Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-sh8wx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T04:58:39.775Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Illite/Smectite from Rocks, < 1 μm Randomly Oriented Powders, and < 1 μm Oriented Powder Aggregates: The Absence of Laboratory-Induced Artifacts

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

R. C. Reynolds Jr.
R. C. Reynolds Jr.*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from rock fragments, < 1 μm randomly oriented freeze-dried powders, and < 1 μm oriented aggregates for 11 mixed-layered illite/smectite samples (K-bentonites) that cover the range from 14 to 100 percent expandable. In all cases, 00l and hkl comparisons show no evidence of laboratory induced artifacts. Either the laboratory procedures caused no disaggregation of fundamental illite particles, or, if they did, fundamental particle reaggregation during sample preparation duplicated the one and three-dimensional structures of the illite/smectite in the original, untreated rock.

Demodulation of the 20l, 13l reflections into a two-dimensional band shape occurred with increasing percent expandable layers in illite/smectite. This result strongly supports the contention that turbostratic displacements occur at the expandable interfaces between fundamental particles, and are limited to those sites.

A comparison of the quantities measured by powder X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) lattice fringe image techniques for disordered crystals suggests that meaningful comparisons between the two methods can be made only if a sufficient number of images are recorded to define the statistical parameters of the disorder.

Keywords

ArtifactsIllite/smectitePowder X-ray diffractionSample preparationTurbostraticX-ray coherence
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 40 , Issue 4 , August 1992 , pp. 387 - 396
Copyright
Copyright © 1992, The Clay Minerals Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahn, J. H. and Buseck, P. R., 1990 Layer-stacking sequences and structural disorder in mixed-layered illite/smectite: Image simulations and HRTEM imaging Amer. Mineral 75 267 – 275.Google Scholar
Altaner, S. P. and Bethke, C. M., 1988 Interlayer order in illite/smectite Amer. Mineral 73 766 – 774.Google Scholar
Altaner, S. P., Hower, J., Whitney, G. and Aronson, J. L., 1984 Model for K-bentonite formation: Evidence from zoned K-bentonites in the Disturbed Belt, Montana Geology 12 412 – 425 10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<412:MFKFEF>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, D. and Reynolds, R. C., 1966 Umiat bentonite: An unusual montmorillonite from Umiat, Alaska Amer. Mineral 51 1443 – 1456.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. W., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1980 Structures of layer silicates Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-Ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 1 – 123.Google Scholar
Bailey, S. W., 1991 Practical notes concerning the X-ray powder diffraction patterns of clay minerals Clays & Clay Minerals 39 184 – 190 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V. A., Plançon, B. A., Sakharov, B. A., Besson, G., Tsipursky, S. I. and Tschoubar, C., 1984 Diffraction effects calculated for structural models of K-saturated montmorillonite containing different types of defects Clay Miner 19 541 – 561 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.4.03.Google Scholar
Güven, N. and Burnham, C. W., 1967 The crystal structure of 3T muscovite Zeit. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom 125 163 – 183 10.1524/zkri.1967.125.125.163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinckley, D. N., 1963 Variability of “crystallinity” values among the kaolin deposits of the coastal plain of Georgia and South Carolina Clays & Clay Minerals 11 229 – 235 10.1346/CCMN.1962.0110122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klug, H. P. and Alexander, L. E., 1974 X-Ray Diffraction Procedures New York J. Wiley and Sons Inc..Google Scholar
Moore, D. M. and Reynolds, R. C., 1989 X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals New York Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P. H. and Reynolds, R. C., 1981 Burial and contact metamorphism in the Mancos Shale Clays & Clay Minerals 29 249 – 259 10.1346/CCMN.1981.0290402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Wilson, M. J., McHardy, W. J. and Tait, J. M., 1984 Interstratified clays as fundamental particles Science 225 923 – 925 10.1126/science.225.4665.923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nadeau, P. H., Tait, J. M., McHardy, W. J. and Wilson, M. J., 1984 Interstratified XRD characteristics of physical mixtures of elementary clay particles Clay Miner 19 67 – 76 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.1.07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P. H., Wilson, M. J., McHardy, W. J. and Tait, J. M., 1984 Interparticle diffraction: A new concept for interstratified clays Clay Miner .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K., 1954 The swelling of montmorillonite Trans. Faraday Soc 19 120 – 134 10.1039/df9541800120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ransom, B. and Helgeson, H. C., 1989 Correlation of expandability with mineralogy and layering in mixed-layer clays Clays & Clay Minerals 37 189 – 191 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. C., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1980 Interstratified clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-Ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 249 – 303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. C., 1986 The Lorentz-polarization factor and preferred orientation in oriented clay aggregates Clays & Clay Minerals 34 359 – 367 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R. C., 1990 A preliminary study of order/disorder and polytypism in mixed-layered illite/smectite Programs with Abstracts, 27th Annual Meeting, Clay Minerals Society .Google Scholar
Reynolds, R. C. and Hower, J., 1970 The nature of interlayering in mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites Clays & Clay Minerals 18 25 – 36 10.1346/CCMN.1970.0180104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. G. W., 1967 The petrology and mineralogy of some lower Devonian bentonites from Gaspé Can. Miner 9 141 – 165.Google Scholar
Środoń, J., Andreoli, C., Elsass, F. and Robert, M., 1990 Direct high-resolution transmission microscopic measurement of expandability of mixed-layered illite/smectite in bentonite rock Clays & Clay Minerals 38 373 – 379 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsipursky, S. I. and Drits, V. A., 1984 The distribution of octahedral cations in the 2:1 layers of dioctahedral smectites studied by oblique-texture electron diffraction Clay Miner 19 177 – 193 10.1180/claymin.1984.019.2.05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veblen, D. R., Guthrie, G. D., Livi, K J T and Reynolds, R. C., 1990 High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction of mixed-layer illite/smectite: Experimental results Clays & Clay Minerals 38 1 – 13 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar