Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:40:29.390Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Pattern of Serbian Intellectual Evolution, 1830–1880

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 June 2009

Traian Stoianovich
Affiliation:
Rutgers University

Extract

The time seemed propitious for the establishment of a government of law in Serbia at the beginning of 1830. Between the end of 1828 and the autumn of 1830 Prince Miloš of Serbia created a so-called “legislative commission” to translate the Code Napoléon into Serbian and codify the laws and customs of the country. In January 1830 he solemnly advised a great national assembly that he had obtained an imperial edict from the Sultan ending all direct obligations of Serbian peasants to their former Turkish lords, guaranteeing Ottoman recognition of Serbian autonomy in most matters of internal administration, and offering Serbia the prospect of territorial aggrandizement, as well as the express right to institute schools, courts, and a governmental administration of her own. Shortly thereafter the Serbian envoys to St. Petersburg returned to Serbia and made it known that the Tsar-Protector had supposedly expressed the view that every state should have an “organic charter”. The able and enlightened Count Paul Kiselev, Russian Governor of the Rumanian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, had moreover just endowed these provinces with “Organic Statutes”

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 1959

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Popov, Nil, Rossiia i Serbiia; istoricheskii ocherk russkago pokrovitel'stva Serbii s 1806 po 1856 god [Russia and Serbia; Historical Sketch of the Russian Protectorate over Serbia, 1806–1856], 2 vols. (Moscow, K. Soldatenkov, 1869), pp. 294–97Google Scholar; Janković, Dragoslav, O političkim strankama u Srbiji XIX veka [Political Parties in Nineteenth Century Serbia] (Belgrade, Prosveta, 1951), p. 71Google Scholar; Cunibert, Barthélemy Sylvestre, Essai historique sur les révolutions et l’indépendance de la Serbie depuis 1804 jusqu’à 1850, 2 vols. (Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1855), I, p. 312Google Scholar; [Aleksandr N.] Pypin and [Wiodzimierz] Spasowicz, , Histoire des littératures slaves, trans, from the Russian by Denis, Ernest (Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1881), p. 301Google Scholar; Mitrany, David, The Land and the Peasant in Rumania; the War and Agrarian Reform (19171921) (London, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press; New Haven, Yale University Press, 1930), pp. 2634Google Scholar; Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović, Pisma [Letters] (Belgrade, Prosveta, 1947), pp. 114–17.Google Scholar

2 Ranke, Leopold, The History of Servia, and the Servian Revolution, with a Sketch of the Insurrection in Bosnia, trans, from the German by Mrs. Kerr, Alexander (London, Henry G. Bohn, 1853), pp. 250–51.Google Scholar

3 Cunibert, II, pp. 27–29.

4 Karažić, , Pisma, pp. 142–43,168–69.Google Scholar See also Janković, pp. 72–73.

5 [Karadžić, Vuk], Vukova prepiska [Vuk's Correspondence], 7 vols. (Belgrade, Državna štamparija, 19071913), II, p. 566Google Scholar, letter from Karadžić to Prince Miloš, December 19, 1824.

6 Popov, , Rossiia i Serbiia, I, p. 252Google Scholar; Cunibert, II, pp. 27–29, 271–72. Cf. Karadžić, , Pisma, pp. 170–71.Google Scholar

7 Cunibert, II, pp. 29–31; Popov, , Rossiia i Serbiia, I, p. 250.Google Scholar

8 Cunibert, II, pp. 213–14; Subotić, Dragutin P., “The Serbia of Prince Miloš”, Slavonic Review, III (1924), p. 160Google Scholar; Haumant, Émile, “La Serbie sous Miloš et ses premiers successeurs,” Šišićev zbornik [Collection of articles in honor of the Croatian historian Ferdinand Šišic], ed. Novak, Grga (Zagreb, C. Albrecht [P. Acinger], 1929), p. 24.Google Scholar

9 Cunibert, II, pp. 83, 277.

10 Ibid., pp. 271–72; Karadžić, , Pisma, pp. 156–89Google Scholar, letter of April 12/24, 1832, to Prince Miloš.

11 Ibid., p. 171; Janković, p. 74; Prodanović, Jaša M., Istorija politićkih stranaka i struja u Srbiji [History of Serbian Political Parties and Currents] (Belgrade, Prosveta, 1947), I, p. 62.Google Scholar

