Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-21T00:45:58.700Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Health Care and Care-Seeking in Mosul 1 Year After Defeat of ISIS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 July 2021

Riyadh Lafta ,
Maha A. Al-Nuaimib ,
Laith R. Sultan ,
Hazem Rihawa  and
Gilbert Burnham Open the ORCID record for Gilbert Burnham [Opens in a new window]
Riyadh Lafta
Affiliation:
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Al Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
Maha A. Al-Nuaimib
Affiliation:
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Al Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
Laith R. Sultan
Affiliation:
Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205USA
Hazem Rihawa
Affiliation:
Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205USA
Gilbert Burnham*
Affiliation:
Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205USA
*
Corresponding author: Gilbert Burnham, Email: gburnha1@jhu.edu.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Our objective was to compare care-seeking patterns in Mosul, Iraq, in 2018, 1 y after Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) control, with findings from neighborhoods that had been sampled in 2017

Methods:

For this multi-stage randomized cluster household survey, we created one cluster in each of 20 neighborhoods randomly selected from the 40 neighborhoods in the 2016/17 survey; 12 in east Mosul, 8 in west Mosul. In each, 30 households were interviewed beginning at a randomly selected start house. Questions were derived from the 2016/2017 post-ISIS survey.

Results:

We interviewed the head of household or senior female in 600 households containing 3375 persons. One year after ISIS, some household demographic shifts had occurred. Diarrhea in children during the past 2 wk decreased from 50.1% to 7.5% (P < 0.001); however, cough/difficulty breathing increased from 15.5% to 33.6% (P < 0.01). Among adults, care-seeking for noncommunicable diseases increased from 22.3% to 43.5% (P < 0.001). Emotional and psychological complaints common in the previous survey were now nearly absent. Pregnancy complications diminished from 65.2% to 15.4% (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Communicable diseases predominated among children and noncommunicable diseases among adults. Access to health care substantially improved, although barriers remained. Satisfaction with services was mixed, with dissatisfaction expressed about testing, medicine access, and costs, but the work of health providers was rated highly.

Keywords

MosulIraqISISwarcare-seeking behavior
Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 16 , Issue 4 , August 2022 , pp. 1524 - 1531
Copyright
© Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc. 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Michlig, G, Lafta, R, Al-Nuaimib, M, et al. Providing healthcare under ISIS: a qualitative analysis of healthcare worker experiences in Mosul, Iraq between June 2014 and June 2017. Glob Public Health. 2019;14(10):1414-1427. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2019.1609061 Google Scholar
Lafta, R, Cetorelli, V, Burnham, G. Health and health seeking in Mosul during ISIS control and liberation: results from a 40-cluster household survey. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2019;13(4):758-766. doi: 10.107.dmp 2019.11 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lafta, R, Al-Nuaimib, M, Burnham, G. Injury and death during the ISIS occupation of Mosul and its liberation: results from a 40-cluster household survey. PLoS Med. 2018;15(5):e1002567. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002567 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VOA News. Airstrikes take out IS headquarters in Mosul hospital. February 18, 2017. https://www.voanews.com/a/iraq-mosul-hospital-islamic-state/3730248.html. Accessed February 18, 2019.Google Scholar
UN Habitat. City profile of Mosul. October 2016. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_MosulCityProfile_V5.pdf. Accessed February 5, 2020.Google Scholar
Lynch, H. RUDAW. Mosul factsheet: brief guide to the city and the liberation offensive. October 17, 2016. http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/1610201610. Accessed January 24, 2020.Google Scholar
Medecins Sans Frontieres. Urgent need to rebuild health services one year after battle over Mosul, Iraq. Published July 9, 2018. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/what-we-do/news-stories/news/urgent-need-rebuild-health-services-one-year-after-battle-over-mosul. Accessed March 1, 2020.Google Scholar
Coker, M. After fall of ISIS, Iraq’s second-largest city picks up the pieces. New York Times. December 10 2917. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/10/world/middleeast/iraq-isis-mosul.html. Accessed February 20, 2020 Google Scholar
UNFPA. Reaching women in Mosul, where the shadow of conflict still lingers. https://www.unfpa.org/news/reaching-women-mosul-where-shadow-conflict-still-lingers. Accessed April 18, 2019Google Scholar
Medecins Sans Frontieres. A year on from battle, Mosul’s healthcare system is still in ruins. https://www.msf.org/year-battle-mosuls-healthcare-system-still-ruins. Accessed May 8, 2019.Google Scholar
Zubair, OAM, Mohammad, MY. Post-traumatic stress disorder among Mosul and Nineveh Medical Group Colleges Students: a survey study. Ind J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10:681-686.Google Scholar
Lafta, R, Cetorelli, V, Burnham, G. Living in Mosul during the time of ISIS and the military liberation: results from a 40 cluster household survey. Confl Health. 2018.12:31. doi: 10.1186/s13031-018-0167-8 Google ScholarPubMed
Grundfos. Water is flowing in Mosul again. https://www.grundfos.com/ae/about-us/news-and-media/news/water-is-flowing-in-mosul-again. Accessed May 18, 2019.Google Scholar
Aboulenein, A. Iraqis dig their own wells in battle-scarred Mosul. Published May 11, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/usmideast-crisis-iraq-mosul-water/iraqis-dig-their-own-wells-in-battlescarred-mosul-idUSKBN1872P0. Accessed May 19, 2019.Google Scholar
Al-Ozeer, AZ, Ahmed, AF. Groundwater assessment at east side of Mosul City during 2014–2017. Sci Rev Eng Env Sci. 2019;28:35-48.Google Scholar
Reuters. How Iraq’s agricultural heartland is dying of thirst. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/iraq-water-nineveh/. Accessed May 20, 2019.Google Scholar
Burnham, G, Hoe, C, Hung, YW, et al. Perceptions and utilization of primary health care services in Iraq: findings from a national household survey. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2011;11:15. Published 2011 Dec 16. doi: 10.1186/1472-698X-11-15 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lafta, R, Al-Nuaimi, M, Sultan, LR, et al. Household recovery in Mosul one year after the defeat of ISIS. Confl Health. 2020;14:1 doi: 10.1186/s13031-019-0247-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
UNICEF. Central Statistics Organization, Kurdistan Regional Statists Office, Ministry of Health. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. 2011. https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/1989. Accessed May 13, 2021.Google Scholar
Baxter, LM, Eldin, MS, Al Mohammed, A, et al. Access to care for non-communicable diseases in Mosul, Iraq between 2014 and 2017: a rapid qualitative study. Confl Health. 2018;12:48 doi: 10.1186/s13031-018-0183-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Lafta et al. supplementary material

Table S1

Download Lafta et al. supplementary material(File)
File 24.6 KB