: 67–75http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.11.017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Van Assche et al. supplementary material

Supplementary material

Download Van Assche et al. supplementary material(File)
File 364.9 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Van Assche et al. supplementary material

Supplementary material

Download Van Assche et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 114.6 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.