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Peking, Katmandu and New Delhi
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 February 2009
Extract
The Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in Katmandu on July 31, 1950, by Nepal and India, declared that “The two Governments hereby undertake to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighbouring State likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two Governments” (Article II). Moreover, Nepal was “free to import, from or through the territory of India, arms, ammunition or warlike material and equipment necessary for the security of Nepal” (Article V). With the Chinese Communists preparing to reassert China's claim to Tibet, it was obvious that India sought “to ensure” that Nepal, together with Bhutan and Sikkim, should not be “included in the Communist Chinese sweep” along the Himalayas.
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References
1 For full text, see “Appendix E” in Jain, Girilal, India Meets China in Nepal (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1959) (hereinafter cited as Jain, 1959), pp. 164–165.Google Scholar
2 Jain, Girilal, Panchsheela and After: Sino-Indian Relations in the Context of the Tibetan Insurrection (London: Asia Publishing House, 1960) (hereinafter cited as Jain, 1960), p. 151.Google Scholar
3 American Consulate-General, Hong Kong, Survey of Mainland China Press (SCMP), No. 2836 (dated 10 10, 1962), p. 32.Google Scholar
4 Consult “Chronology of Events” in Fisher, Margaret W. and Bondurant, Joan V., Indian Views of Sino-Indian Relations (Berkeley: University of California, 1956), pp. 1–6.Google Scholar
5 See New York Times (NYT), 02 16, 1950.Google Scholar
6 Hong Kong Radio broadcasts, May 5, 22, 1950.
7 See text of Treaty as appended in Jain, 1959, pp. 160–161.
8 As quoted in “The Significance of Nepal in Sino-Indian Relations” in Fisher, and Bondurant, , op. cit., p. 146.Google Scholar
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10 Ibid. pp. 7–8.
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12 I.e., in September 1951. See Fisher and Bondurant, “Chronology of Events.”
13 India was said to be inclined to refuse airlifting Indian troops to Nepal to quell the revolt, and Indian advisers in Nepal were reported to be leaving for home. See NYT, January 24–26, and February 5, 1952. The Nepalese Communist Party sent its first greetings to Mao Tse-tung in October 1951, as reported in SCMP, No. 195 (dated October 14, 1951), p. 9.
14 As reported in SCMP, No. 347 (dated June 2, 1952, p. 25. Cf. NYT, 03 21, 1952Google Scholar, on China's historical claims along the Himalaya frontier.
15 See Fisher and Bondurant, loc. cit.; the events are dated respectively April 26 and May 26, 1952.
16 Tibet's nominal annual tribute to Nepal, based on the Treaty of 1856, was terminated at this time, not unlike that of Nepal to China, in 1912. “Power relationships in the Himalays,” it was thus observed, “were in the process of readjustment.” See Fisher, and Bondurant, , op. cit., p. 145.Google Scholar
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19 While India's antipathy towards Pakistan and SEATO as a military alliance has been well known, Nepal's attitude, though submerged in terms of worldwide publicity, was no less clear. According to a report by Peking's New China News Agency (NCNA) on January 4, 1954, for instance, D. R. Regmi, president of the Nepali Congress Party who was shortly to become Foreign Minister, said then that “The American attempt to gain a foothold in Pakistan through military aid to that country does surely threaten the freedom of all of Southeast Asia and it will bring Nepal into the potential war zone.” The American-Pakistani pact, according to him, “apart from the harm it will do to the people of Pakistan, is likely to place a heavy burden on the shoulder of its neighbours. Nepal cannot sit by indifferent to these undesirable developments in Pakistan.” Other reports, dated February 28 and March 16, 1954, also indicated the “opposition” and “grave concern” of Nepal's Foreign Minister (Regmi) and Prime Minister to the same developments.
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24 NCNA, 05 11, 1956.Google Scholar
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31 NCNA, 02 4 and March 24, 1957.Google Scholar
32 Ibid. November 9, 1956; January 27, 29, 1957.
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36 ibid. January 18, 25, 29, 1960.
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42 Ibid. September 24; October 5, 10, 28, 29; November 1, 20; December 7, 16, 18–20, 22–24, 26–27, 1960; and February 20, 1961.
43 Ibid. January 6–8, 12–14; February 10, 18, 1961.
44 Ibid. April 4, 13, 18, 20–21; May 3, 14, 21; June 11, 27; July 17; August 29–30; September 6, 1961.
45 For more details, see American Consulate-General, Hong Kong, Current Background (CB), No. 679 (dated March 7, 1962, covering chronology of the last quarter of 1961); and SCMP, No. 2596 (dated October 11, 1961).
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49 For text, see ibid. No. 2611 (dated October 28, 1961). p. 32.
50 NYT, 01 8–9, 13, 15, 20–21, 24, 27, 31; February 3, 10–14, 19, 23, 25, 28; March 4, 8, 10, 15–16, 18, 26–27, 1962.Google Scholar
51 Ibid. April 19, 21–24, 27; June 3, 1962.
52 Ibid. August 15; November 8, 1962.
53 Ibid. May 17, 28; June 29; July 7, 1962.
54 Ibid. April 16; June 2; August 9, 13; September 23; October 2, 1962.
55 Ibid. October 6, 1962; cf. note 3.
56 Ibid. October 11, 18, 1962.
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58 Ibid. No. 2846 (dated October 23, 1962), pp. 16, 19; No. 2850 (dated October 31. 1962), p. 14; No. 2851 (dated November 1, 1962), pp. 17–18; and No. 2852 (dated November 2, 1962), p. 16.
59 NYT, 11 9, 1962.Google Scholar