Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-xtgtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T08:19:22.568Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Meta-analysis of associations between childhood adversity and diurnal cortisol regulation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 June 2023

Laura Perrone Open the ORCID record for Laura Perrone [Opens in a new window] ,
Daneele Thorpe Open the ORCID record for Daneele Thorpe [Opens in a new window] ,
Grace Shariat Panahi ,
Yukihiro Kitagawa ,
Oliver Lindhiem  and
Kristin Bernard
Laura Perrone*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Daneele Thorpe
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Grace Shariat Panahi
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Yukihiro Kitagawa
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Oliver Lindhiem
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Kristin Bernard
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook, NY, USA
*
Corresponding author: Laura Perrone; Email: laura.perrone@stonybrook.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Childhood adversity has been associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation, which is associated with mental and physical health consequences. However, associations between childhood adversity and cortisol regulation in the current literature vary in magnitude and direction. This multilevel meta-analysis examines the association between childhood adversity and diurnal cortisol measures, as well as potential moderators of these effects (adversity timing and type, study or sample characteristics). A search was conducted in online databases PsycINFO and PubMed for papers written in English. After screening for exclusion criteria (papers examining animals, pregnant women, people receiving hormonal treatment, people with endocrine disorders, cortisol before age 2 months, or cortisol after an intervention), 303 papers were identified for inclusion. In total, 441 effect sizes were extracted from 156 manuscripts representing 104 studies. A significant overall effect was found between childhood adversity and bedtime cortisol, r = 0.047, 95% CI [0.005, 0.089], t = 2.231, p = 0.028. All other overall and moderation effects were not significant. The lack of overall effects may reflect the importance of the timing and nature of childhood adversity to adversity’s impact on cortisol regulation. Thus, we offer concrete recommendations for testing theoretical models linking early adversity and stress physiology.

Keywords

Childhood adversityCortisolHypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axisMeta-analysis
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , First View , pp. 1 - 33
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, E. K., Heissel, J. A., Zeiders, K. H., Richeson, J. A., Ross, E. C., Ehrlich, K. B., Levy, D. J., Kemeny, M., Brodish, A. B., Malanchuk, O., Peck, S. C., Fuller-Rowell, T. E., Eccles, J. S. (2015). Developmental histories of perceived racial discrimination and diurnal cortisol profiles in adulthood: A 20-year prospective study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 279–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.018,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adam, E. K., Quinn, M. E., Tavernier, R., McQuillan, M. T., Dahlke, K. A., & Gilbert, K. E. (2017). Diurnal cortisol slopes and mental and physical health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 83, 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Albers, E. M., Beijers, R., Riksen-Walraven, J. M., Sweep, F. C., & de Weerth, C. (2016). Cortisol levels of infants in center care across the first year of life: Links with quality of care and infant temperament. Stress-the International Journal on The Biology of Stress, 19(1), 8–17. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1089230 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alink, L. R., Cicchetti, D., Kim, J., & Rogosch, F. A. (2012). Longitudinal associations among child maltreatment, social functioning, and cortisol regulation. Developmental Psychology, 48(1), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024892 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ashman, S. B., Dawson, G., Panagiotides, H., Yamada, E., & Wilkinson, C. W. (2002). Stress hormone levels of children of depressed mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 14(2), 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579402002080 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Assink, M., & Wibbelink, C. J. (2016). Fitting three-level meta-analytic models in R: A step-by-step tutorial. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 12(3), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.12.3.p154 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, L., Beitchman, J., Gonzalez, A., Young, A., Wilson, B., Escobar, M., Chisholm, V., Brownlie, E., Khoury, J. E., Ludmer, J., Villani, V., Eapen, V. (2015). Cumulative risk, cumulative outcome: A 20-year longitudinal study. PloS One, 10(6), e0127650, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127650,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Badanes, L. S., Dmitrieva, J., & Watamura, S. E. (2012). Understanding cortisol reactivity across the day at child care: The potential buffering role of secure attachments to caregivers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(1), 156–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.05.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badanes, L. S., Watamura, S. E., & Hankin, B. L. (2011). Hypocortisolism as a potential marker of allostatic load in children: Associations with family risk and internalizing disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 23(3), 881–896. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941100037X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Basu, A., Levendosky, A. A., & Lonstein, J. S. (2013). Trauma sequelae and cortisol levels in women exposed to intimate partner violence. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 41(2), 247–275. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2013.41.2.247 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beijers, R., Daehn, D., Shalev, I., Belsky, J., & de Weerth, C. (2020). Biological embedding of maternal postpartum depressive symptoms: The potential role of cortisol and telomere length. Biological Psychology, 150, 107809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107809 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, M., Leicht, A., Slatcher, A., Kraeuter, A. K., Ketheesan, S., Larkins, S., & Sarnyai, Z. (2017). Cortisol awakening response and acute stress reactivity in first nations people. Scientific Reports, 7(1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep41760 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, K., Butzin-Dozier, Z., Rittenhouse, J., & Dozier, M. (2010). Cortisol production patterns in young children living with birth parents vs children placed in foster care following involvement of Child Protective Services. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(5), 438–443. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.54 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernard, K., Frost, A., Bennett, C. B., & Lindhiem, O. (2017). Maltreatment and diurnal cortisol regulation: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 78, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary-developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17(2), 271–301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050145 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyer, B. P., & Nelson, J. A. (2015). Longitudinal associations of childhood parenting and adolescent health: The mediating influence of social competence. Child Development, 86(3), 828–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12347 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braehler, C., Holowka, D., Brunet, A., Beaulieu, S., Baptista, T., DebruilleI, B., Walker, C., & King, S. (2005). Diurnal cortisol in schizophrenia patients with childhood trauma. Schizophrenia Research, 79(2-3), 353–354, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.007,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brendgen, M., Ouellet-Morin, I., Lupien, S. J., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2017). Environmental influence of problematic social relationships on adolescents’ daily cortisol secretion: A monozygotic twin-difference study. Psychological Medicine, 47(3), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171600252X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brewer-Smyth, K., Burgess, A. W., & Shults, J. (2004). Physical and sexual abuse, salivary cortisol, and neurologic correlates of violent criminal behavior in female prison inmates. Biological Psychiatry, 55(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00705-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brindle, R. C., Pearson, A., & Ginty, A. T. (2022). