Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T16:51:37.566Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cigarette smoking in obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected parents of OCD patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2020

Amitai Abramovitch ,
Diego A. Pizzagalli ,
Daniel A. Geller ,
Lillian Reuman  and
Sabine Wilhelm
Amitai Abramovitch*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Diego A. Pizzagalli
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
Daniel A. Geller
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Lillian Reuman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Sabine Wilhelm
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
*
*Email address: aabramovitch@mgh.harvard.edu (A. Abramovitch).
Get access

Abstract

Background:

Cigarette smoking is more prevalent among individuals with psychiatric disorders than the general population. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be an intriguing exception, although no recent study has investigated this hypothesis in OCD patients. Moreover, it is unknown whether reduced smoking rates are present in unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients.

Methods:

We assessed smoking prevalence in adults with OCD and unaffected parents of youth with OCD (PYOCD). To this end, 113 adults with OCD completed online questionnaires assessing symptom severity and smoking status. Smoking status was obtained from an independent sample of 210 PYOCD assessed for psychiatric diagnoses.

Results:

Smoking prevalence rates in adults with OCD (13.3%; n = 15) and PYOCD (9.5%; n = 20) samples were significantly lower than those found in representative samples of the general population (19–24%, all P < .001) and Axis I disorders (36–64%; all P < .001). There were no smokers in the adult OCD subset without clinically significant depressive symptoms (n = 54).

Conclusion:

Low prevalence of smoking in OCD may be familial and unique among psychiatric disorders, and might represent a possible state-independent OCD marker. Hypotheses concerning the uncharacteristically low prevalence rates are discussed with relation to OCD phenomenology and pathophysiology.

