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Clay minerals in drilling fluids: functions and challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2020

Jun Rui Zhang ,
Meng Dan Xu ,
Georgios E. Christidis  and
Chun Hui Zhou
Jun Rui Zhang
Affiliation:
Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China Research Group for Advanced Materials and Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry – Synthesis Technology, Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310032, China Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou242804, China
Meng Dan Xu
Affiliation:
Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
Georgios E. Christidis
Affiliation:
School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100Chania, Greece
Chun Hui Zhou*
Affiliation:
Research Group for Advanced Materials and Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry – Synthesis Technology, Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310032, China Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou242804, China
*
*Email: clay@zjut.edu.cn
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Abstract

The addition of clay minerals in drilling fluids modifies the dispersion's viscosity. In this article, scientific advances related to the use of clays and clay minerals (bentonite, palygorskite, sepiolite and mixtures of clay minerals) in drilling fluids are summarized and discussed based on their specific structure, rheological properties, applications, prevailing challenges and future directions. The rheological properties of drilling fluids are affected by the temperature, type of electrolytes, pH and concentration of clay minerals. Bentonites are smectite-rich clays often used in drilling fluids, and their composition varies from deposit to deposit. Such variations significantly affect the behaviour of bentonite-based drilling fluids. Palygorskite is suitable for use in oil-based drilling fluids, but the gelation and gel structures of palygorskite-added drilling fluids have not received much attention. Sepiolite is often used in water-based drilling fluids as a rheological additive. Dispersions containing mixtures of clays including bentonite, kaolin, palygorskite and sepiolite are used in drilling fluids requiring specific features such as high-density drilling fluids or those used in impermeable slurry walls. In these cases, the surface chemistry–microstructure–property relationships of mixed-clay dispersions need to be understood fully. The prevailing challenges and future directions in drilling fluids research include safety, ‘green’ processes and high-temperature and high-pressure-resistant clay minerals.

Keywords

bentonitedrilling fluidspalygorskitesepiolite
Type
Review Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 55 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 1 - 11
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2020

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Footnotes

Associate Editor: Laurent Michot

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