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Perceived negative attitude of others as an early sign of psychosis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Raimo K.R. Salokangas ,
Markus Heinimaa ,
Tanja Svirskis ,
Tiina Laine ,
Jukka Huttunen ,
Terja Ristkari ,
Tuula Ilonen ,
Jyrki Korkeila ,
Leena Vaskelainen  and
Jaakko Rekola
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Raimo K.R. Salokangas*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Psychiatric Clinic, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland Turku Psychiatric Clinic, Turku Mental Health Centre, Turku, Finland
Markus Heinimaa
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Tanja Svirskis
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku Psychiatric Clinic, Turku Mental Health Centre, Turku, Finland
Tiina Laine
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Jukka Huttunen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Terja Ristkari
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Tuula Ilonen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Jyrki Korkeila
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku Psychiatric Clinic, Turku Mental Health Centre, Turku, Finland
Leena Vaskelainen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Jaakko Rekola
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Jarmo Hietala
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Turku Psychiatric Clinic, Turku Mental Health Centre, Turku, Finland
Joachim Klosterkötter
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Stephan Ruhrmann
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Heinrich Graf von Reventlow
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany LWL-Universitaetsklinik Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
Don Linszen
Affiliation:
Acadmic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Peter Dingemans
Affiliation:
Acadmic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Max Birchwood
Affiliation:
Early Intervention Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Paul Patterson
Affiliation:
Early Intervention Service, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
*
*Correspondence to: Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland. Tel.: +358 2 3131 740; fax: +358 2 3132 730. E-mail address: raimo.k.r.salokangas@tyks.fi (R. K. R. Salokangas).
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Abstract

Aim

Risk of psychosis is defined by the presence of positive psychotic-like symptoms, by subtle self-perceived cognitive and perceptual deficiencies, or by decreased functioning with familial risk of psychosis. We studied the associations of psychiatric outpatients' self-reported functioning and interpersonal relationships with vulnerability to and risk of psychosis.

Methods

A total of 790 young patients attending psychiatric outpatient care completed the PROD screen [Heinimaa M, Salokangas RKR, Ristkari T, Plathin M, Huttunen J, Ilonen T, et al. PROD-screen – a screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis. Int J Meth Psychiatr Res 2003;12:92–04.], including questions on functioning, interpersonal relationships and subtle specific (psychotic-like) and non-specific symptoms. Vulnerability to psychosis was assessed employing the patient's written descriptions of specific symptoms. Of the patients vulnerable to psychosis, those at current risk of psychosis were assessed using the Bonn Scale for Assessment of Basic Symptoms [Schultze-Lutter F, Klosterkötter J. Bonn scale for assessment of basic symptoms – prediction list, BSABS-P. Cologne: University of Cologne; 2002] and the Structured Interview for Positive symptoms [Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, Somjee L, Markovich PJ, Stein K, et al. Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the structured interview for prodromal syndromes: preliminary evidence of interrater reliability and predictive validity. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:863–65.].

Results

In all, 219 patients vulnerable to and 55 patients at current risk of psychosis were identified. Vulnerability to psychosis was associated with all items of functioning and interpersonal relationships. Current risk of psychosis, however, was associated only with the subjectively reported negative attitude of others. Negative attitude of others was also associated with feelings of reference at both vulnerability and risk levels.

Conclusion

The subjective experience of negative attitude of others towards oneself may be an early indicator of psychotic development.

Keywords

Vulnerability to psychosisCurrent risk of psychosisAttitude of othersPsychoticism
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , May 2009 , pp. 233 - 238
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2009

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