1 In general see Schmiedel, B., Consuetudo im klassischen und nachklassischen römischen Recht (Graz–Cologne, 1966)Google Scholar and Bove, L., La consuetudo in diritto romano (Naples, 1971).Google Scholar

2 De inventione, 2.65–68.

3 The official list of the actions which the Chancellor was prepared to grant to a prospective plaintiff.

4 An anonymous treatise on rhetoric, formerly attributed to Cicero.

5 2.13.19: ‘consuetudine ius est id quod sine lege aeque ac si legitimum sit usitatum est’.

6 De inventione, 2.67.

7 Gaius, , Institutes, 1.2, ed. de Zulueta, F. (London, 1946)Google Scholar (a students' textbook from the 2nd century ad).

8 Extracted in the Digest of Justinian: 21.1.6 (ed. with translation by Mommsen, T., Krueger, P. and Watson, A., 4 vols. (Philadelphia, 1985)Google Scholar, hereafter cited as D.

9 D. 1.3.32.

10 Code of Justinian: 6.32.2 (Codex lustiniani, ed. Krueger, P. (Berlin, 1895Google Scholar), hereafter cited as C.

11 C. 8.52.2.

12 1.109, 2.103, 3.17, cited in Gallo, F., Interpretazione e formazione consuetudinaria del diritto (Turin, 1971), 43f.Google Scholar

13 (Introductory) Constitutio Tanta (Introduction to the Digest), 15.Google Scholar

14 For what follows, see Gouron, A., ‘Coutume contre loi chez les premiers glossateurs’, in Renaissance du pouvoir législatif et genèse de l'état, Publications de la Société d’histoire du droit et des institutions des anciens pays de droit écrit (vol. III, Montpellier, 1988), 117ff.Google Scholar

15 Accursius, Gloss out legem ad C.8.52.2: ‘secundum M … non autem lex scripta in corpore iuris tollitur consuetudine’.

16 Cited from the manuscript by Meijers, E. M., ‘Sommes lectures et commentaires (1100 à 1250)’ in Études d'histoire du droit, vol. III, ed. Feenstra, R. and Fischer, H. F. W. D. (Leiden, 1959), 254.Google Scholar

17 Cited from the manuscript by Cortese, E., La norma giuridica, vol. II (Milan, 1964), 413Google Scholar: ‘Vigor namque legum, sicut et consuetudinis, est voluntas populi; lex enim scriptura non contrahit auctoritatem.’

18 Baker, J. H., An introduction to English legal history, 2nd edn (London, 1979), 15ff. and 49ff.Google Scholar

19 de Zulueta, F. and Stein, P., The teaching of Roman law in England around 1200, Selden Society supp. series, 8 (London, 1990), xxii and ff.Google Scholar; Stein, P., ‘The Vacarian School’, Journal of Legal History 13 (1992), 23ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20 Grundzüge der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte, 5th edn (Munich, 1912), 264.Google Scholar

21 Gloss rationem ard C.8.52.2, The Liber pauperum of Vacarius, ed. de Zulueta, F., Selden Society, 43 (London, 1927), 15.Google Scholar

22 Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliae qui Glanvilla vocatur, ed. Hall, G. D. G. (London, 1965), prologueGoogle Scholar; Bracton On the laws and customs of England, ed. Thorne, S. E., vol. II (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), prologue.Google Scholar

23 Ibid., 19.

24 Baker, J. H., ‘Dr Thomas Fastolf and the history of law reporting’, Cambridge Law Journal (1986), 84ff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

25 Ibid., 90.

26 For later ideas of usus fori, see Stein, P., ‘Civil law reports and the case of San Marino’, in Rümisches Recht in der europäischen Tradition: Symposion F. Wieacker, ed. Behrends, O., Diesselhorst, M. and Voss, W. E. (Ebelsbach, 1985), 323ff. (= The character and influence of the Roman civil law: historical essays (London, 1988), 115ff.).Google Scholar