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Niels Stensen: A 17th Century Scientist with a Modern View of Brain Organization

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 September 2014

André Parent
André Parent*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
*
Centre de Recherche, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, 2160, Chemin de la Canardière, Beauport, Québec, G1J 2G3, Canada. Email: Andre.Parent@fmed.ulaval.ca
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Abstract:

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In 1665 the Danish scholar Niels Stensen (1638-1686) reached Paris, where he pronounced a discourse on brain anatomy that was to orient neuroscientists for years to come. In his lecture, Stensen rejected ancient speculations about animal spirits and criticized René Descartes and his followers who, despite a poor knowledge of brain anatomy, elaborated complex models to explain the multifaceted function of what he considered the principal organ of the human mind. He advocated the need for studying the brain through a comparative, developmental and pathological convergent approach and called for appropriate dissection methods and accurate illustrations. His own careful anatomical studies permitted him to precisely depict many brain structures. After pioneering works in paleontology and geology, he devoted himself to theology. In 1677 Stensen converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism and, while working relentlessly as a bishop and apostolic vicar in Northern Europe, he died in self-imposed poverty at age 48.

Résumé:

Résumé:

En 1665, le savant Danois Nicolas Sténon (1638-1686) arrive à Paris où il prononce un remarquable discours sur l'anatomie du cerveau. Dans cette allocution, il dénonce d'abord l'ancienne théorie des esprits animaux pour ensuite critiquer vertement les philosophes comme Descartes qui, malgré une piètre connaissance de l'anatomie du cerveau, développent des modèles complexes pour expliquer le fonctionnement de ce qu'il considère être l'organe suprême. Il souligne l'importance d'utiliser une approche multidisciplinaire, impliquant l'anatomie comparée, l'embryologie et la pathologie et insiste sur la nécessité de méthodes de dissection et d'illustration adéquates. Ses propres études anatomiques lui permettent de décrire très précisément et pour la première fois plusieurs structures cérébrales. Après des travaux remarquables en géologie, il délaisse définitivement la science pour la théologie. Consacré évêque et vicaire apostolique en 1677, Sténon, l'un des plus grands esprits de son temps, meurt dans une pauvreté extrême à Schwerin en Allemagne à 48 ans.

Type
Review Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 40 , Issue 4 , July 2013 , pp. 482 - 492
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 2013

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