12 Cunibert, II, pp. 78–88, 128–29; Ranke, pp. 254–58.

13 Prodanović, I, pp. 70–73; Janković, pp. 83–84; Haumant, Émile, La Formation de la Yougoslavie (XVe–XXe siècles) (Paris, Éditions Bossard, 1930), pp. 272–73Google Scholar; Mousset, Jean, La Serbie et son Église (18301904) (Paris, Librairie Droz, 1938), pp. 137–40Google Scholar; Stevča Mihailović, Memoari Stefana-Stevče-Mihailovića [Memoirs of Stevča Mihailović], ed. Živanović, Živan (Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, Zbornik za istoriju, jezik i književnost srpskog naroda, section 1, Book XVIII) (Belgrade, Grafički zavod ‘Makarije’ A. D. u Zemunu, 1928), p. 279.Google Scholar

14 Cunibert, II, pp. 198, 201–27; Prodanović, I, p. 66.

15 Cunibert, II, pp. 366–71.

16 Ibid., pp. 231, 372–73, 450–51; Mihailović, , Memoari, pp. 285–86, 326Google Scholar; Skerlić, Jovan, Istorija nove srpske književnosti [History of the New Serbian Literature], 3d ed. (Belgrade, Rad, 1953), p. 180.Google Scholar

17 Prodanović, I, pp. 85–87; Ranke, pp. 261–67; 299–308.

18 Cunibert, II, pp. 32, 201–4; Popov, , Rossiia i Serbiia, I, pp. 332–34Google Scholar; Janković, pp. 71, 98; Jovanović, Slobodan, Ustavobranitelji i njihova vlada (18381858) [The “Constitutionalist” Regime, 1838–1858] (Belgrade, Državna šlamparija. 1912), pp. 30, 36.Google Scholar

19 Cunibert, II, p. 205.

20 Janković, pp. 71, 85, 98, 100; Vučo, Nikola, Privredna istorija naroda FNRJ do prvog svetskog rata [Economic History of the Peoples of Yugoslavia before World War I] (Belgrade, Izdavačko preduzeće Nar. Rep. Srbije, 1948), p. 252.Google Scholar

21 Kukiel, Marian, Czartoryski and European Unity, 1770–1861 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1953), pp. 245–48Google Scholar; Stranjaković, Dragoslav, Vlada Ustavobranitelja (1842–1853). [The “Constitutionalist” Regime, 1842–1853] (Belgrade, n.p., 1932), pp. 3134Google Scholar; Stranjaković, Dragoslav, “Kako je postalo Garašaninovo ‘Naćrtanije’” [Origins of Garašanin's “Naćertanije”], Spomenik Srpske Akademije Nauka, XCI, class 2, Book 70 (Belgrade, 1939), pp. 6667.Google Scholar

22 Ibid., pp. 68–115; Stranjaković, , Vlada Ustavobranitelja, pp. 268–72.Google Scholar

23 Ibid., pp. 272x2013;73; Mousset, p. 191; Janković, p. 89.

24 Stranjaković, , Vlada Ustavobranitelja, p. 274Google Scholar; Mousset, pp. 191–95.

25 Janković, pp. 96–97, 134; Tomasevich, Jozo, Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change in Yugoslavia (Stanford, Stanford University Press; London, Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1955), pp. 178–89,200–2Google Scholar; Archives du Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (Paris), Correspondance Commerciale, Belgrade, IV, fol. 362–65, despatch of March 31, 1869, from the French Consul in Belgrade, Édouard Engelhardt, to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the subject of the rise of poverty in Serbia; Marcovitch, Lazare, “Two Anniversaries of Serbian Law: the Civil Code of 1844 and the Zakonik of Dushan,” Journal of Central European Affairs, XIV (1954), pp. 270–71.Google Scholar

26 Cunibert, I, p. 17.

27 Haumant, , “La Serbie”, Šišićev zbornik, p. 25Google Scholar; Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske knijževnosti [History of Modern Serbian Literature], pp. 114–15.Google Scholar

28 Mihailović, , Memoari, pp. 5051Google Scholar; Mousset, pp. 130–31; Garašanin, Ilija, Pisma Jovanu Marinoviću [Letters to Jovan Marinović], ed. Lovčević, St. (Srpska Kraljevska Akademija, Zbornik za istoriju, jezik i književnost srpskog naroda, section 1, Book 21), 2 vols. (Belgrade, 1931), I, xGoogle Scholar; Marković, Svetozar, Izabrani listovi [Selected Papers] ed. Vučenov, D. (Zagreb, 1949), p. 91.Google Scholar