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to blunted cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity to acute laboratory stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 134, 104530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104530 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brummelte, S., Chau, C. M., Cepeda, I. L., Degenhardt, A., Weinberg, J., Synnes, A. R., & Grunau, R. E. (2015). Cortisol levels in former preterm children at school age are predicted by neonatal procedural pain-related stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.018Get CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bryson, H. E., Price, A. M., Goldfeld, S., & Mensah, F. (2021). Associations between social adversity and young children’s hair cortisol: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 127, 105176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105176 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunea, I. M., Szentágotai-Tătar, A., & Miu, A. C. (2017). Early-life adversity and cortisol response to social stress: A meta-analysis. Translational Psychiatry, 7(12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-017-0032-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butler, K., Klaus, K., Edwards, L., & Pennington, K. (2017). Elevated cortisol awakening response associated with early life stress and impaired executive function in healthy adult males. Hormones and Behavior, 95, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.07.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Callaghan, B. L., & Tottenham, N. (2016). The stress acceleration hypothesis: Effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 7, 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlson, E. D., & Chamberlain, R. M. (2005). Allostatic load and health disparities: A theoretical orientation. Research in Nursing & Health, 28(4), 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20084 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Richert, K., Hoffman, B. C., & Reiss, A. L. (2010). Decreased prefrontal cortical volume associated with increased bedtime cortisol in traumatized youth. Biological Psychiatry, 68(5), 491–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, F. R., Stroud, C. B., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Doane, L. D., & Granger, D. A. (2017). Individual differences in early adolescents’ latent trait cortisol: Interaction of early adversity and 5-HTTLPR. Biological Psychology, 129, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.07.017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chernego, D., Martin, C., Bernard, K., Muhamedrahimov, R., Gordon, M. K., & Dozier, M. (2019). Effects of institutional rearing on children’s diurnal cortisol production. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 106, 161–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chiang, J. J., Tsai, K. M., Park, H., Bower, J. E., Almeida, D. M., Dahl, R. E., Irwin, M. R., Seeman, T. E., Fuligni, A. J. (2016). Daily family stress and HPA axis functioning during adolescence: The moderating role of sleep. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 71, 43–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.009,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2009). Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychology, 80(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001a). Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3), 677–693. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401003145 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2001b). The impact of child maltreatment and psychopathology on neuroendocrine functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 13(4), 783–804. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401004035 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2007). Personality, adrenal steroid hormones, and resilience in maltreated children: A multi-level perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 787–809. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579407000399 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Gunnar, M. R., & Toth, S. L. (2010). The differential impacts of early physical and sexual abuse and internalizing problems on daytime cortisol rhythm in school-aged children. Child Development, 81(1), 252–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01393.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Oshri, A. (2011). Interactive effects of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1, serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region, and child maltreatment on diurnal cortisol regulation and internalizing symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 23(4), 1125–1138. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000599 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cima, M., Smeets, T., & Jelicic, M. (2008). Self-reported trauma, cortisol levels, and aggression in psychopathic and non-psychopathic prison inmates. Biological Psychology, 78(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.12.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clearfield, M. W., Carter-Rodriguez, A., Merali, A. R., & Shober, R. (2014). The effects of SES on infant and maternal diurnal salivary cortisol output. Infant Behavior and Development, 37(3), 298–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.04.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clowtis, L. M., Kang, D. H., Padhye, N. S., Rozmus, C., & Barratt, M. S. (2016). Biobehavioral factors in child health outcomes: The roles of maternal stress, maternal-child engagement, salivary cortisol, and salivary testosterone. Nursing Research, 65(5), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000172 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd edn. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Cordero, M. I., Moser, D. A., Manini, A., Suardi, F., Sancho-Rossignol, A., Torrisi, R., Rossier, M. F., Ansermet, Fçois, Dayer, A. G., Rusconi-Serpa, S., Schechter, D. S. (2017). Effects of interpersonal violence-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on mother and child diurnal cortisol rhythm and cortisol reactivity to a laboratory stressor involving separation. Hormones and Behavior, 90, 15–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullen, A. E., Zunszain, P. A., Dickson, H., Roberts, R. E., Fisher, H. L., Pariante, C. M., & Laurens, K. R. (2014). Cortisol awakening response and diurnal cortisol among children at elevated risk for schizophrenia: Relationship to psychosocial stress and cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 46, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daskalakis, N. P., Bagot, R. C., Parker, K. J., Vinkers, C. H., & de Kloet, E. R. (2013). The three-hit concept of vulnerability and resilience: Toward understanding adaptation to early-life adversity outcome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(9), 1858–1873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeCaro, J. A., & Worthman, C. M. (2008). Return to school accompanied by changing associations between family ecology and cortisol. Developmental Psychobiology, 50(2), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20255 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(7), 1562–1592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeSantis, A. S., Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Racial and ethnic differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms: Are they consistent over time? Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(1), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000131 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donoho, C. J., Weigensberg, M. J., Emken, B. A., Hsu, J. W., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2011). Stress and abdominal fat: Preliminary evidence of moderation by the cortisol awakening response in Hispanic peripubertal girls. Obesity, 19(5), 946–952. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.287 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doom, J. R., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (2014). Longitudinal patterns of cortisol regulation differ in maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(11), 1206–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.08.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doom, J. R., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Dackis, M. N. (2013). Child maltreatment and gender interactions as predictors of differential neuroendocrine profiles. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(8), 1442–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.019 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doom, J. R., Cook, S. H., Sturza, J., Kaciroti, N., Gearhardt, A. N., Vazquez, D. M., Lumeng, J. C., Miller, A. L. (2018). Family conflict, chaos, and negative life events predict cortisol activity in low-income children. Developmental Psychobiology, 60(4), 364–379, https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21602 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doom, J. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2013). Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: Past, present, and future. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4pt2), 1359–1373. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000667 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M., & Rose, S. (2009). Increased waking salivary cortisol and depression risk in preschoolers: The role of maternal history of melancholic depression and early child temperament. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(12), 1495–1503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02116.