Keywords

Obsessive-compulsive disorderOCDCigarette smokingNicotineFamilialUnaffected relatives
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 30 , Issue 1 , January 2015 , pp. 137 - 144
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramovitch, A., Dar, R., Hermesh, H., Schweiger, A.. Comparative neuropsychology of adult obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: implications for a novel executive overload model of OCD. J Neuropsychol 2012;6:161–191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alonso, P., Menchon, J.M., Jimenez, S., Segalas, J., Mataix-Cols, D., Jaurrieta, N., et al.Personality dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: relation to clinical variables. Psychiatry Res 2008;157:159–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aubin, H.-J., Rollema, H., Svensson, T.H., Winterer, G.. Smoking, quitting, and psychiatric disease: a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;36:271–284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baer, L.Getting control: overcoming your obsessions and compulsions. New York, NY, US: Plume/Penguin Books; 1992.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.L., Ennett, S.T., Ringwalt, C.L.. Potential mediators, moderators, or independent effects in the relationship between parents’ former and current cigarette use and their children's cigarette use. Addict Behav 1993;18:601–621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker-Morissette, S.L., Gulliver, S.B., Wiegel, M., Barlow, D.H.. Prevalence of smoking in anxiety disorders uncomplicated by comorbid alcohol or substance abuse. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2004;26:107–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bejerot, S., Humble, M.. Low prevalence of smoking among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1999;40:268–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bejerot, S., von Knorring, L., Ekselius, L.. Personality traits and smoking in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2000;15:395–401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bierut, L.J., Dinwiddie, S.H., Begleiter, H., Crowe, R.R., Hesselbrock, V., Nurnberger, J.I. Jr., et al.Familial transmission of substance dependence: alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking: a report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:982–988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloch, M.H., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Kelmendi, B., Coric, V., Bracken, M.B., Leckman, J.F.. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2006;11:622–632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolton, J.M., Robinson, J., Sareen, J.. Self-medication of mood disorders with alcohol and drugs in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Affect Disord 2009;115:367–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, GKL, Montgomery, AMJ. Impulsivity, risk taking and recreational ecstasy (MDMA) use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004;76:55–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caci, H., Mattei, V., Bayle, F.J., Nadalet, L., Dossios, C., Robert, P., et al.Impulsivity but not venturesomeness is related to morningness. Psychiatry Res 2005;134:259–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CDC. Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults - United States, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61:889–894.Google Scholar
CDC. Vital signs: current cigarette smoking among adults aged ≥ 18 years with mental illness - United States, 2009–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:81–87.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, S.R., Menzies, L., Hampshire, A., Suckling, J., Fineberg, N.A., del Campo, N., et al.Orbitofrontal dysfunction in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their unaffected relatives. Science 2008;321:421–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leon, J., Diaz, F.J., Rogers, T., Browne, D., Dinsmore, L.. Initiation of daily smoking and nicotine dependence in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophr Res 2002;56:47–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Leon, J., Diaz, F.J.. A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors. Schizophr Res 2005;76:135–157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
den Exter Blokland, E.A., Engels, R.C., Hale, W.W., Meeus, W., Willemsen, M.C.. Lifetime parental smoking history and cessation and early adolescent smoking behavior. 3rd Prev Med 2004;38:359–368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Vaughan, C., Khushalani, S., Schroeder, J., et al.Cigarette smoking among persons with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in routine clinical settings, 1999–2011. Psychiatr Serv 2013;64:44–450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dome, P., Lazary, J., Kalapos, M.P., Rihmer, Z.. Smoking, nicotine and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010;34:295–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, S.B., Eysenck, H.J.. Impulsiveness and venturesomeness: their position in a dimensional system of personality description. Psychol Rep 1978;43:1247–1255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldt, L.S., Woodruff, D.J., Salih, F.A.. Statistical inference for coefficient alpha. Appl Psychol Meas 1987;11:93–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Figee, M., Vink, M., de Geus, F., Vulink, N., Veltman, D.J., Westenberg, H., et al.Dysfunctional reward circuitry in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011;69:867–874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, M.B., Spitzer, R.L., Gibbon, M., Williams, J.Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version. Non-patient edition. (SCID-I/NP) New York Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 2002.Google Scholar
Flory, J.D., Manuck, S.B.. Impulsiveness and cigarette smoking. Psychosom Med 2009;71:431–437.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fontenelle, L., Oostermeijer, S., Harrison, B., Pantelis, C., Yücel, M.. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, impulse control disorders and drug addiction: common features and potential treatments. Drugs 2011;71:827–840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forbes, E.E.. fMRI studies of reward processing in adolescent depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36:372–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fullana, M.A., Mataix-Cols, D., Trujillo, J.L., Aseras, X., Errano, F., Lonso, P., et al.Personality characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder and individuals with subclinical obsessive-compulsive problems. Br J Clin Psychol 2004;43:387–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geller, D.A.. Obsessive-compulsive and spectrum disorders in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2006;29:353–370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geller, D.A., Wieland, N., Carey, K., Vivas, F., Petty, C.R., Johnson, J., et al.Perinatal factors affecting expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008;18:373–379.Google ScholarPubMed
Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., Rasmussen, S.A., Mazure, C., Delgado, P., Heninger, G.R., et al.The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. II. Validity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1012–1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodman, W.K., Price, L.H., Rasmussen, S.A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R.L., Hill, C.L., et al.The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1006–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gosling, S.D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., John, O.P.. Should we trust web-based studies. A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires. Am Psychol 2004;59:93–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, B., Hasin, D.S., Chou, S., Stinson, F.S., Dawson, D.A.. Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and relatedconditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004;61:1107–1115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurpegui, M., Jurado, D., Luna, J.D., Fernandez-Molina, C., Moreno-Abril, O., Galvez, R.. Personality traits associated with caffeine intake and smoking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:997–1005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, K.M., Edlund, M.J.. Self-medication of mental health problems: new evidence from a national survey. Health Serv Res 2005;40:117–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Fagerstrom, K.-O.. The Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86:1119–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hennighausen, K., Rischmüller, B., Heseker, H., Remschmidt, H., Hebebrand, J.. Low body mass indices in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;99:267–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IBM IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. 20.0 ed. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2011.Google Scholar