29 Karadžic, , Pisma, pp. 83, 94, 100, 177–82.Google Scholar

30 Subotić, , “The Serbia of Prince Miloš,” Slavonic Review, III, p. 161Google Scholar, for the period before 1817. Subotić writes that Serbia had 60 schools and 69 teachers in 1836. For later figures see Mallat, Joseph, La Serbie contemporaine, études, enquêtes statistiques, 2 vols. (Paris, J. Maisonneuve, 1902), II, p. 59Google Scholar; Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske književnosti, passim; Serbia, Ministry of Finance, Department of Statistics, Državopis Srbije (Statistique de la Serbie), XVI (Belgrade, 1889), pp. xxxiv, xxxvi, xli–xlii.Google Scholar

31 [Abdolonyme, Jean-Henri] Ubicini, Les Serbes de la Turquie (Paris, 1865), pp. 8591Google Scholar; Mousset, pp. 81–85; Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske književnosti, p. 116Google Scholar; Državopis Srbije, XIII (1884), pp. 408–13.Google Scholar

32 Janković, p. 105; Ubicini, p. 90; Haumant, , “La Serbie”, Šišidev zbornik, p. 26Google Scholar; Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske književnosti, pp. 116–17.Google Scholar

33 Grujić, Jevrem, Zapisi [Memoirs] (Belgrade, Štamparija “Budućnost”, 1922), I, p. 54Google Scholar; Ubicini, pp. 191–93; Stavrianos, Leftin S., Balkan Federation, a History of the Movement toward Balkan Unity in Modern Times {Smith College Studies in History, Vol. XXVII, nos. 1–4, Oct. 1941 – July 1942 Northampton, Mass.) (Menasha, Wis., George Banta Publishing Co., 1944), p. 87.Google Scholar

34 Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske književnosti, pp. 117,203–4, 344Google Scholar; Wendel, Hermann, “Svetozar Marković” Aus dem südslawischen Risorgimento (Gotha, Friedrich Andreas Perthes, 1921), p. 162.Google Scholar

35 Državopis Srbije, IX (1879), pp. 142–45Google Scholar; XI (1882), p. 132; and XVI (1889), pp. ix, xix; Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske književnosti, p. 115Google Scholar; Vučo, p. 200.

36 Djordjević, Miroslav, “Godina velikih kulturnih pobeda” [Year of Great Cultural Victories], Članci i eseji [Articles and Essays] (Sarajevo, Svjetlost, 1951), pp. 103,108–12,118Google Scholar; Haumant, , “La Serbie”, Šišićev zbornik, pp. 2628Google Scholar; Karadžić, , Pisma, pp. 246–56Google Scholar, letter to the Serbian Council of State, March 17, 1848; Djura Daničić, “Rat za srpski jezik i pravopis” [War for the Serbian Language and Orthography], Sitniji spisi Dj. Daničića [Shorter Writings of Djura Daničić], I: Kritika, polemika i istorija književnosti [Criticism, Polemics, and the History of Literature] (Akademija, Srpska Kraljevska, Posebna izdanja, Vol. LIV, Philosophical and Philological Writings, Book 14)Google Scholar (Sremski Karlovci, Srpska Manastirska štamparija, 1925), pp. 5–46; Wendel, , Aus dem südslawischen Risorgimento, p. 76Google Scholar; Petrovich, Michael Boro, The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856–1870 (New York, Columbia University Press, 1956), pp. 169–70Google Scholar; Atanasijević, Ksenija, Penseurs yougoslaves (Belgrade, Bureau Central de Presse, 1937), pp. 104–32.Google Scholar

37 Janković, pp. 98, 105; Ubicini, p. 93; Djordjević, Članci i eseji, pp. 111, 114Google Scholar; Grujić, I, 3, 8.

38 Stranjaković, , Vlada Ustavobranitelja, pp. 275–78.Google Scholar

39 Markovitch, Milan, “La Révolution serbe de 1848 et les Français”, Actes du Congrès historique du centenaire de la Révolution de 1848, ed. français, Comité des Sciences historiques (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), pp. 194–95Google Scholar; Louis de Lamartine, Alphonse Marie, Histoire de la Turquie (Oeuvres complètes de Lamartine, publiées et inédites, Vols. XXIIIXXVIII), 6 vols. (Paris, 18621963), VI (XXVIII), Livre 37, pp. 317–18Google Scholar; A. M. L. de Lamartine, Voyage en Orient; souvenirs, impressions, pensees et paysages pendant un voyage en Orient, 1832–1833, ou, Notes d'un voyageur, 2 vols. (Paris, Hachette et Cie, I, 1913; II, 1911), D, pp. 259–87.