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dougherty, L. R., Smith, V. C., Olino, T. M., Dyson, M. W., Bufferd, S. J., Rose, S. A., & Klein, D. N. (2013). Maternal psychopathology and early child temperament predict young children’s salivary cortisol 3 years later. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(4), 531–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9703-y CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dozier, M., Manni, M., Gordon, M. K., Peloso, E., Gunnar, M. R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Eldreth, D., Levine, S. (2006). Foster children’s diurnal production of cortisol: An exploratory study. Child Maltreatment, 11(2), 189–197, https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559505285779,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elhassan, M. E., Miller, A. L., Vazquez, D. M., & Lumeng, J. C. (2015). Associations of prenatal and perinatal factors with cortisol diurnal pattern and reactivity to stress at preschool age among children living in poverty. Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology, 7(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.1685 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellenbogen, M. A., & Hodgins, S. (2009). Structure provided by parents in middle childhood predicts cortisol reactivity in adolescence among the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder and controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(5), 773–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellenbogen, M. A., Hodgins, S., & Walker, C. D. (2004). High levels of cortisol among adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00135-X CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellenbogen, M. A., Hodgins, S., Walker, C. D., Couture, S., & Adam, S. (2006). Daytime cortisol and stress reactivity in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(10), 1164–1180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.08.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engert, V., Efanov, S. I., Dedovic, K., Dagher, A., & Pruessner, J. C. (2011). Increased cortisol awakening response and afternoon/evening cortisol output in healthy young adults with low early life parental care. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1918-4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epstein, C. M., Houfek, J. F., Rice, M. J., Weiss, S. J., French, J. A., Kupzyk, K. A., Hammer, S. J., Pullen, C. H. (2019). Early life adversity and depressive symptoms predict cortisol in p’egnancy. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 23(3), 379–389, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-019-00983-3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essex, M. J., Shirtcliff, E. A., Burk, L. R., Ruttle, P. L., Klein, M. H., Slattery, M. J., Kalin, N. H., Armstrong, J. M. (2011). Influence of early life stress on later hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis functioning and its covariation with mental health symptoms: A study of the allostatic process from childhood into adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 23(4), 1039–1058, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000484,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, B. E., Greaves-Lord, K., Euser, A. S., Franken, I. H., & Huizink, A. C. (2013). Cortisol levels in children of parents with a substance use disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(10), 2109–2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.03.021 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, B. E., van der Ende, J., Greaves-Lord, K., Huizink, A. C., Beijers, R., & de Weerth, C. (2020). Urbanicity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, and behavioral and emotional problems in children: A path analysis. BMC Psychology, 8(12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0364-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, G. W. (2003). A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Developmental Psychology, 39(5), 924–933. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.39.5.924 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, Cë, Doolin, K., O’ Leary, N., Jairaj, C., Roddy, D., Tozzi, L., Morris, D., Harkin, A., Frodl, T., Nemoda, Zófia, Szyf, M., Booij, L., O’Keane, V. (2018). DNA methylation differences at the glucocorticoid receptor gene in depression are related to functional alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis activity and to early life emotional abuse. Psychiatry Research, 265, 341–348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.064 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figueroa, W. S., Zoccola, P. M., Manigault, A. W., Hamilton, K. R., Scanlin, M. C., & Johnson, R. C. (2021). Daily stressors and diurnal cortisol among sexual and gender minority young adults. Health Psychology, 40(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001054 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, P. A., Stoolmiller, M., Gunnar, M. R., & Burraston, B. O. (2007). Effects of a therapeutic intervention for foster preschoolers on diurnal cortisol activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(8-10), 892–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.06.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flannery, J. E., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., Shapiro, M., Goff, B., Caldera, C., Louie, J., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., Humphreys, K. L., Lumian, D. S., Tottenham, N. (2017). Diurnal cort-sol after early institutional care - Age matters. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 160–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2017.03.006,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flom, M., St. John, A. M., Meyer, J. S., & Tarullo, A. R. (2017). Infant hair cortisol: Associations with salivary cortisol and environmental context. Developmental Psychobiology, 59(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21449 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fogelman, N., & Canli, T. (2018). Early life stress and cortisol: A meta-analysis. Hormones and Behavior, 98, 63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foland-Ross, L. C., Kircanski, K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2014). Coping with having a depressed mother: The role of stress and coping in hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction in girls at familial risk for major depression. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4pt2), 1401–1409. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414001102 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fries, E., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2009). The cortisol awakening response (CAR): Facts and future directions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuchs, A., Moehler, E., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2017). The effect of a maternal history of childhood abuse on adrenocortical attunement in mothers and their toddlers. Developmental Psychobiology, 59(5), 639–652. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21531 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funder, D. C., & Ozer, D. J. (2019). Evaluating effect size in psychological research: Sense and nonsense. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245919847202 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabard-Durnam, L. J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Do sensitive periods exist for exposure to adversity? Biological Psychiatry, 85(10), 789–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.975 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gartstein, M. A., Seamon, E., Thompson, S. F., & Lengua, L. J. (2018). Parenting matters: Moderation of biological and community risk for obesity. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 56, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.01.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerritsen, L., Milaneschi, Y., Vinkers, C. H., van Hemert, A. M., van Velzen, L., Schmaal, L., Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2017). HPA axis genes, and their interaction with childhood maltreatment, are related to cortisol levels and stress-related phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(12), 2446–2455, https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.118,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, B. L., Perlman, G., Kotov, R., Broderick, J. E., Liu, K., Ruggero, C., & Klein, D. N. (2017). Etiologic specificity of waking cortisol: Links with maternal history of depression and anxiety in adolescent girls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 103–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.079 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gow, R., Thomson, S., Rieder, M., Van Uum, S., & Koren, G. (2010). An assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications. Forensic Science International, 196(1-3), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.040 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granger, D. A., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Hibel, L. C., Teisl, M., & Flores, E. (2007). Blood contamination in children’s saliva: Prevalence, stability, and impact on the measurement of salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(6), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, B., & Meyer, D. (2021). Childhood adversity and hair cortisol concentration: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 131, 105536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105536 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 145–173. