Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T13:34:26.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factors Influencing Wearing Face Mask in Public During COVID-19 Outbreak: A Qualitative Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 March 2022

Wei He Open the ORCID record for Wei He [Opens in a new window] ,
Duanying Cai ,
Guiling Geng Open the ORCID record for Guiling Geng [Opens in a new window]  and
David Klug
Wei He
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Duanying Cai
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, China
Guiling Geng*
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China
David Klug
Affiliation:
School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
*
Corresponding author: Guiling Geng, Email: gengguiling@163.com.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objective:

Wearing face masks is believed to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus transmission by filtering respiratory droplets. This study was to explore the factors influencing wearing face masks in public in China during COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods:

This study was a qualitative semi-structured interview research design and was guided by the Protection Motivation Theory. Participants from Jiangxi Province China were interviewed by means of WeChat video call. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results:

Recruitment efforts were suspended when 21 participants (aged 23 to 72 y) were successfully enrolled and the data reached thematic saturation. Four themes were identified when participants described factors influencing them to wear face masks: knowledge of disease (subthemes were severity of disease, and individual vulnerability to disease), environmental facilitators and constraints (subthemes were government recommendations, public opinion, and affordability and availability of face masks), understanding of protection effectiveness (subthemes were protection effectiveness of wearing face masks, and selection of protective measures), and past experiences.

Conclusions:

Individuals’ decision to wear face masks was influenced by the combination of factors identified. Identification of these factors provides guidance for explaining wearing face masks in public and helps policy-makers develop feasible recommendations for wearing face masks during COVID-19 outbreak.

Keywords

maskCOVID-19coronavirusqualitative research
Type
Original Research
Information
Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness , Volume 17 , 2023 , e141
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

World Health Organization. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it Google Scholar
Zhu, N, Zhang, D, Wang, W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2001017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-to-use-masks Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19–19 October 2021. Accessed October 27, 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19---19-october-2021 Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation report - 78. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200407-sitrep-78-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=bc43e1b_2 Google Scholar
Konda, A, Prakash, A, Moss, GA, et al. Aerosol filtration efficiency of common fabrics used in respiratory cloth masks. ACS Nano. 2020;14(5):6339-6347. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03252 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matuschek, C, Moll, F, Fangerau, H, et al. Face masks: benefits and risks during the COVID-19 crisis. Eur J Med Res. 2020;25(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s40001-020-00430-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. Vaccine efficacy, effectiveness and protection. Accessed October 27, 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/vaccine-efficacy-effectiveness-and-protection Google Scholar
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for wearing masks. (In Chinese). Accessed May 20, 2021. http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/szkb_11803/jszl_2275/202003/t20200319_214559.html Google Scholar
Rogers, RW. Cognitive and physiological process in fear appeals and attitudes changer: a revised theory of protection motivation. In: Cacioppo, JT, Petty, RE. eds. Social Psychophysiology: A Sourcebook. Guiford Press; 1983:153-176.Google Scholar
Conner, M, Norman, P. Predicting and changing health behaviour: research and practice with social cognition models. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2015.Google Scholar
People’s Government of Jiangxi Province. Brief introduction to Jiangxi. (In Chinese). Accessed May 20, 2021. http://www.jiangxi.gov.cn/col/col471/index.html Google Scholar
Health Commission of Jiangxi Province. COVID-19 situation report of Jiangxi Province (March 31, 2020). (In Chinese). Accessed May 20, 2021. http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2020/4/1/art_38018_2854930.html Google Scholar
Health Commission of Jiangxi Province. COVID-19 situation report of Jiangxi Province (May 25, 2020). (In Chinese). Accessed May 20, 2021. http://hc.jiangxi.gov.cn/art/2020/5/26/art_38017_2309479.html Google Scholar
Holloway, I, Interviewing, Wheeler S.. In: Holloway, I, Wheeler, S. eds. Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. Wiley Blackwell; 2010:87-106.Google Scholar
Polit, DF, Beck, CT. Glossary. In: Polit, DF, Beck, CT. eds. Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. 9th ed. Wolters Kluwer and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012:719-746.Google Scholar
Braun, V, Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77-101. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa CrossRefGoogle Scholar
He, W, Zhang, Y, Zhao, F. Factors influencing exercises in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes. Int Nurs Rev. 2013;60(4):494-500. doi: 10.1111/inr.12046 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lincoln, YS, Guba, EG. Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications; 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erwin, EH, Meyer, A, McClain, N. Use of an audit in violence prevention research. Qual Health Res. 2005;15(5):707-718. doi: 10.1177/1049732304273090 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the global surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_CSR_ARO_2004_1.pdf?ua=1 Google Scholar
Chan, TK. Universal masking for COVID-19: evidence, ethics and recommendations. BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5:e002819. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002819 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabrigar, L, Petty, R, Smith, S, et al. Understanding knowledge effects on attitude-behavior consistency: the role of relevance, complexity, and amount of knowledge. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2006;90(4):556-577. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.556 Google ScholarPubMed
Montano, DE, Kasprzyk, D. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In: Glanz, K, Rimer, KB, Viswanath, K. eds. Heath Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice. 4th ed. Jossey-Bass; 2008:66-96.Google Scholar
Wang, G, Chen, Y-NK. Collectivism, relations, and Chinese communication. Chin J Commun. 2010;3(1):1-9. doi: 10.1080/17544750903528708 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moussaid, M, Kammer, JE, Analytis, PP, et al. Social influence and the collective dynamics of opinion formation. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e78433. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078433 Google ScholarPubMed
Ma, J, Zhang, J. Emergency allocation of mask resources in China under the shock of major public health emergency: a case study of COVID-19 prevention and control. J Shandong Univ Finance Econ. 2020;32(3):67-80. (In Chinese).Google Scholar
Wu, H-L, Huang, J, Zhang, CJP, et al. Facemask shortage and the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak: reflections on public health measures. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;21:100329. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100329 Google ScholarPubMed
Nakayachi, K, Ozaki, T, Shibata, Y, et al. Why do Japanese people use masks against COVID-19, even though masks are unlikely to offer protection from infection? Front Psychol. 2020;11:1918. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01918 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://covid19.who.int/table Google Scholar
Feng, S, Shen, C, Xia, N, et al. Rational use of face masks in the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):434-436. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30134-x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Australian Department of Health. Should I wear a face mask in public? Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.health.gov.au/news/should-i-wear-a-face-mask-in-public-0 Google Scholar
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Considerations for wearing masks. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html Google Scholar
Prado, C, Mellor, D, Byrne, LK, et al. Facial emotion recognition: a cross-cultural comparison of Chinese, Chinese living in Australia, and Anglo-Australians. Motiv Emot. 2014;38(3):420-428. doi: 10.1007/s11031-013-9383-0 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pentecostes, JU. Individualism vs collectivism: implications for health promotion. Philipp J Psychol. 1999;32(2):397-402.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Summary table of SARS cases by country. Accessed May 20, 2021. https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/country2003_08_15.pdf?ua=1 Google Scholar
Teddlie, C, Tashakkori, A. (2009). Sampling strategies for mixed methods research. In: Teddlie, C, Tashakkori, A. eds. Foundations of Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. SAGE Publications; 2009:168-196.Google Scholar
Gray, LM, Wong-Wylie, G, Rempel, GR, et al. Expanding qualitative research interviewing strategies: Zoom video communications. Qual Rep. 2020;25(5):1292-1301. doi: 10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4212 Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

He et al. supplementary material

He et al. supplementary material

Download He et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 544.2 KB