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Only Connect: The Place of Self-Knowledge in Ethics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2020

Sheila Mullett*
Affiliation:
Concordia University, Montreal, PQ, CanadaH3G 1M8
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Extract

Only connect the prose and the passion, and both will be exalted, and human love will be seen at its height. Live in fragments no longer.

(E.M.Forster)

How important is self-knowledge in moral life? What kind of self-knowledge, if any, is necessary for full moral agency? What kinds of self-knowledge are there? What is ‘full moral agency’? Despite the great proliferation of theories about the self in psychology in this century, questions like these have not been addressed very often in recent literature on ethics in the Anglo-American tradition. And, although in 1958 Anscombe recommended that we stop doing moral philosophy altogether until we have a better moral psychology, the main response to this suggestion has been a renewed interest in the virtues. Another approach to these problems can be found in feminist ethics, with its interest in caring relations. In this paper I shall describe a few of the connections between caring and self-knowledge. I shall then compare the insights generated by this approach with the views of two authors, who work from radically opposed frameworks, Richard Brandt and Charles Taylor. Both have produced interesting, but completely different descriptions of self-knowledge and its place in moral life.

Type
IV—Selves and Integration
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 1987

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References

1 ‘Modern Moral Philosophy,’ Philosophy 33 (1959), 1-19.

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11 Ibid., 268.

12 This is far too large a topic to develop here, but an interesting shift in perspective is presented in Cavell’s “Knowledge and the Basis of Morality” in Cavell, 265ff. Cavell suggests that the knowledge we need in ethics is a knowledge of persons and that presupposes, in large part, the existence between us of personal relationships.

13 ‘Most often the anxiety-motivation of behaviour is masked, the behavior frequently being rationalized. Thus the man who has always worked compulsively at his job is likely to be unable to distinguish his behavior from that of industrious and enthusiastic but anxiety-free work‥‥ When he asks them to describe in “plain” language how they approach their work, victory is his - for they have to use the very same language-forms he does’ (Fingarette, HerbertThe Ego and Mystic Selflessness,’ in Stein, M.R.Vidich, A.J. & White, D.M. eds., Identity and Anxiety [Glencoe, IL: Free Press 1960], 563).Google Scholar

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21 See Fingarette on this point.

22 Ibid, 566.

23 Murdoch, 58; 67.

24 Schachtel, 177.

25 Murdoch, 56.

26 In The Search for Self, Ornstein, P. ed. (New York: International Universities Press 1978).Google Scholar

27 Murdoch, 56.

28 Dilman, 200.

29 Kekes, 5.

30 Cavell, 312.

31 Fingarette, 574.

32 Miller, ArthurDeath of a Salesman (New York: Viking 1973), 56.Google Scholar

33 Brandt, 140-1.

34 Ibid., 1.

35 Ibid.

36 Ibid., 113.

37 Ibid., 205.

38 Ibid., 208.

39 Ibid., 194-5.

40 This case is reminiscent of Davidson’s discussion of akrasia as a matter of behavior that does not fit into an intelligible pattern and is thus a ‘surd’ to oneself. Davidson, DonaldHow is Weakness of the Will Possible?’, in Feinberg, Joel ed., Moral Concepts (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1969), 93ff.Google Scholar

41 Taylor, ‘Self-Interpreting Animals,’ in Human Agency and Language, 54Google Scholar

42 Ibid., 55.

43 Ibid.

44 Ibid., 49; 62; 55.

45 Ibid., 57.

46 Taylor, What is Human Agency?’, 17.Google Scholar

47 Ibid., 34.

48 Ibid., 40.

49 Platts, MarkWays of Meaning: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1979), 247.Google Scholar

50 Taylor, What is Human Agency?’, 22.Google Scholar

51 Ibid., 21.

52 Ibid., 22.

53 Ibid., 37.