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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
In the history of the pontificate of Gregory VII, the figure of archbishop Gebiun of Lyons is mysterious, and his very presence shadow-like, while his position as primate seems at first glance anomalous. The policy of the pope, from the start of his rule, had been dominated by motives of ecclesiastical centralization and by the notion of a hierarchy ruled directly on all levels by the pope himself or by administrators in constant contact with the papacy. Thus, he had regularized and extended the scope of the Roman Council, and had asserted the privileged position of the papal legate throughout the western church.
1. On Gebuin, in addition to the articles and other citations mentioned in the notes following, see Sausay, A. du, Martyrologium gallicanum (Paris, 1637), pp. 367–368Google Scholar; Histoire litteraire de la France, VIII (Paris, 1747), 104–108Google Scholar; Pericaud, M. A., “Notice sur S. Jubin, archevêque de Lyon,” Archives historiques et statistiques du départment du Rhóne, IV (1826), 36–43Google Scholar; Biographie universalle, ed. M. Michaud, VI (Paris, 1856), 103Google Scholar; Acta sanctorum, ed. J. Bollandus et al., third edition, IV Mai 19 (Paris, 1866), 293–294.Google Scholar
2. Cf. Fliche, A., La réforme grégorienne et la reoonquête chrétienne (1057–1123) (Paris, 1946Google Scholar; Histoire de l'église, VIII), 63 ff.Google Scholar
3. During the pontificate of Gregory, nine councils were held by the pope in Rome alone, as compared to six under Alexander II. Except for the year 1077, at least one Roman council was held each year from 1074 until the invasions of the 1080's. See Hefele, C. J.Leclercq, H., Histoire des conciles, IV 2 (Paris, 1911)Google Scholar, and V1 (Paris, 1912), passim.
4. See, for example, “Dictatus papae,” no. 4 (Gregory VII, Registrum [Reg.], ed. Caspar, E. [Monumenta Germaniae historica, epistolae selectae, II (Hannover, 1920–1923)], II. 55a)Google Scholar.
5. Thus, Sayles, G. O., The Medieval Foundation of England (London, 1947), pp. 260 ff.Google Scholar
6. Cf. Cambridge Medieval History, V (Cambridge, 1926), chs. II and IIIGoogle Scholar; La réforme grégorienne et la reconquête chrétienne, pp. 130 ff.
7. Ibid., ch. IV, parts one and two.
8. Thus, Lemarignier, J. -F. et al. , Histoire des institutions françaises au moyen age, III Institutions ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1962), pp. 89 ff.Google Scholar
9. Ibid., pp. 98–99.
10. This attendance can be easily seen in the conciliar records preserved in the Registrum, passim.
11. See especially Schieffer, T., Die päpstlichen Legaten in Frankreich vom Vertrage von Meersen (870) bis sum Schisma von 1130 (Berlin, 1935), ch. 31.Google Scholar
12. Reg. VI. 34; pp. 47–49.
13. Cf. Rony, A., “Saint Jubin arehévêque de Lyon et la primatie Lyonnaise,” Revue d'histoire de l'église de France, XV (1929), at 409 ffGoogle Scholar; de Marca, P., Dissertationes selectae ecclesiasticae tractatum de concordia sacerdotii et imperium illustrantes, IV (Naples, 1771), 9–162Google Scholar; Bouquet, M. et al. , Receuil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (Paris, 1728–1904)Google Scholar (Bouquet), X1V, 667: Appenda epistolarum aliquot de primatu Lugdunensi ecclesiae concesso a Gregorio papa VII.
14. Fliche, A., “La primatie des Gaules depuis l'époque carolingienne jusqu'a la fin de la querelle des investitures (876–1121),” Revue historique, CLXXIII (1934), at 335 ff.Google Scholar Cf. also Fliche, A., La réforme grégorienne. II Gregoire VII (Louvain, 1925), 229 ff.Google Scholar; Dictionnaire de droit canonique, VII (Paris, 1965), 214–215.Google Scholar
15. Thus, Rony, op. cit., pp. 421–424.
16. Reg. VI. 34; p. 449.
17. Reg. VI. 35; p. 452.
18. Rony, op. cit., at pp. 429–430, differentiates the substance of the two bulls, and sees in the second only an appeal to the metropolitans to honor Gebuin.