40 Stranjaković, , Vlada Ustavobranitelja, pp. 110, 275–78Google Scholar; Mousset, pp. 164–65.

41 Grujić, I, pp. 10–11; Garašanin, I, pp. 3–4.

42 Stranjaković, , Vlada Ustavobranitelja, pp. 278–79Google Scholar; Mousset, p. 192.

43 Janković, p. 105.

44 Stranjaković, , Vlada Ustavobranitelja, pp. 111.Google Scholar

45 Ibid., pp. 281–300; Grujić, I, p. 14; Markovitch, ,“La Révolution serbe”, Actes du Congrès historique, p. 194.Google Scholar

46 Grujić, I, pp. 196–97; Mousset, pp. 164–65; Janković, pp. 106–7.

47 Mousset, p. 173.

48 Garašanin, I, pp. 2–6, 9–11. For a more detailed development of Garašanin's views, see II, pp. 7–13,159,166,230–31,242,257, 320–23.

49 Janković, p. 108; Djordjević, , “Godina velikih pobeda,” Članci i eseji, pp. 113–14Google Scholar; Grujić, I, pp. 196–97; Jovanović, , Ustavobranitelji, p. 35.Google Scholar

50 Grujić, I, pp. 33–34.

51 Haumant, , “La Serbie”, Šišicev zbornik, p. 26.Google Scholar

52 Garašanin, I, pp. xvi–xviii, 158.

53 Ibid., pp. 158–59.

54 Grujić, I, pp. 8, 18–21; book review by Michel, L., in Moniteur Universel; Journal officiel de l’Empire français, 04 9, 1853Google Scholar; review in Revue des Deux Mondes, XXIV, 2d ser. of the new period, V, 02 15, 1854, pp. 856–57.Google Scholar

55 Grujić, I, pp. 22–28, 53,147; Janković, pp. 70, 79, 81, 99–100,108,112,114.

56 Mihailović, , Memoari, pp. 203–5.Google Scholar

57 Janković, pp. 109–11; Prodanović, I, pp. 257–58; Djordjević, , “Svetozar Markovići ‘Ujedinjena Omladina Srpska” [Svetozar Marković and the United Serbian Youth], Članci i eseji, p. 146.Google Scholar

58 Popov, , Rossiia i Serbiia, II, pp. 408–11Google Scholar; Grujić, I, pp. 180, 203–4.

59 Janković, pp. 122–23; Prodanović, I, p. 247.

60 Ibid., pp. 274–75; Ubicini, pp. 93–94; Meijer, J. M., Knowledge and Revolution; the Russian Colony in Zuerich (1870–1873): A Contribution to the Study of Russian Populism (Assen, Netherlands, Van Gorcum, 1955), p. 55Google Scholar; Bogucharskii, V. (pseud, for Vasilii Iakovlevich Iakovlev), Aktivnoe narodnichestvo semidesiatykh godov [Active Populism of the 1870's] (Moscow, M. and S. Sabashnikov, 1912), p. 275.Google Scholar

61 The best general works on the Omladina are Wendel, , “Die Omladina,” Aus dem südslawischen Risorgimento, pp. 75102Google Scholar, and Skerlić, Jovan, Omladina i njena književnost (1848–1871); izučavanja o nacionalnom i književnom romantizmu kod Srba (Belgrade, Serbian Roya Printing Press, 1906).Google Scholar See also Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske književnosti, pp. 208–14Google Scholar; Djordjević, , “Svetozar Marković i ‘Ujedinjena Omladina Srpska’”, Članci i eseji, pp. 131–33.Google Scholar

62 Mihailović, , Memoari, pp. 243–44Google Scholar; Jovanović, Slobodan, Svetozar Marković, 2d rev. ed. (Belgrade, Geca Kon, 1920), p. 129Google Scholar; Garašanin, II, p. 211; Haumant, , La Formation de la Yougoslavie, p. 476Google Scholar; Wendel, , Aus dem südslawischen Risorgimento, p. 79.Google Scholar

63 Janković, pp. 180–81, 186.

64 Skerlić, Jovan, Svetozar Marković; njegov život, rod i ideje [Svetozar Marković: His Life, Work, and Ideas], 2d rev. ed. (Belgrade, Izdavačka Knjižarnica Napredak, 1922), pp. 40, 44–45Google Scholar; [Picot, Emile], Les Serbes de Hongrie, leur histoire, lews privilèges, leur Église, leur état politique et social (Prague, Grégr & Dattel Libraires Editeurs, 1873), pp. 307–9.Google Scholar

