Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-kc5xb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-09T13:02:34.481Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Inattention/hyperactivity and aggression from early childhood to adolescence: Heterogeneity of trajectories and differential influence of family environment characteristics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 April 2005

JENNIFER M. JESTER
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
JOEL T. NIGG
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
KENNETH ADAMS
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
HIRAM E. FITZGERALD
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
LEON I. PUTTLER
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
MARIA M. WONG
Affiliation:
University of Michigan
ROBERT A. ZUCKER
Affiliation:
University of Michigan

Abstract

Inattention/hyperactivity and aggressive behavior problems were measured in 335 children from school entry throughout adolescence, at 3-year intervals. Children were participants in a high-risk prospective study of substance use disorders and comorbid problems. A parallel process latent growth model found aggressive behavior decreasing throughout childhood and adolescence, whereas inattentive/hyperactive behavior levels were constant. Growth mixture modeling, in which developmental trajectories are statistically classified, found two classes for inattention/hyperactivity and two for aggressive behavior, resulting in a total of four trajectory classes. Different influences of the family environment predicted development of the two types of behavior problems when the other behavior problem was held constant. Lower emotional support and lower intellectual stimulation by the parents in early childhood predicted membership in the high problem class of inattention/hyperactivity when the trajectory of aggression was held constant. Conversely, conflict and lack of cohesiveness in the family environment predicted membership in a worse developmental trajectory of aggressive behavior when the inattention/hyperactivity trajectories were held constant. The implications of these findings for the development of inattention/hyperactivity and for the development of risk for the emergence of substance use disorders are discussed.This work was supported by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism grants (RO1 AA12217 to R.A.Z. and J.T.N. and R37 AA07065 to R.A.Z. and H.E.F.). We are indebted to Bengt Muthén for his advice on the statistical analyses for this study.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
© 2005 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the teacher's report form and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
Barkley, R. A., & Cunningham, C. E. (1979). The effects of methylphenidate on the mother–child interactions of hyperactive children. Archives of General Psychiatry 36, 201208.Google Scholar
Baumrind, D. (1968). Authoritarian vs. authoritative parental control. Adolescence 3, 255272.Google Scholar
Biederman, J., Milberger, S., Faraone, S. V., Kiely, K., Guite, J., Mick, E., Ablon, S., Warburton, R., & Reed, E. (1995). Family–environment risk factors for attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder: A test of Rutter's indicators of adversity. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 464470.Google Scholar
Block, J. H. (1981). The child rearing practices report. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Institute of Human Development.
Bradley, R. H., Caldwell, B. M., Rock, S. L., Hamrick, H. M., & Harris, P. (1988). Home observation for measurement of the environment: Development of a home inventory for use with families having children 6 to 10 years old. Contemporary Educational Psychology 13, 5871.Google Scholar
Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W. R., Troughton, E., Woodworth, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic–environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 52, 916924.Google Scholar
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., Ferguson, L. L., & Gariépy, J.-L. (1989). Growth and aggression: I. Childhood to early adolescence. Developmental Psychology 25, 320330.Google Scholar
Cantwell, D. (1975). Familial-genetic research with hyperactive children. In D. Cantwell (Ed.), Hyperactivity, diagnosis, management, and current research. New York: Spectrum.
Chen, W. J., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Tsuang, M. T. (1994). Diagnostic accuracy of the Child Behavior Checklist scales for attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder: A receiver–operating characteristic analysis. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 62, 10171025.Google Scholar
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin 113, 487496.Google Scholar
Drotar, D., Stein, R. E. K., & Perrin, E. C. (1995). Methodological issues in using the Child Behavior Checklist and its related instruments in clinical child psychology research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 24, 184192.Google Scholar
Duncan, G. J., Brooks–Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1994). Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Development 65, 296318.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Losoya, S. H., & Guthrie, I. K. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development 72, 11121134.Google Scholar
Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Jr., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry 26, 5763.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1995). Early disruptive behavior, IQ, and later school achievement and delinquent behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 23, 183199.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (1995). Socioeconomic status and alcoholism: The contextual structure of developmental pathways to addiction. In H. E. Fitzgerald, B. M. Lester, & B. Zuckerman (Eds.), Children of poverty: Research, health, and policy issues (pp. 125148). New York: Garland Publishing.
Frick, P. J. (1994). Family dysfunction and the disruptive behavior disorders: A review of recent empirical findings. In T. H. Ollendick & R. J. Prinz (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 16, pp. 203226). New York: Plenum Press.