19. Cf. Fliche, A., La réforme grégorienne et la reconquét chrétienne, pp. 85 ff.Google Scholar; Rony, A., “La politique française de Grégoire VII. Conflit entre le pape et son légat,” Revue des questiones historiques, CIX (1928), 5–34.Google Scholar
20. Reg. V. 17.
21. Fliche, A., Le régne de Philippe ler, rei de France (1060–1108) (Paris, 1912), p. 416.Google Scholar Hugh of Die, Epstoiae, no seven, in Migne, J. P., Patroiogia Latina (Paris, 1844–1855) (PL), CLVII, 509–511.Google Scholar
22. Manasses, I of Rheims, , Epiistola, in Bouquet, XIV, 611.Google Scholar On Manasses, see Williams, J. R., “Archbishop Manasses I of Rheims and pope Gregory VII,” American Historical Review, LIV (1949), 804–824.Google Scholar
23. Reg. VI. 2.
24. Hugh of Die, Epistolae, no. six, in Epistolae ad Gregorium VII (PL, CXLVII), 744–755.Google Scholar On the date, see my forthcoming article, “The Legatine Council under Pope Gregory VII.”
25. Manasses I of Rheims, Epistola, in Briefsammlungen der Zeit Heinrichs IV (Weimar, 1950Google Scholar; MGH Briefe der Deutschen Kaiserzeit, V), no. 107.Google Scholar
26. According to Hugh of Flavigny, who notes the archbishop's absence. Chronicon (MGH Scriptores, VIII), 422.Google Scholar
27. Hugh of Die, Epistolae, no. seven.
28. Hugh, of Flavigny, , Chronicon, pp. 415–416.Google Scholar
29. Hugh of Die, Epistolae, no. six.
30. Hugh, of Flavigny, , Chronicon, p. 416.Google Scholar
31. Op. cit., p. 418. See P. R. McKeon, “The Legatine Council under Pope Gregory VII.”
32. Martin, J. B., Conoiles et bullaire du diocèse de Lyon (Lyons, 1905), p. 79.Google Scholar
33. Bouquet, XIV, 672–673.
34. Bouquet, XIV, 671–672.
35. Reg. VI. 24, 25.
36. Bouquet, XIV, 669–670.
37. Bouquet, XIV, 670–671.
38. Bouquet, XIV, 671.
39. Bouquet, XIV, 669.
40. Chronicon Sancti Maxentii Pictavensis, edd. Marchegay, P. and Mabillon, B., in Chroniques des églises d'Anjou (Paris, 1869), pp. 406–407.Google Scholar
41. Thus, in reference to the council of Toulouse, Bouquet, XIV, 49.
42. Fliehe, A., Le règne de Philippe Ier, p. 313.Google Scholar
43. Reg. VII. 12. Manasses justified his refusal in a long letter written to Hugh of Die; Bouquet, XIV, 781–786. Hugh of Flavigny, Chronicon, p. 422, on the deposition.
44. Reg. VII. 20 confirms the sentence. See J. B. Williams, op. cit., p. 820, on Macasses' flight.
45. Unless the reference in Reg. IX. 29a, to the “archipresul Lugdunensis,” is a mention of Gebuin, which seems doubtful.
46. Gallia christiana, IV (Paris, 1728), 90Google Scholar; Nouvelle biographie générale, ed. H. Hoeffer, XXVII (Paris, 1861), 124.Google Scholar
47. Cf. Rony, A., “Un procés canonique entre deux saints: St. Jubin, archevêque de Lyon et St. Hugues, abbé de Cluny,” Revue Mabillon, XVIII (1928), 177–185.Google Scholar Also, Letonnier, G., L'abbaye exempts de Cluny et le Saint-Siège (Paris, 1923)Google Scholar; Archives de la France monastique (XII), 96–101Google Scholar; Huyghebaert, N., “Un légat de Gregorie VII en France: Warmond do Vienne,” Revue d'histoire ecolésiastique, XL (1944-1945), 187–200.Google Scholar
48. Gregory VII, Epistoiae collectae (ed. Jaffé, P., in Monumenta Gregoriana [Berlin, 1865Google Scholar; Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, II]), no. 32.Google Scholar
49. Bouquet, XIV, 49; Miccoli, G., Pietre Igneo. Studi sull' etd Gregoriana (Rome, 1960Google Scholar; Studs storici, 40–41), pp. 124 ff.
50. Hugh of Flavigny, Chronicon, p. 460; Obituaires de ia province de Lyon, I (edd. Guigne, G. and Laurent, J., in Receuil des historiens des Gaule, et de la France, Obituaires, V [Paris, 1912]), 73.Google Scholar
51. Reg. IX. 18; Hugh, of Flavigny, , Chronicon, p. 460.Google Scholar
52. Bouquet, XIV, 715–716.