65 Jovanović, , Svetozar Marković, pp. 8788Google Scholar; Janković, pp. 182,189; Malon, Benoît, Histoire du socialisme, 4 vols. (Paris, Derveaux Editeur, 18821885), IV, p. 1547Google Scholar; Marković, (Vučenov, , ed.), Izabrani listovi, p. 9Google Scholar; Marković, Svetozar, “Politički i ekonomski položaj radničkog staleža u Srbiji” [Political and Economic Situation of the Working Class in Serbia], Odabrani spisi [Selected Writings], ed. Masleša, Veselin (Zagreb, Biblioteka “Prosvjete”, 1950), pp. 294–97.Google Scholar

66 Wendel, , “Die Omladina”, Aits dem südslawischen Risorgimento, p. 86Google Scholar; Skerlić, , Istorija nove srpske književnosti, pp. 295308.Google Scholar

67 Wendel, , “Die Omladina”, Aus dem südslawischen Risorgimento, p. 98Google Scholar; Gligorić, Velibor, Srpski realisti [Serbian Realists] (Belgrade, Prosveta, 1954), pp. 112, 114,128, 263–97.Google Scholar

68 Khomiakov, Alexis S. et al. , “Srbima; poslanica iz Moskve” [To the Serbs: Epistle from Moscow], in Daničič Sitniji spisi, I, pp. 266–89Google Scholar. The Epistle bore the signatures of the following individuals: Alekseī S. Khomiakov, Mikhail P. Pogodin, A. Koshelev, Ivan Beliaev, Fedor Chizhov, Nikolai Elagin, Iuriī Samarin, Petr Bezsonov, Konstantin Aksakov, Petr Bartenev, and Ivan S. Aksakov.

69 Daničič, , Sitniji spisi, pp. 289306.Google Scholar

70 Ibid., p. 309.

71 Ibid., pp. 289–92.

72 Ibid., pp. 292–303.

73 B. B. Grekov, ed., Dokumenty k istoril slavianovedeniia v Rossil (1850–1912) ]Documents Concerning the History of Slavistics in Russia, 1850–1912], prepared for publication by V. R. Ldïina-Svirskaia and L. V. Razumovskaia (Moscow and Leningrad, Akademiia Nauk SSSR, 1948). p. 82.

74 Malon, , Histoire du socialisme, IV, pp. 1556, 1559Google Scholar; Skerlić, , Svetozar Marković, pp. 100–3Google Scholar; Malon, Benoit, “Svetosar Markowitch et le socialisme serbe”, La Revue socialiste, VIII (Paris, 1888), pp. 592–93Google Scholar; Marković, (Vućenov, , ed.), Izabrani listovi, p. 15.Google Scholar The quotations are drawn from Mousset, pp. 361–62, and Janković, pp. 172–75.

75 Mousset, pp. 302–3; Stavrianos, pp. 110, 115–16; Malon, , Histoire du socialisme, IV, pp. 1559–60.Google Scholar

76 Erikhonov, L., Russkie revoliutsionnyedemokraty i obshchestvennaia mysl’ iuzhnykh slavian v 60–70 godov XlX veka [Russian Revolutionary Democrats and the Social Thought of the South Slavs in the 1860's and the 187O's] (Moscow, Gospolitizdat, 1950), pp. 55–95.Google Scholar N.B. Erikohnov's work suffers from constant politically biased references to the “Fascist clique of Tito” and “Tito-Rankovic”. Manuel, Frank E., The New World of Henri Saint-Simon (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1956), pp. 1316Google Scholar; Renouard, Yves, “La Notion de génération en histoire, “Revue historique”, CCIX (1953), p. 4.Google Scholar

77 Erikhonov, pp. 55 ff., 89 ff., 128.

78 Skerlić, , Svetozar Marković, p. 59Google Scholar; Skerlić, Jovan, Istorijski pregled srpske štampe, 1791–1911 [Historical Review of the Serbian Press, 1791–1911] (Belgrade, Državna štamparija, 1911), p. 63Google Scholar; Djordjević, , “Odjek Markovicevog ālanka ‘Srpske Obmane’” [Echo of Markoviċ's Article “Serbian Illusions”], Članci i eseji, pp. 176–78.Google Scholar

