¹ Moore, Barrington Jr, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966);Google ScholarSwanson, Guy E., Religion and Regime (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967).Google Scholar

² Skocpol, Theda, “A Critical Review of Barrington Moore’s Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy,” Politics and Society, 4:1 (1973), pp. 1–34;CrossRefGoogle ScholarSomers, Robert H., “Applications of an Expanded Survey Research Model to Comparative Institutional Studies,” in Vallier, Ivan, ed., Comparative Methods in Sociology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971).Google Scholar

³ Swanson, Guy E., The Birth of the Gods (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴ Flint, John T., “A Handbook for Historical Sociologists,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 10:4 (07 1968), pp. 492–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁵ “Re-evaluating the Reformation: A Symposium,” The Journal of Interdisciplinary History,1:3 (Spring 1971), pp. 379–446.Google Scholar

⁶ Goldstein, Leon J., “Ideals of Order: History and Sociology,” V. A. Howard, “On Sociological History: A Reply to Professor Goldstein”Google Scholar and rejoinder, Goldstein’s, “Social Science, Ontology and Explanation: Some Further Reflections,” all in Philosophy of Social Science, 4:4 (12. 1974), pp. 333–68.Google Scholar

⁷ Hill, Michael, The Religious Order: A Study of Virtuoso Religion and its Legitimation in the Nineteenth-Century Church of England (London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1973);Google Scholar also his excellent A Sociology of Religion (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1973), where he provides a critical review of this typological tradition (see Chs. 3, 4).Google ScholarPubMed

⁸ Hall, David D., The Faithful Shepherd: A History of the New England Ministry in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Norton Library, 1974). I cannot pretend to an adequate grasp of this burgeoning literature.Google Scholar

⁹ Pope, Robert G., “New England Versus the New England Mind: The Myth of Declension,” Journal of Social History, 3:2 (Winter 1969–1970), pp. 95–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰ Semmel, Bernard, The Methodist Revolution (London: Heineman, 1973).Google Scholar

¹¹ Critiques, rejoinders and reviews of both abound. For the most recent synopses of these which I have seen, Moore, Robert, Pit-Men, Preachers and Politics: The Effects of Methodism in a Durham Mining Community (London, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974), pp. 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the most lucid single explication of the Halévy Thesis and the later disputations see Hill, , A Sociology of Religion,Google Scholar Ch. 9. Finally, Itzkin, Elissa S., “The Halevy Thesis—A Working Hypothesis? English Revivalism: Antidote for Revolution and Radicalism, 1789–1815,” Church History, 44:1 (03 1975), pp. 47–56. She includes Semmel's work in her argument.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹² Hammond, Phillip E., “The Migrating Sect: An Illustration from Early Norwegian Immigration,” Social Forces, 41:3 (03 1963), pp. 275–83;CrossRefGoogle ScholarTavuchis, Nicholas, Pastors and Immigrants (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1963);CrossRefGoogle ScholarVecoli, Rudolph J., “Prelates and Peasants: Italian Immigrants and the Catholic Church,” Journal of Social History, 2:3 (Spring 1969), pp. 217–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹³ Hall, , op. cit., p. ix.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Ibid., p. x; Mead, Sidney E., “The Rise of the Evangelical Conception of the Ministry in America: 1607–1850” in Niebuhr, H. Richard and Williams, Daniel D., eds., The Ministry in Historical Perspective (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1956). Two or three chapters in this collection would lend themselves rather easily to a conceptual translation into the language of historical role analysis.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Hall, , op. cit., p. xi, emphasis and numbers added.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Ibid., p. xi.

¹⁷ Reynolds, Paul Davidson, A Primer in Theory Construction (Indianapolis and New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1971), pp. 97–107. I do not mean this in a formal sense, but the elements, if conceptually translated more fully, might be there.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Hall, , op. cit., pp. 66–71; 88–92; 130–5.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Ibid., p. 180.