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnar, M. R., DePasquale, C. E., Reid, B. M., Donzella, B., & Miller, B. S. (2019). Pubertal stress recalibration reverses the effects of early life stress in postinstitutionalized children. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, 116(48), 23984–23988. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909699116 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (2002). Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(1-2), 199–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00045-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunnar, M. R., Morison, S. J., Chisholm, K. I. M., & Schuder, M. (2001). Salivary cortisol levels in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095457940100311x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gustafsson, P. E., Anckarsäter, H., Lichtenstein, P., Nelson, N., & Gustafsson, P. A. (2010). Does quantity have a quality all its own? Cumulative adversity and up-and down-regulation of circadian salivary cortisol levels in healthy children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(9), 1410–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Habersaat, S., Borghini, A., Nessi, J., Forcada-Guex, M., Müller-Nix, C., Pierrehumbert, B., & Ansermet, F. (2014). Effects of perinatal stress and maternal traumatic stress on the cortisol regulation of preterm infants. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(4), 488–491. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21939 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hackman, D. A., O'Brien, J. R., & Zalewski, M. (2018). Enduring association between parenting and cortisol: A meta-analysis. Child Development, 89(5), 1485–1503. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13077 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hakamata, Y., Suzuki, Y., Kobashikawa, H., & Hori, H. (2022). Neurobiology of early life adversity: A systematic review of meta-analyses towards an integrative account of its neurobiological trajectories to mental disorders. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 65, 100994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100994 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halligan, S. L., Herbert, J., Goodyer, I. M., & Murray, L. (2004). Exposure to postnatal depression predicts elevated cortisol in adolescent offspring. Biological Psychiatry, 55(4), 376–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanson, M. D., & Chen, E. (2010). Daily stress, cortisol, and sleep: The moderating role of childhood psychosocial environments. Health Psychology, 29(4), 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019879 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, M. A., Cox, S. R., Brett, C. E., Deary, I. J., & MacLullich, A. M. (2017). Stress in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, and cortisol levels in older age. Stress - the International Journal on The Biology of Stress, 20(2), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2017.1289168 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, M. W., Farrell, A. K., Imami, L., Carré, J. M., & Slatcher, R. B. (2019). Maternal attachment avoidance is linked to youth diurnal cortisol slopes in children with asthma. Attachment & Human Development, 21(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2018.1541514 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hertzman, C. (1999). The biological embedding of early experience and its effects on health in adulthood. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08107.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibel, L. C., Mercado, E., & Valentino, K. (2019). Child maltreatment and mother-child transmission of stress physiology. Child Maltreatment, 24(4), 340–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519826295 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hibel, L. C., Nuttall, A. K., & Valentino, K. (2020). Intimate partner violence indirectly dysregulates child diurnal adrenocortical functioning through positive parenting. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 80(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.10002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holleman, M., Vreeburg, S. A., Dekker, J. J., & Penninx, B. W. (2012). The relationships of working conditions, recent stressors and childhood trauma with salivary cortisol levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(6), 801–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.012 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hosseini-Kamkar, N., Lowe, C., & Morton, J. B. (2021). The differential calibration of the HPA axis as a function of trauma versus adversity: A systematic review and p-curve meta-analyses. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 127, 54–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyt, L. T., Ehrlich, K. B., Cham, H., & Adam, E. K. (2016). Balancing scientific accuracy and participant burden: Testing the impact of sampling intensity on diurnal cortisol indices. Stress - the International Journal on The Biology of Stress, 19(5), 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2016.1206884 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoyt, L. T., Zeiders, K. H., Chaku, N., Niu, L., & Cook, S. H. (2021). Identifying diurnal cortisol profiles among young adults: Physiological signatures of mental health trajectories. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 128, 105204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105204 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huizink, A. C., Greaves-Lord, K., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ormel, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2009). Hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis and smoking and drinking onset among adolescents: The longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Addiction, 104(11), 1927–1936. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02685.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, A. L., Minnis, H., & Wilson, P. (2011). Altered stress responses in children exposed to early adversity: A systematic review of salivary cortisol studies. Stress - the International Journal on The Biology of Stress, 14(6), 614–626. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2011.577848 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hustedt, J. T., Vu, J. A., Bargreen, K. N., Hallam, R. A., & Han, M. (2017). Early Head Start families’ experiences with stress: Understanding variations within a high-risk, low-income sample. Infant Mental Health Journal, 38(5), 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21667 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huynh, V. W., Guan, S. S. A., Almeida, D. M., McCreath, H., & Fuligni, A. J. (2016). Everyday discrimination and diurnal cortisol during adolescence. Hormones and Behavior, 80, 76–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.01.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isenhour, J., Raby, K. L., & Dozier, M. (2020). The persistent associations between early institutional care and diurnal cortisol outcomes among children adopted internationally. Developmental Psychobiology, 63(5), 1156–1166. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22069 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, A. E., Bruce, J., Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2011). Growth delay as an index of allostatic load in young children: Predictions to disinhibited social approach and diurnal cortisol activity. Development and Psychopathology, 23(3), 859–871. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000356 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, A. J., & Tottenham, N. (2015). Regulatory skill as a resilience factor for adults with a history of foster care: A pilot study. Developmental Psychobiology, 57(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.2122 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, D., Policelli, J., Li, M., Dharamsi, A., Hu, Q., Sheridan, M. A., & Wade, M. (2021). Associations of early-life threat and deprivation with executive functioning in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), e212511. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2511 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keeshin, B. R., Strawn, J. R., Out, D., Granger, D. A., & Putnam, F. W. (2014). Cortisol awakening response in adolescents with acute sexual abuse related posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 31(2), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22154 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kertes, D. A., Gunnar, M. R., Madsen, N. J., & Long, J. D. (2008). Early deprivation and home basal cortisol levels: A study of internationally adopted children. Development and Psychopathology, 20(2), 473–491. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000230 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khoury, J. E., Enlow, M. B., Plamondon, A., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2019). The association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 103, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiel, E. J., Hummel, A. C., & Luebbe, A. M. (2015). Cortisol secretion and change in sleep problems in early childhood: Moderation by maternal overcontrol. Biological Psychology, 107, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