79 Émile de Laveleye, , The Balkan Peninsula, trans, by Mrs. Thorpe, , rev. and ed. for the English public by the author (New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1887), pp. 209–10Google Scholar; Janković, Dragoslav, “O programima i borbama za lokalne samouprave u Srbiji XIX veka” [Programs and Struggles for Local Autonomies in Nineteenth Century Serbia], Nova Misao. I, no. 3 (03, 1953), pp. 412–14.Google Scholar

80 Wendel, , “Svetozar Markovic,” Aus dem südslawischen Risorgimento, pp. 135–65Google Scholar; Markovic, (Vucenov, , ed.), Izabrani listovi, p. 9Google Scholar; Masleša, , ed., Odabrani spisi, pp. ixxGoogle Scholar; Meijer, p. 55; Skerlić, , Svetozar Marković, pp. 1129, 127.Google Scholar

81 Djordjević, Miroslav, ed., Svetozar Marković: Iz politickih spisa i prepiske [Svetozar Markovic: Political Writings and Correspondence] (Sarajevo, Svjetlost, 1952), pp. 241–42Google Scholar, letter of December 24/12, 1868; Skerlić, Svetozar Marković, p. 127.

82 Marković, Svetozar, Celokupna dela [Complete Works (incomplete in spite of the title)], 8 vols. Vol. I–II, ed. Joksimovic, Lj., Belgrade, , Bodjanskog, Moderna stamparisa Milivoja, 19111912Google Scholar; Vol. III, edited and prepared by the Committee for the Publication of the Complete Works of Svetozar Marković, Belgrade, Izdavačka Knjižarnica Rajkovica i Cukoviāa, n.d.; Vols. IV-VIII, ed. by Lj. Joksimović, text prepared by t he Committee for the Publication of the Complete Works of Svetozar Marković, Belgrade, Parna štamparija Narodne Radikalne Stranke, 1891–93), II, pp. 185–92.

83 Djordjević, , ed., Svetozar Marković, p. 206Google Scholar; Celokupna dela, I, p. 117Google Scholar; Djordjević, , ālanci i eseji, pp. 132–36.Google Scholar

84 Malon, , “Svetosar Markowitch”, Revue socialiste, VIII (1888), pp. 587–91Google Scholar; Skerlić, , Svetozar Marković, pp. 6272Google Scholar, 82–91; Count Sforza, Cailo, Fifty Years of War and Diplomacy in the Balkans; Pashich and the Union of the Yugoslavs, trans, by Clercq, J. G. Clemenceau Le (New York, Columbia University Press, 1940), pp. 413.Google Scholar

85 Skerlić, , Svetozar Marković, pp. 9496Google Scholar; Malon, , “Svetosar Markowitch”, Revue socialiste, VIII (1888), p. 589.Google Scholar

86 Skerlć, , Svetozar Markovic, p. 99Google Scholar; Wendel, , “Svetozar Markovic”, Aus dem siidslawischen Risorgimento, pp. 145–46.Google Scholar

87 For evidence of the concern in Communist Yugoslavia with the ideas of Marković, see Djilas, Milovan, “O nacionalnoj istoriji kao vaspitnom predmetu” [National History as a Subject of Instruction], Komunist; organ Centralnog Komiteta KPJ, 01 1949, pp. 5657.Google Scholar

88 Skerlić, , Svetozar Markovic, pp. 120–23Google Scholar; Celokupna dela, III, pp. 1819Google Scholar; VII, pp. 33–34, 89–91; VII, pp. 9–12.

89 Atanasijević, pp. 95–98; Savković, Miloš, La Littérature yougoslave moderne (Belgrade, Bureau Central de Presse, 1936), p. 18.Google Scholar See also Obradović, Dositej, The Life and Adventures of Dimitrije Obradović, Who as a Monk Was Given the Name Dositej, trans, and ed. Noyes, George Rapall (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1953.)Google Scholar

90 Marković, , “Realni pravac u nauci i zivotu” [Realist Direction in Science and Life], Celokupna dela, V, pp. 3538, 82–85, 125n.Google Scholar; Erikhonov, pp. 141, 150–51.