²⁰ Niebuhr, and Williams, , op. cit.,Google Scholar as a resource, see note 14.I have tried to spell out the logic of historical role analysis elsewhere: see Flint, John T., “Historical Role Analysis in the Study of Secularization: The Laity/Clergy Ratio in Norway 1800–1950,” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 7:2 (Fall 1968), pp. 272–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a more extended example of this procedure, see Flint, John T., “The Secularization of Norwegian Society (from Pagan period to late 18th-Century Lutheran Rationalism),” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 6:3 (04 1964), pp. 325–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²¹ For some examples, Hadden, Jeffrey K., The Gathering Storm in the Churches: The Widening Gap Between Clergy and Laymen (New York: Doubleday, 1969).Google ScholarJud, Gerald J., et al. , Ex-Pastors: Why Men Leave the Parish Ministry (Philadelphia: Pilgrim Press, 1970).Google Scholar

²² Hill, , A Sociology of Religion, p. 183. “ The Halevy Thesis’ is in many respects the political corollary, applied in a more restricted historical and geographic context, of the broader thesis put forward by Weber and there are some interesting parallels between the two.”Google Scholar

²³ Semmel, , op. cit., pp. 18–22.Google Scholar

²⁴ Ibid., p. vii.

²⁵ Ibid., p. 3.

²⁶ Ibid., pp. 4–5.

²⁷ Without doing proper justice to the complexity of his effort, the “ponge constructs” derived from this polemical process enter into several chapter titles, e.g., “ ‘Speculative’ Antinomianism,” “ ‘Practical’ Antinomianism,” “Evangelical Arminianism,” and “Practical Arminianism.”

²⁸ Ibid., p. 6.

²⁹ Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (New York: Vintage Books, 1963).Google Scholar For the controversies surrounding Thompson’s description and interpretation of Methodist influence regionally and by social strata, see Moore, , op. cit., pp. 8–11;Google ScholarHill, , A Sociology of Religion, pp. 193–9. Semmel agrees with Hill in asserting that Thompson confirms the Halevy Thesis, c.f. p. 199, note 2.Google Scholar

³⁰ Semmel, , op. cit., Chs. 5, 6.Google Scholar

³¹ Eisenstadt, S. N., The Protestant Ethic and Modernization: A Comparative View (New York: Basic Books, 1968). A condensed version of Semmel’s argument might well have been included in this collection.Google Scholar

³² Flint, John T., State, Church and Laity in Norwegian Society: A Typological Study of Institutional Change (unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1957), pp. 279–350;Google ScholarHovde, B. J., The Scandinavian Countries, 1720–1865: The Rise of the Middle Classes (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1948), Vol. I, Ch. IX; Vol. II, Ch. XIII.Google Scholar

³³ Wilson, Bryan R., Religions Sects (New York, Toronto: World University Library, McGraw-Hill, 1970).Google Scholar For a particularly fine review and development of this typological tradition, see Yinger’s, J. Milton work, The Scientific Study of Religion (New York: Macmillan, 1970), Ch. 13.Google Scholar

³⁴ Wilson, Bryan R., Magic and the Millennium: A Sociological Study of Religious Movements of Protest among Tribal and Third World Peoples (New York: Harper and Row, 1973).Google Scholar

³⁵ Smith, Donald E., Religion and Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970);Google ScholarVallier, Ivan, Catholicism, Social Control and Modernization in Latin America (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970).Google Scholar

³⁶ Wach, Joachim, Sociology of Religion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944);Google ScholarStark, Werner, The Sociology of Religion: A Study of Christendom (New York: Fordham University Press, Vol. I, 1966; Vols. II and III, 1967).Google Scholar

³⁷ Hill, , Religious Order, Chs. 2, 3.Google Scholar

³⁸ Ibid., p. 2.

³⁹ Ibid., p. 88.

⁴⁰ Ibid., Ch. 4; Hill, , A Sociology of Religion, Chs. 7, 8.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Hill, , Religious Order, pp. 107–12.Google Scholar

⁴² Cohn, Norman, The Pursuit of the Millennium, rev. and expanded ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).Google Scholar

⁴³ See, for example, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 3:4 (07 1961).Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Hall, , op. cit.; see note 14.Google Scholar