King, L. S., Colich, N. L., LeMoult, J., Humphreys, K. L., Ordaz, S. J., Price, A. N., & Gotlib, I. H. (2017). The impact of the severity of early life stress on diurnal cortisol: The role of puberty. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 77, 68–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.024Get CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kliewer, W. (2006). Violence exposure and cortisol responses in urban youth. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm1302_2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kliewer, W., Reid-Quiñones, K., Shields, B. J., & Foutz, L. (2009). Multiple risks, emotion regulation skill, and cortisol in low-income African American youth: A prospective study. Journal of Black Psychology, 35(1), 24–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798408323355 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, G., & Hartung, J. (2003). Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Statistics in Medicine, 22(17), 2693–2710. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1482 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohrt, B. A., Worthman, C. M., Ressler, K. J., Mercer, K. B., Upadhaya, N., Koirala, S., & Binder, E. B. (2015). Cross-cultural gene− environment interactions in depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the cortisol awakening response: FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood trauma in South Asia: GxE interactions in South Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(3), 180–196. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1020052 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Korpa, T., Pervanidou, P., Angeli, E., Apostolakou, F., Papanikolaou, K., Papassotiriou, I., & Kolaitis, G. (2017). Mothers' parenting stress is associated with salivary cortisol profiles in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stress - the International Journal on The Biology of Stress, 20(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2017.1303472 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koss, K. J., Hostinar, C. E., Donzella, B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2014). Social deprivation and the HPA axis in early development. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.028 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koss, K. J., Mliner, S. B., Donzella, B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2016). Early adversity, hypocortisolism, and behavior problems at school entry: A study of internationally adopted children. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 66, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhlman, K. R., Geiss, E. G., Vargas, I., & Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2015). Differential associations between childhood trauma subtypes and adolescent HPA-axis functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 54, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.020 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhlman, K. R., Vargas, I., Geiss, E. G., & Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2015). Age of trauma onset and HPA axis dysregulation among trauma-exposed youth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 572–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22054 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kumsta, R., Schlotz, W., Golm, D., Moser, D., Kennedy, M., Knights, N., Kreppner, J., Maughan, B., Rutter, M., Sonuga-Barke, E. (2017). HPA axis dysregulation in adult adoptees twenty years after severe institutional deprivation in childhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 196–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.021,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwak, Y., Taylor, Z. E., Anaya, L. Y., Feng, Y., Evich, C. D., & Jones, B. L. (2017). Cumulative family stress and diurnal cortisol responses in Midwest Latino families. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 39(1), 82–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986316684130 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laceulle, O. M., Nederhof, E., van Aken, M. A., & Ormel, J. (2017). Adversity-driven changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning during adolescence. The trails study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 85, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lai, C. L. J., Lee, D. Y. H., & Leung, M. O. Y. (2021). Childhood adversities and salivary cortisol responses to the Trier Social Stress Test: A systematic review of studies using the Children Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010029 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, C. A., Gullberg, B., Råstam, L., & Lindblad, U. (2009). Salivary cortisol differs with age and sex and shows inverse associations with WHR in Swedish women: A cross-sectional study. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 9(1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-9-16 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurent, H. K., Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Fisher, P. A., & Reiss, D. (2013). Effects of parental depressive symptoms on child adjustment moderated by hypothalamic pituitary adrenal activity: Within-and between-family risk. Child Development, 84(2), 528–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01859.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurent, H. K., Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Harold, G. T., & Reiss, D. (2013). Effects of prenatal and postnatal parent depressive symptoms on adopted child HPA regulation: Independent and moderated influences. Developmental Psychology, 49(5), 876–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028800 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laurent, H. K., Neiderhiser, J. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Fisher, P. A., Reiss, D., & Leve, L. D. (2014). Stress system development from age 4.5 to 6: Family environment predictors and adjustment implications of HPA activity stability versus change. Developmental Psychobiology, 56(3), 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21103 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeMoult, J., Chen, M. C., Foland-Ross, L. C., Burley, H. W., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Concordance of mother-daughter diurnal cortisol production: Understanding the intergenerational transmission of risk for depression. Biological Psychology, 108, 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.019 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeMoult, J., Ordaz, S. J., Kircanski, K., Singh, M. K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015). Predicting first onset of depression in young girls: Interaction of diurnal cortisol and negative life events. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(4), 850–859. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000087 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leneman, K. B., Donzella, B., Desjardins, C. D., Miller, B. S., & Gunnar, M. R. (2018). The slope of cortisol from awakening to 30 min post-wake in post-institutionalized children and early adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 96, 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lengua, L. J., Zalewski, M., Fisher, P., & Moran, L. (2013). Does HPA-Axis dysregulation account for the effects of income on effortful control and adjustment in preschool children? Infant and Child Development, 22(5), 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1805 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leppert, K. A., Smith, V. C., Merwin, S. M., Kushner, M., & Dougherty, L. R. (2018). Cortisol rhythm in preschoolers: Relations with maternal depression and child temperament. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(3), 386–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-018-9650-1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Letourneau, N., Watson, B., Duffett-Leger, L., Hegadoren, K., & Tryphonopoulos, P. (2011). Cortisol patterns of depressed mothers and their infants are related to maternal-infant interactive behaviours. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 29(5), 439–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2011.649474 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, K., Ruggero, C. J., Goldstein, B., Klein, D. N., Perlman, G., Broderick, J., & Kotov, R. (2016). Elevated cortisol in healthy female adolescent offspring of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 40, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loman, M. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2010). Early experience and the development of stress reactivity and regulation in children. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(6), 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.05.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovallo, W. R., Cohoon, A. J., Acheson, A., Sorocco, K. H., & Vincent, A. S. (2019). Blunted stress reactivity reveals vulnerability to early life adversity in young adults with a family history of alcoholism. Addiction, 114(5), 798–806. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14501 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lumeng, J. C., Miller, A., Peterson, K. E., Kaciroti, N., Sturza, J., Rosenblum, K., & Vazquez, D. M. (2014). Diurnal cortisol pattern, eating behaviors and overweight in low-income preschool-aged children. Appetite, 73, 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.10.016 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., King, S., Meaney, M. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2001). Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3), 653–676. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579401003133 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009). Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 434–445. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2639 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mangold, D., Wand, G., Javors, M., & Mintz, J. (2010). Acculturation, childhood trauma and the cortisol awakening response in Mexican-American adults. Hormones and Behavior, 58(4), 637–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.06.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marceau, K., Ram, N., Neiderhiser, J. M., Laurent, H. K., Shaw, D. S., Fisher, P., & Leve, L. D. (2013). Disentangling the effects of genetic, prenatal and parenting influences on children’s cortisol variability. Stress - the International Journal on The Biology of Stress, 16(6), 607–615. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2013.825766 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsman, R., Nederhof, E., Rosmalen, J. G., Oldehinkel, A. J., Ormel, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2012). Family environment is associated with HPA-axis activity in adolescents. The TRAILS study. Biological Psychology, 89(2), 460–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.013 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, C. G., Bruce, J., & Fisher, P. A. (2012). Racial and ethnic differences in diurnal cortisol rhythms in preadolescents: The role of parental psychosocial risk and monitoring. Hormones and Behavior, 61(5), 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.025 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLachlan, K., Rasmussen, C., Oberlander, T. F., Loock, C., Pei, J., Andrew, G., Reynolds, J., Weinberg, J. (2016). Dysregulation of the cortisol diurnal rhythm following prenatal alcohol exposure and early life adversity. Alcohol, 53, 9–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.03.003,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Future directions in childhood adversity and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016). Beyond cumulative risk: A dimensional approach to childhood adversity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416655883 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019). Childhood adversity and neural development: A systematic review. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1(1), 277–312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meinlschmidt, G., & Heim, C. (2005). Decreased cortisol awakening response after early loss experience. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(6), 568–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merwin, S. Psychological and neurobiological outcomes of parent-child adrenocortical concordance, 2017, (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Digital Repository at the University of Maryland, https://doi.org/10.13016/M2P84402R CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merwin, S. M., Barrios, C., Smith, V. C., Lemay, E. P. Jr., & Dougherty, L. R. (2018). Outcomes of early parent-child adrenocortical attunement in the high-risk offspring of depressed parents. Developmental Psychobiology, 60(4), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21623 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merwin, S. M., Leppert, K. A., Smith, V. C., & Dougherty, L. R. (2017). Parental depression and parent and child stress physiology: Moderation by parental hostility. Developmental Psychobiology, 59(8), 997–1009. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21556 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merwin, S. M., Smith, V. C., Kushner, M., Lemay, E. P. Jr, & Dougherty, L. R. (2017). Parent-child adrenocortical concordance in early childhood: The moderating role of parental depression and child temperament. Biological Psychology, 124, 100–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.01.013,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Messerli-Bürgy, N., Stülb, K., Kakebeeke, T. H., Arhab, A., Zysset, A. E., Leeger-Aschmann, C. S., Schmutz, E. A., Meyer, A. H., Ehlert, U., Garcia-Burgos, D., Kriemler, S., Jenni, O. G., Puder, J. J., & Munsch, S. (2018). Emotional eating is related with temperament but not with stress biomarkers in preschool children. Appetite, 120, 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.032Get,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, E. M., Dmitrieva, J., Hurwich-Reiss, E., Badanes, L., Mendoza, M. M., Perreira, K. M., & Watamura, S. E. (2018). Evidence for a physiologic home-school gap in children of Latina immigrants. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52, 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.03.010 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, A. L., Song, J. H., Sturza, J., Lumeng, J. C., Rosenblum, K., Kaciroti, N., & Vazquez, D. M. (2017). Child cortisol moderates the association between family routines and emotion regulation in low-income children. Developmental Psychobiology, 59(1), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21471 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959–997. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024768 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in humans. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.25 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, K. F., Arbel, R., Shapiro, L. S., Han, S. C., & Margolin, G. (2018). Does the cortisol awakening response link childhood adversity to adult BMI? Health Psychology, 37(6), 526–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000601 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, K. F., Margolin, G., Shapiro, L. S., & Timmons, A. C. (2017). Adolescent life stress and the cortisol awakening response: The moderating roles of attachment and sex. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12250 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2010). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. International Journal of Surgery, 8(5), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monteleone, A. M., Monteleone, P., Serino, I., Scognamiglio, P., Di Genio, M., & Maj, M. (2015). Childhood trauma and cortisol awakening response in symptomatic patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(6), 615–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22375 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, L., Halligan, S. L., Goodyer, I., & Herbert, J. (2010). Disturbances in early parenting of depressed mothers and cortisol secretion in offspring: A preliminary study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(3), 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.034 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray-Close, D., Han, G., Cicchetti, D., Crick, N. R., & Rogosch, F. A. (2008). Neuroendocrine regulation and physical and relational aggression: The moderating roles of child maltreatment and gender. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 1160–1176. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012564 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Netherton, C., Goodyer, I., Tamplin, A., & Herbert, J. (2004). Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to puberty and gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(2), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(02)00150-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T. G., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Heron, J., Golding, J., Adams, D., & Glover, V. (2005). Prenatal anxiety predicts individual differences in cortisol in pre-adolescent children. Biological Psychiatry, 58(3), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.032 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Loughlin, J. I., Rellini, A. H., & Brotto, L. A. (2020). How does childhood trauma impact women’s sexual desire? Role of depression, stress, and cortisol. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(7), 836–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1693490 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostiguy, C. S., Ellenbogen, M. A., Walker, C. D., Walker, E. F., & Hodgins, S. (2011). Sensitivity to stress among the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: A study of daytime cortisol levels. Psychological Medicine, 41(11), 2447–2457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711000523 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ouellet-Morin, I., Dionne, G., Pérusse, D., Lupien, S. J., Arseneault, L., Barr, R. G., & Boivin, M. (2009). Daytime cortisol secretion in 6-month-old twins: Genetic and environmental contributions as a function of early familial adversity. Biological Psychiatry, 65(5), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pawluski, J. L., Brain, U. M., Underhill, C. M., Hammond, G. L., & Oberlander, T. F. (2012). Prenatal SSRI exposure alters neonatal corticosteroid binding globulin, infant cortisol levels, and emerging HPA function. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(7), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.11.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peckins, M. K., Roberts, A. G., Hein, T. C., Hyde, L. W., Mitchell, C., Brooks-Gunn, J., McLanahan, S. S., Monk, C. S., Lopez-Duran, N. L. (2020). Violence exposure and social deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 111, 104426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104426,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pendry, P., & Adam, E. K. (2007). Associations between parents' marital functioning, maternal parenting quality, maternal emotion and child cortisol levels. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(3), 218–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407074634 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, H., Long, Y., Li, J., Guo, Y., Wu, H., Yang, Y. L., Ding, Y., He, J., Ning, Y. (2014). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning and dysfunctional attitude in depressed patients with and without childhood neglect. BMC Psychiatry, 14(45, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-45 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perry, N. B., DePasquale, C. E., Fisher, P. H., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019). Comparison of institutionally reared and maltreated children on socioemotional and biological functioning. Child Maltreatment, 24(3), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518823074 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, R. A., & Brown, S. P. (2005). On the use of beta coefficients in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.175 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Philbrook, L. E., & Teti, D. M. (2016). Associations between bedtime and nighttime parenting and infant cortisol in the first year. Developmental Psychobiology, 58(8), 1087–1100. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21442 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitula, C. E., DePasquale, C. E., Mliner, S. B., & Gunnar, M. R. (2019). Peer problems among postinstitutionalized, internationally adopted children: Relations to hypocortisolism, parenting quality, and ADHD symptoms. Child Development, 90(3), e339–e355. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12986 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plant, D. T., Pawlby, S., Sharp, D., Zunszain, P. A., & Pariante, C. M. (2016). Prenatal maternal depression is associated with offspring inflammation at 25 years: A prospective longitudinal cohort study. Translational Psychiatry, 6(11), e936–e936. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.155 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pruessner, M., Vracotas, N., Joober, R., Pruessner, J. C., & Malla, A. K. (2013). Blunted cortisol awakening response in men with first episode psychosis: Relationship to parental bonding. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(2), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Puetz, V. B., Zweerings, J., Dahmen, B., Ruf, C., Scharke, W., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2016). Multidimensional assessment of neuroendocrine and psychopathological profiles in maltreated youth. Journal of Neural Transmission, 123(9), 1095–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-016-1509-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quevedo, K., Doty, J., Roos, L., & Anker, J. J. (2017). The cortisol awakening response and anterior cingulate cortex function in maltreated depressed versus non-maltreated depressed youth. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.001Get CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quevedo, K., Johnson, A. E., Loman, M. L., LaFavor, T. L., & Gunnar, M. (2012). The confluence of adverse early experience and puberty on the cortisol awakening response. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 36(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411406860 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raffington, L., Prindle, J., Keresztes, A., Binder, J., Heim, C., & Shing, Y. L. (2018). Blunted cortisol stress reactivity in low-income children relates to lower memory function. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 90, 110–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raffington, L., Schmiedek, F., Heim, C., & Shing, Y. L. (2018). Cognitive control moderates parenting stress effects on children’s diurnal cortisol. PLoS One, 13(1), e0191215. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191215 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond, C., Marin, M. F., Wolosianski, V., Journault, A. A., Longpré, C., Leclaire, S., & Lupien, S. J. (2021). Early childhood adversity and HPA axis activity in adulthood: The importance of considering minimal age at exposure. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 124, 105042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105042 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reichl, C., Heyer, A., Brunner, R., Parzer, P., Völker, J. M., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2016). Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, childhood adversity and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 74, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.011 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogosch, F. A., Dackis, M. N., & Cicchetti, D. (2011). Child maltreatment and allostatic load: Consequences for physical and mental health in children from low-income families. Development and Psychopathology, 23(4), 1107–1124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000587 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roisman, G. I., Susman, E., Barnett-Walker, K., Booth-LaForce, C., Owen, M. T., Belsky, J., Bradley, R. H., Houts, R., Steinberg, L., The NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2009). Early family and child-care antecedents of awakening cortisol levels in adolescence. Child Development, 80(3), 907–920, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01305.x,CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638–641. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russ, S. J., Herbert, J., Cooper, P., Gunnar, M. R., Goodyer, I., Croudace, T., & Murray, L. (2012). Cortisol levels in response to starting school in children at increased risk for social phobia. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(4), 462–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.014 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, R., Booth, S., Spathis, A., Mollart, S., & Clow, A. (2016). Use of salivary diurnal cortisol as an outcome measure in randomised controlled trials: A systematic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(2), 210–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9753-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, R. M., Romero, L. M., & Munck, A. U. (2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21(1), 55–89. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.21.1.0389 Google ScholarPubMed
Seidenfaden, D., Knorr, U., Soendergaard, M. G., Poulsen, H. E., Fink-Jensen, A., Jorgensen, M. B., & Jorgensen, A. (2017). The relationship between self-reported childhood adversities, adulthood psychopathology and psychological stress markers in patients with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 72, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.09.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selye, H. (1946). The general adaptation syndrome and the diseases of adaptation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, 6(2), 117–230. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-6-2-117 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shirtcliff, E. A., & Essex, M. J. (2008). Concurrent and longitudinal associations of basal and diurnal cortisol with mental health symptoms in early adolescence. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 50(7), 690–703. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20336 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simmons, J. G., Byrne, M. L., Schwartz, O. S., Whittle, S. L., Sheeber, L., Kaess, M., & Allen, N. B. (2015). Dual-axis hormonal covariation in adolescence and the moderating influence of prior trauma and aversive maternal parenting. Developmental Psychobiology, 57(6), 670–687. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21275 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simons, S. S., Beijers, R., Cillessen, A. H., & de Weerth, C. (2015). Development of the cortisol circadian rhythm in the light of stress early in life. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 62, 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.024 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smeets, T., Geraerts, E., Jelicic, M., & Merckelbach, H. (2007). Delayed recall of childhood sexual abuse memories and the awakening rise and diurnal pattern of cortisol. Psychiatry Research, 152(2-3), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2006.07.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