91 Marković, , “Realist Direction,” Celokupna dela, V, pp. 109Google Scholar, 113–17, 120–21, 125–28, 137–47; Marković, , “Srpske obmane” [Serbian Illusions], Celokupna dela, I, p. 82Google Scholar; Marković, Beli teror” [The White Terror], Celokupna dela, IV, pp. 7576.Google Scholar

92 In “Politički i ekonomski položaj radnićkog staleža u Srbiji” [Political and Economic Situation of the Working Class in Serbia], Celokupna dela, I, p. 14Google Scholar, Marković refers to the“intelligentsia” as “the class which governs”. Elsewhere he calls “the class which governs” nadri-inteligencija or “pseudo-intelligentsia”. Cf. Djordjević, Miroslav, ed., Svetozar Marković, p. 241Google Scholar, letter of December 24/12, 1868; Marković, , “NaŠe udruživanje” [Our Formation of Cooperatives], Celokupna dela, III, p. 46.Google Scholar

93 Djordjević, , ed., Svetozar Marković, pp. 279–83Google Scholar; Djordjević, , ālanci i eseji, pp. 193, 203Google Scholar; Meijer, pp. 94–96; Celokupna dela, VII, pp. 4145Google Scholar; Marković, , “The White Terror,” Celokupna dela, IV, p. 89.Google Scholar

94 Marković, , “Kako su nas vaspitali (ispovest jednog ‘praviteljstvenog pitomca’)” [How They Educated Us: Report of a Government Scholar], Celokupna dela, VIII, pp. 1935, 38Google Scholar; Markovic, (Vučenov, , ed.), Izabrani listovi, pp. 91, 99, 103.Google Scholar

95 Ibid., pp. 111–16; Markovic, , “How They Educated U s, ” Celokupna dela, VIII, pp. 4553.Google Scholar

96 Ibid., pp. 37, 45–48; Markovic, , “‘Mlada Srbadija’” \Young Serbdom (the Omladina newspaper)], Celokupna dela, II, pp. 175–78Google Scholar; Markovic, , “Realist Direction”, Celokupna dela, V, p. 101Google Scholar; Marković, , “Serbian Illusions,” Celokupna dela, I, pp. 46, 53Google Scholar; Celokupna dela, VII, pp. 4Google Scholar, 50–51, letters of July 19,1873, and January 16 and February 24, 1874.

97 See Erikhonov, pp. 81–82, 158–60; Marković, , “Pevanje i mišljenje” [Poem-Making and Thinking], Celokupna dela, VIII, pp. 5571Google Scholar; Marković, (Vučenov, , ed.), Izabrani listovi, pp. 134–40, 149Google Scholar; Skerlić, Svetozar Marković, p. 195.

98 Celokupna dela, VII, p. 37Google Scholar, letter of November 20, 1872; VII, p. 4, letter of July 19, 1873; Marković, , “How They Educated Us”, Celokupna dela, VIII, pp. 3537Google Scholar; Marković, , “‘Mlada Srbadija,’” Celokupna dela, II, p. 175Google Scholar; Marković, , “Realist Direction”, Celokupna dela, V, p. 101Google Scholar; Djordjević, , “Svetozar Markovic,” ālanei i eseji, p. 154.Google Scholar

99 Protić, Ljubomir, “Škole u S.H.S.” [Schools in Yugoslavia], Narodna Enciklopedija srpskohrvatsko-slovenaāka, ed. Stanojević, Stanoje, IV (Zagreb, 1929), p. 1025.Google Scholar

100 Skerlić, Svetozar Marković, pp. 133, 201–3, 206–7; Radosavljeviā, Paul;, Who Are the Slavs? A Contribution to Race Psychology (Boston, Richard G. Badger, the Gorham Press, 1919), I. pp. 191202Google Scholar; Wendel, Hermann, Süidslawische Silhouetten (Frankfurt a. M., 1924), pp. 131–33Google Scholar. Milutinović, Kosta; “Proterivanje Svetozara Markovića iz Vojvodine” [Die Vertreibung Svetozar Marković;’s aus der Wojwodina], in Srpska Akademija Nauka, Istoriski Časopis, V, 19541955 (Belgrade, 1955), p. 359; Erikhonov, pp. 4950Google Scholar; Savkovitch, Miloch, L’Influence de réalisme français dans le roman serbo-croate (Paris, Librairie ancienne Honoré Champion, 1935), pp. 97100, 153, 225–26Google Scholar; Savković, La Littérature yougoslave, p. 101; Noyes, George Rapall, “The Literature of the South Slavs”, Yugoslavia, ed. Kerner, Robert J. (Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1949), p. 309Google Scholar; Gligorić, pp. 109–10, 141–46, 176–77, 201–2, 223–41, 246–47; Janković, O politiākim strankama, p. 125.