Frick, P. J., Kamphaus, R. W., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Christ, M. A. G., Hart, E. L., & Tannenbaum, L. E. (1991). Academic underachievement and the disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 59, 289294.Google Scholar
Frick, P. J., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M. A., Loeber, R., & Green, S. (1991). History of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 20, 445451.Google Scholar
Garrett, P., Ng'andu, N., & Ferron, J. (1994). Poverty experiences of young children and the quality of their home environments. Child Development 65, 331345.Google Scholar
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., Cadoret, R. J., Neiderhiser, J. M., Yates, W., Troughton, E., & Stewart, M. A. (1996). The developmental interface between nature and nurture: A mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology 32, 574589.Google Scholar
Gondoli, D. M., & Jacob, T. (1993). Factor structure within and across three family-assessment procedures. Journal of Family Psychology 6, 278289.Google Scholar
Graham, J. W., Cumsille, P. E., & Elek Fisk, E. (2003). Methods for handling missing data. In J. A. Schinka & W. F. Velicer (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 87114). New York: Wiley.
Greenberg, M. T., Kusche, C. A., & Speltz, M. (1991). Emotional regulation, self-control, and psychopathology: The role of relationships in early childhood. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Internalizing and externalizing expressions of dysfunction (pp. 2155). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (Eds.). (2001). Interparental conflict and child development: Theory, research, and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hinshaw, S. P. (1987). On the distinction between attentional deficits/hyperactivity and conduct problems/aggression in child psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin 101, 443463.Google Scholar
Huang–Pollock, C. L., Carr, T. H., & Nigg, J. T. (2002). Development of selective attention: Perceptual load influences early versus late attentional selection in children and adults. Developmental Psychology 38, 363375.Google Scholar
Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (2001). Families of children with Attention–Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child & Family Psychology Review 4, 183207.Google Scholar
Johnston, C., Murray, C., Hinshaw, S. P., Pelham, W. E., & Hoza, B. (2002). Responsiveness in interactions of mothers and sons with ADHD: Relations to maternal and child characteristics. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 30, 7788.Google Scholar
Kendziora, K. T., & O'Leary, S. G. (1993). Dysfunctional parenting as a focus for prevention and treatment of child behavior problems. In T. H. Ollendick (Ed.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 15, pp. 175206). New York: Plenum Press.
Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 819.Google Scholar
Klein, R. G., & Mannuzza, S. (1991). Long-term outcome of hyperactive children: A review. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 30, 383387.Google Scholar
Kochanska, G., Coy, K. C., & Murray, K. T. (2001). The development of self-regulation in the first four years of life. Child Development 72, 10911111.Google Scholar
Kochanska, G., Kuczynski, L., & Radke–Yarrow, M. (1989). Correspondence between mothers' self-reported and observed child-rearing practices. Child Development 60, 5663.Google Scholar
Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology 18, 199214.Google Scholar
Kuperman, S., Schlosser, S. S., Lidral, J., & Reich, W. (1999). Relationship of child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescence & Psychiatry 38, 686692.Google Scholar
Loeber, R. (1982). The stability of antisocial and delinquent child behavior: A review. Child Development 53, 14311446.Google Scholar
Loeber, R., Brinthaupt, V. P., & Green, S. M. (1990). Attention deficits, impulsivity, and hyperactivity with or without conduct problems: Relationships to delinquency and unique contextual factors. In R. J. McMahon & R. D. Peters (Eds.), Behavior disorders of adolescence: Research, intervention, and policy in clinical and school settings (pp. 3961). New York: Plenum Press.
Loney, J., Langhorne, J. E., & Paternite, C. E. (1978). An empirical basis for subgrouping the hyperkinetic/minimal brain dysfunction syndrome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87, 431441.Google Scholar
Loney, J., Paternite, C. E., Schwartz, J. E., & Roberts, M. A. (1997). Associations between clinic-referred boys and their fathers on childhood inattention-overactivity and aggression dimensions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 25, 499509.Google Scholar
Loukas, A., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Krull, J. L. (2003). Developmental trajectories of disruptive behavior problems among sons of alcoholics: Effects of parent psychopathology, family conflict, and child undercontrol. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112, 119131.Google Scholar
Luster, T., & McAdoo, H. P. (1994). Factors related to the achievement and adjustment of young African American children. Child Development 65, 10801094.Google Scholar
Mayzer, R., Moñtanez, M., Wong, M. M., Puttler, L. I., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2002). Onset of alcohol use: A comparison between early drinkers and non-drinkers in the continuity of aggression and delinquency from preschool to adolescence. Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago.
McArdle, J. J., & Epstein, D. (1987). Latent growth curves within developmental structural equation models. Child Development 58, 110133.Google Scholar
Miller, G. M., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110, 4048.Google Scholar
Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (1994). Family Environment Scale manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Muthén, B. (2000). Methodological issues in random coefficient growth modeling using a latent variable framework: Applications to the development of heavy drinking. In J. Rose, L. Chassin, C. Presson, & J. Sherman (Eds.), Multivariate applications in substance use research: New methods for new questions (pp. 113140). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Muthén, B. (2001). Latent variable mixture modeling. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling (pp. 133). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Muthén, B., & Satorra, A. (1995). Complex sample data in structural equation modeling. Sociological Methodology 25, 267316.Google Scholar
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus user's guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.