Jha, P.. Avoidable global cancer deaths and total deaths from smoking. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:655–664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kassel, J.D., Stroud, L.R., Paronis, C.A.. Smoking, stress, and negative affect: correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychol Bull 2003;129:270–304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keyes, M., Legrand, L.N., Iacono, W.G., McGue, M.. Parental smoking and adolescent problem behavior: an adoption study of general and specific effects. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1338–1344.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khantzian, E.J.. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1997;4:231–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koizumi, H.M.. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms following stimulants. Biol Psychiatry 1985;20:1332–1333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kouris, S.. Methylphenidate-induced obsessive-compulsiveness. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998;37:135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lambert, N.M., Hartsough, C.S.. Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants. J Learn Disabil 1998;31:533–544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lasser, K., Boyd, J., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D.U., McCormick, D., Bor, D.H.. Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA 2000;284:2606–2610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leonard, S., Mexal, S., Freedman, R.. Smoking, genetics and schizophrenia evidence for self medication. J Dual Diagn 2007;3:43–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin, E.D., Eisner, B.. Nicotine interactions with dopamine agonists: effects on working memory function. Drug Dev Res 1994;31:32–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, M.D.. The genetics of nicotine dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006;8:158–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovibond, P.F., Lovibond, S.H.. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther 1995;33:335–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundberg, S., Carlsson, A., Norfeldt, P., Carlsson, M.L.. Nicotine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2004;28:1195–1199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCabe, R.E., Chudzik, S.M., Antony, M.M., Young, L., Swinson, R.P., Zolvensky, M.J.. Smoking behaviors across anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2004;18:7–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Menzies, L., Williams, G.B., Chamberlain, S.R., Ooi, C., Fineberg, N., Suckling, J., et al.White matter abnormalities in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and their first-degree relatives. Am J Psychiatry 2008;165:1308–1315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milad, M.R., Furtak, S.C., Greenberg, J.L., Keshaviah, A., Im, J.J., Falkenstein, M.J., et al.Deficits in conditioned fear extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurobiological changes in the fear circuit. JAMA Psychiatry 2013;70:608–618. [quiz 554].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milberger, S., Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Chen, L., Jones, J.. Further evidence of an association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and cigarette smoking. Findings from a high-risk sample of siblings. Am J Addict 1997;6:205–217.Google ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, S.H.. Measuring impulsivity and modeling its association with cigarette smoking. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2004;3:261–275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monuteaux, M.C., Faraone, S.V., Hammerness, P., Wilens, T.E., Fraire, M., Biederman, J.. The familial association between cigarette smoking and ADHD: a study of clinically referred girls with and without ADHD, and their families. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:1549–1558.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moritz, S., Van Quaquebeke, N., Hauschildt, M., Jelinek, L., Gönner, S.Good news for allegedly bad studies: assessment of psychometric properties may help to elucidate deception in online studies on OCD. J Obsessive Compulsive Relat Disord 2012;1.Google Scholar
Nestadt, G., Samuels, J., Riddle, M., Bienvenu, O.J., Liang, K.Y., LaBuda, M., et al.A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 3rd Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:358–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, M.O., Rostrup, E., Wulff, S., Bak, N., Lublin, H., Kapur, S., et al.Alterations of the Brain Reward System in antipsychotic naïve schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry 2012;71:898–905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orvaschel, H., Puig-Antich, J.Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children: epidemiologic 4th version. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Nova University, Center for Psychological Studies; 1987.Google Scholar
Ostbye, T., Taylor, D.H., Jung, S.-H.A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco smoking and other modifiable risk factors on ill health in middle-aged and old Americans: results from the Health and Retirement Study and Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old Survey. Prev Med 2002;34:334–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasquini, M., Garavini, A., Biondi, M.Nicotine augmentation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. A case report. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005;29:157–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pauls, D.L., Alsobrook, J.P., Goodman, W.K., Rasmussen, S., Leckman, J.F.A family study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2nd 1995;152:76–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Pomerleau, O.F., Downey, K.K., Stelson, F.W., Pomerleau, C.S.Cigarette smoking in adult patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse 1995;7:373–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reips, U.-D.Standards for Internet-based experimenting. Exp Psychol 2002;49:243–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riesel, A., Endrass, T., Kaufmann, C., Kathmann, N.Overactive error-related brain activity as a candidate endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from unaffected first-degree relatives. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:317–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruscio, A.M., Stein, D.J., Chiu, W.T., Kessler, R.C.The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Mol Psychiatry 2010;15:53–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salín-Pascual, R.J., Basañez-Villa, E.Changes in compulsion and anxiety symptoms with nicotine transdermal patches in non-smoking obsessive-compulsive disorder patients. Rev Invest Clin 2003;55:650–654.Google ScholarPubMed
Scheres, A., Milham, M.P., Knutson, B., Castellanos, F.X.Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;61:720–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serby, M.Methylphenidate-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms in an elderly man. CNS Spectr 2003;8:612–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiffman, S., Pillitteri, J.L., Burton, S.L., Rohay, J.M., Gitchell, J.G.Smokers’ beliefs about Light and Ultra Light cigarettes. Tob Control 2001;10(Suppl. 1):i17–i23.Google ScholarPubMed
Shoval, G., Zalsman, G., Sher, L., Apter, A., Weizman, A.Clinical characteristics of inpatient adolescents with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 2006;23:62–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Szechtman, H., Sulis, W., Eilam, D.Quinpirole induces compulsive checking behavior in rats: a potential animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behav Neurosci 1998;112:1475–1485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szechtman, H., Eckert, M.J., Tse, W.S., Boersma, J.T., Bonura, C.A., McClelland, J.Z., et al.Compulsive checking behavior of quinpirole-sensitized rats as an animal model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): form and control. BMC Neurosci 2 2001 4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanable, P.A., Carey, M.P., Carey, K.B., Maisto, S.A.Smoking among psychiatric outpatients: relationship to substance use, diagnosis, and illness severity. Psychol Addict Behav 2003;17:259–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolley, J.B., Heyman, I.Dexamphetamine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, K.D., Clark, L.A., Watson, D.Relations between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and personality: beyond Axis I-Axis II comorbidity. J Anxiety Disord 2006;20:695–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ziedonis, D., Hitsman, B., Beckham, J.C., Zvolensky, M., Adler, L.E., Audrain-McGovern, J., et al.Tobacco use and cessation in psychiatric disorders: National Institute of Mental Health report. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:1691–1715.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.