101 Marković, “Financija” [Finance], Celokupna dela, II, p. 16; Marković, Svetozar;, Srbija na Istoku [Serbia in the East] (Belgrade, Prosveta, 1946), pp. 139, 141–42Google Scholar; Marković, ;, “WhiteTerror”, Celokupna dela, IV, p. 67Google Scholar; Celokupna dela, VII, p. 39, letter of April 16, 1869; Djordjević, , ed., Svetozar Marković, p. 281Google Scholar.

102 Celokupna dela, I, p. 30Google Scholar; Marković, ; (Masleša, , ed.), Odabrani spisi, pp. 217–18, 221Google Scholar.

103 Ibid, pp. lxi–lxiv, 246–48.

104 Marković, ;, “Narodna Skupština” [National Assembly], Odabrani spisi, ed Masleša, , p. 125Google Scholar.

105 Celokupna dela, I, p. 78Google Scholar; Marković, ; (Masleša, , ed.), Odabrani spisi, p. 246Google Scholar.

106 Celokupna dela, V, pp. 2021, 38.Google Scholar

107 Marković;, (Vuāenov, , ed.), Izabrani listovi, p. 70Google Scholar; Lapčevié, Dragiša;, Istorija Socijalizma (Belgrade, Geca Kon, 1922), p. 67Google Scholar.

108 Celokupna dela, IV, pp. 5105Google Scholar; Svetozar Marković, pp. 141–42.

109 Djordjević, ;, “Glišićev realizam i društvena stvarnost Srbije njegovog doba” [The Realism of Glišić and the Social Reality of t h e Serbia of His Time], ālanci i eseji, pp. 222–23Google Scholar; Skerlić, Svetozar Marković, p. 12; Gligorić, pp. 109–10; Erikhonov, p. 24. While anti-clerical and believing that the Orthodox Church, as an institution, had in the course of time become increasingly prejudicial to Serbian development, Marković never attacked the lower clergy, from some of whose members he was able to obtain support. Cf. Mousset, pp. 234, 359–60.

110 Marković, ;, “Opština” [Commune], in Djordjević, ;, ed., Svetozar Marković, pp. 221–22Google Scholar; Marković, (Masleša, , ed.), Odabrani spisi, pp. 149–55, 283Google Scholar; Celokupna dela, VII, letter of May 9, 1874; Jankovic, , “O programima i borbama,” Nova Misao, I, no. 3 (03, 1953), p. 410Google Scholar.

111 Proudhon, P. J., Du Principe fédératif et de la nécessité de reconstituer le parti de la Révolution (Paris, E. Dentu, 1863), p. 77.Google Scholar

112 Schwarz, Solomon M., “Populism and Early Russian Marxism on Ways of Economic Development of Russia (The 188O's and 1890's),” Continuity and Change in Russian and Soviet Thought (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1955), pp. 4850Google Scholar; Skerlić, , Svetozar Marković, pp. 145–46.Google Scholar

113 Ibid., pp. 145–46. For Markoviā's conception of the Serbs as a “young people” see Celokupna dela, VII, p. 91Google Scholar, letter to his brother, Jevrem Markovic, January 18,1869.

114 Marković, , Srbija na Istoku, pp. 150–53.Google Scholar

115 Jovanović, , Svetozar Marković, p. 44Google Scholar; Celokupna dela, I, pp. 46, 53Google Scholar; III, p. 36; IV, pp. 130–32; Marković, (Masleša, , ed.), Odabranispisi, pp. 227, 281Google Scholar; Desjardins, Arthur, P. J. Proudhon; sa vie, ses oeuvres, sa doctrine, 2 vols. (Paris, Perrin et Cie, 1896), II, p. 223.Google Scholar

116 Jovanović, , Svetozar Marković, pp. 103–4Google Scholar; Markovic, (Masleša, , ed.), Odabrani spisi, p. 241.Google Scholar

117 Marković, , “Our Formation of Cooperatives”, Celokupna dela, III, pp. 10, 23–26, 45Google Scholar; Marković, , “The Social and Political Struggle in Europe”, Celokupna dela, III, pp. 100–1Google Scholar; Marković, , “FinanceCelokupna dela, II, pp. 22, 46–47.Google Scholar

118 Janković, , O politickim strankama, pp. 148 ff.Google Scholar; Gligorić, pp. 217–19; Jovanović, , Svetozar Marković, p. 206Google Scholar. I have borrowed the terms “bourgeoisie inquiète” and “préjugés nécessaires” from Julien Benda, La Trahison des clercs (Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1928), pp. 202–10.Google Scholar