Nagin, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (1999). Trajectories of boys' physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. Child Development 70, 11811196.Google Scholar
Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2001). Analyzing developmental trajectories of distinct but related behaviors: A group-based method. Psychological Methods 6, 1834.Google Scholar
Nesselroade, J. R. (1992). Adult personality development: Issues in assessing constancy and change. In R. A. Zucker (Ed.), Personality structure in the life course: Essays on personology in the Murray tradition (pp. xiv, 382). New York: Springer.
Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin 126, 220246.Google Scholar
Nigg, J. T. (2001). Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? Psychological Bulletin 127, 571598.Google Scholar
Nigg, J. T., & Goldsmith, H. H. (1998). Developmental psychopathology, personality, and temperament: Reflections on recent behavioral genetics research. Human Biology 70, 387412.Google Scholar
Nigg, J. T., & Hinshaw, S. P. (1998). Parent personality traits and psychopathology associated with antisocial behaviors in childhood attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines 39, 145159.Google Scholar
O'Connor, T. G., Deater Deckard, K., Fulker, D., Rutter, M., & Plomin, R. (1998). Genotype–environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting. Developmental Psychology 34, 970981.Google Scholar
Paternite, C. E., & Loney, J. (1980). Childhood hyperkinesis: Relationships between symptomatology and home environment. In C. K. Whalen & B. Henker (Eds.), Hyperactive Children: The Social Ecology of Identification and Treatment. New York: Academic Press.
Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
Reich, W., Earls, F., & Powell, J. (1988). A comparison of the home and social environments of children of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents. British Journal of Addiction 83, 831839.Google Scholar
Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J. L., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1980). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics and validity. St. Louis, MO: Washington University School of Medicine.
Robison, L. M., Sclar, D. A., Skaer, T. L., & Galin, R. S. (1999). National trends in the prevalence of attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the prescribing of methylphenidate among school-age children: 1990–1995. Clinical Pediatrics 38, 209217.Google Scholar
Sanford, K., Bingham, C. R., & Zucker, R. A. (1999). Validity issues with the Family Environment Scale: Psychometric resolution and research application with alcoholic families. Psychological Assessment 11, 315325.Google Scholar
Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype → environment effects. Child Development 54, 424435.Google Scholar
Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods 7, 147177.Google Scholar
Searight, H. R., & McLaren, A. L. (1998). Attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder: The medicalization of misbehavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 5, 467495.Google Scholar
Sherman, D. K., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. K. (1997). Attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder dimensions: A twin study of inattention and impulsivity–hyperactivity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 745753.Google Scholar
Stanger, C., Achenbach, T. M., & Verhulst, F. C. (1997). Accelerated longitudinal comparisons of aggressive versus delinquent syndromes. Development and Psychopathology 9, 4358.Google Scholar
Stevens, G., & Featherman, D. L. (1981). A revised socioeconomic index of occupational status. Social Science Research 10, 364395.Google Scholar
Stevens, J., Quittner, A. L., & Abikoff, H. (1998). Factors influencing elementary school teachers' ratings of ADHD and ODD behaviors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 27, 406414.Google Scholar
Tarter, R. E., McBride, H., Buonpane, N., & Schneider, D. U. (1977). Differentiation of alcoholics: Childhood history of minimal brain dysfunction, family history, and drinking pattern. Archives of General Psychiatry 34, 761768.Google Scholar
Whalen, C. K., & Henker, B. (1999). The child with attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder in family contexts. In Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders (pp. 139155). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
Winsler, A. (1998). Parent–child interaction and private speech in boys with ADHD. Applied Developmental Science 2, 1739.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A., Ellis, D. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bingham, C. R., & Sanford, K. (1996). Other evidence for at least two alcoholisms II: Life course variation in antisociality and heterogeneity of alcoholic outcome. Development and Psychopathology 8, 831848.Google Scholar
Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Noll, R. B. (1990). Drinking and drug history (4th ed.). Unpublished manuscript, Michigan State University.
Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Refior, S. K., Puttler, L. I., Pallas, D. M., & Ellis, D. A. (2000). The clinical and social ecology of childhood for children of alcoholics: Description of a study and implications for a differentiated social policy. In H. E. Fitzgerald, B. M. Lester, & B. S. Zuckerman (Eds.), Children of addiction: Research, health and policy issues (pp. 174222). New York: Garland Press.
Zucker, R. A., & Gomberg, E. S. (1986). Etiology of alcoholism reconsidered: The case for a biopsychosocial process. American Psychologist 41, 783793.Google Scholar