St. John, A. M., Kao, K., Liederman, J., Grieve, P. G., & Tarullo, A. R. (2017). Maternal cortisol slope at 6 months predicts infant cortisol slope and EEG power at 12 months. Developmental Psychobiology, 59(6), 787–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21540 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Adam, E. K., Pruessner, J. C., Wüst, S., Dockray, S., Smyth, N., Evans, P., Hellhammer, D. H., Miller, R., Wetherell, M. A., Lupien, S. J., Clow, A. (2016). Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Expert consensus guidelines. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63, 414–432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stalder, T., Lupien, S. J., Kudielka, B. M., Adam, E. K., Pruessner, J. C., Wüst, S., Dockray, S., Smyth, N., Evans, P., Kirschbaum, C., Miller, R., Wetherell, M. A., Finke, J. B., Klucken, T., & Clow, A. (2022). Evaluation and update of the expert consensus guidelines for the assessment of the cortisol awakening response (CAR). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 146, 105946, https://doi.org/doi:1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105946 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starr, L. R., Dienes, K., Stroud, C. B., Shaw, Z. A., Li, Y. I., Mlawer, F., & Huang, M. (2017). Childhood adversity moderates the influence of proximal episodic stress on the cortisol awakening response and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 29(5), 1877–1893. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417001468 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th edn. Pearson.Google Scholar
Tarullo, A. R., St. John, A. M., & Meyer, J. S. (2017). Chronic stress in the mother-infant dyad: Maternal hair cortisol, infant salivary cortisol and interactional synchrony. Infant Behavior and Development, 47, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.03.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, L. K., Weems, C. F., Costa, N. M., & Carrión, V. G. (2009). Loss and the experience of emotional distress in childhood. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020802173843 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theall, K. P., Shirtcliff, E. A., Dismukes, A. R., Wallace, M., & Drury, S. S. (2017). Association between neighborhood violence and biological stress in children. JAMA Pediatrics, 171(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2321 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, S. F., Zalewski, M., Kiff, C. J., & Lengua, L. J. (2018). A state-trait model of cortisol in early childhood: Contextual and parental predictors of stable and time-varying effects. Hormones and Behavior, 98, 198–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valentino, K., Hibel, L. C., Cummings, E. M., Nuttall, A. K., Comas, M., & McDonnell, C. G. (2015). Maternal elaborative reminiscing mediates the effect of child maltreatment on behavioral and physiological functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4 Pt 2), 1515–1526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000917 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Cauter, E. (1990). Diurnal and ultradian rhythms in human endocrine function: A minireview. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 34(2), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1159/000181794 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Bergh, B. R., Van Calster, B., Smits, T., Van Huffel, S., & Lagae, L. (2008). Antenatal maternal anxiety is related to HPA-axis dysregulation and self-reported depressive symptoms in adolescence: A prospective study on the fetal origins of depressed mood. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(3), 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.npp.1301450 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Vegt, E. J., van der Ende, J., Kirschbaum, C., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2009). Early neglect and abuse predict diurnal cortisol patterns in adults: A study of international adoptees. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(5), 660–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.11.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vänskä, M., Punamäki, R. L., Lindblom, J., Tolvanen, A., Flykt, M., Unkila-Kallio, L., & Tiitinen, A. (2016). Timing of early maternal mental health and child cortisol regulation. Infant and Child Development, 25(6), 461–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1948 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VanTieghem, M., Korom, M., Flannery, J., Choy, T., Caldera, C., Humphreys, K. L., Gabard-Durnam, L., Goff, B., Gee, D. G., Telzer, E. H., Shapiro, M., Louie, J. Y., Fareri, D. S., Bolger, N., Tottenham, N. (2021). Longitudinal changes in amygdala, hippocampus and cortisol development following early caregiving adversity. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 48, 100916, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100916 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vreeburg, S. A., Hartman, C. A., Hoogendijk, W. J., van Dyck, R., Zitman, F. G., Ormel, J., & Penninx, B. W. (2010). Parental history of depression or anxiety and the cortisol awakening response. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(3), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.076869 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weissbecker, I., Floyd, A., Dedert, E., Salmon, P., & Sephton, S. (2006). Childhood trauma and diurnal cortisol disruption in fibromyalgia syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(3), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.08.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wielaard, I., Schaakxs, R., Comijs, H. C., Stek, M. L., & Rhebergen, D. (2018). The influence of childhood abuse on cortisol levels and the cortisol awakening response in depressed and nondepressed older adults. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 19(6), 440–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1274829 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, S. L., & Mann, A. K. (2017). Sexual and gender minority health disparities as a social issue: How stigma and intergroup relations can explain and reduce health disparities. Journal of Social Issues, 73(3), 450–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12225 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. B., Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator, n.d., Campbell Collaboration. https://www.campbellcollaboration.org/escalc/html/EffectSizeCalculator-R-main.php Google Scholar
Wright, J. L., Jarvis, J. N., Pachter, L. M., & Walker-Harding, L. R. (2020). Racism as a public health issue, APS racism series: At the intersection of equity, science, and social justice. Pediatric Research, 88(5), 696–698. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-01141-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yehuda, R., Engel, S. M., Brand, S. R., Seckl, J., Marcus, S. M., & Berkowitz, G. S. (2005). Transgenerational effects of posttraumatic stress disorder in babies of mothers exposed to the World Trade Center attacks during pregnancy. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(7), 4115–4118. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2005-0550 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Fisher, P. A., Trancik, A., Bush, N. R., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2012). Poverty and single parenting: Relations with preschoolers' cortisol and effortful control. Infant and Child Development, 21(5), 537–554. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1759 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Kiff, C. J., & Fisher, P. A. (2012). Understanding the relation of low income to HPA-axis functioning in preschool children: Cumulative family risk and parenting as pathways to disruptions in cortisol. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43(6), 924–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-012-0304-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Thompson, S. F., & Kiff, C. J. (2016). Income, cumulative risk, and longitudinal profiles of hypothalamic-pituitary–adrenal axis activity in preschool-age children. Development and Psychopathology, 28(2), 341–353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000474 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zandstra, A. R. E., Hartman, C. A., Nederhof, E., van den Heuvel, E. R., Dietrich, A., Hoekstra, P. J., & Ormel, J. (2015). Chronic stress and adolescents’ mental health: Modifying effects of basal cortisol and parental psychiatric history. The TRAILS study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(6), 1119–1130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9970-x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeiders, K. H., Doane, L. D., & Roosa, M. W. (2012). Perceived discrimination and diurnal cortisol: Examining relations among Mexican American adolescents. Hormones and Behavior, 61(4), 541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeiders, K. H., Hoyt, L. T., & Adam, E. K. (2014). Associations between self-reported discrimination and diurnal cortisol rhythms among young adults: The moderating role of racial-ethnic minority status. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.08.023 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhu, Y., Chen, X., Zhao, H., Chen, M., Tian, Y., Liu, C., & Qin, S. (2019). Socioeconomic status disparities affect children’s anxiety and stress-sensitive cortisol awakening response through parental anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 103, 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Perrone et al. supplementary material

Perrone et al. supplementary material

Download Perrone et al. supplementary material(File)
File 191.3 KB